Paul Hindemith |

Paul Hindemith

Tsogolo lathu ndi nyimbo za zolengedwa za anthu Ndipo mvetserani mwakachetechete nyimbo za maiko. Itanani malingaliro a mibadwo yakutali Ku chakudya cha uzimu cha abale. G. Hesse

P. Hindemith ndiye wopeka wamkulu waku Germany, m'modzi mwa nyimbo zodziwika bwino zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Pokhala umunthu wapadziko lonse lapansi (wokonda, viola ndi viola d'amore woyimba, katswiri wa nyimbo, wolemba ndakatulo, wolemba ndakatulo - wolemba zolemba za ntchito zake) - Hindemith analinso wachilengedwe chonse mu ntchito yake yolemba. Palibe mtundu woterewu komanso mtundu wanyimbo zomwe sizingakhudzidwe ndi ntchito yake - kaya ndi symphony yofunika kwambiri kapena opera ya ana asukulu, nyimbo zoyeserera zida zamagetsi kapena zidutswa za gulu lakale la zingwe. Palibe chida choterocho chomwe sichingawonekere m'ntchito zake ngati woyimba payekha komanso pomwe sakanatha kuyimba (chifukwa, malinga ndi anthu amasiku ano, Hindemith anali m'modzi mwa oimba ochepa omwe amatha kuchita pafupifupi magawo onse m'magulu ake a orchestra, motero. - adamupatsa mwamphamvu udindo wa "woimba nyimbo" - Woyimba nyimbo zonse). Chilankhulo choyimba cha wolembayo chomwe, chomwe chatengera zoyeserera zingapo zazaka za zana la XNUMX, chimadziwikanso ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuphatikizidwa. ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo nthawi zonse akuthamangira ku chiyambi - ku JS Bach, kenako - kwa J. Brahms, M. Reger ndi A. Bruckner. Njira yopangira ya Hindemith ndi njira yoyambira kubadwa kwa kalembedwe katsopano: kuchokera pamikhalidwe yaunyamata yaunyamata mpaka kutsimikiza kozama komanso kolingalira bwino kwa luso lake laukadaulo.

Chiyambi cha ntchito ya Hindemith chikugwirizana ndi 20s. - mndandanda wakusaka kwakukulu muzojambula zaku Europe. Zisonkhezero za anthu azaka zino (nyimbo ya opera yakuti The Killer, the Hope of Women, yozikidwa palemba la O. Kokoschka) zasintha msanga m’malo mwa mawu otsutsa zachikondi. Zodabwitsa, zoseketsa, zonyoza zamitundu yonse (opera News of the Day), mgwirizano ndi jazi, phokoso ndi nyimbo za mzinda waukulu (piyano suite 1922) - chilichonse chidalumikizidwa pansi pa mawu wamba - "pansi ndi chikondi. ” Pulogalamu ya woimbayo wachinyamatayo ikuwonekera momveka bwino m'mawu a wolemba wake, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mapeto a viola Sonata op. 21 #1: “Liwiro ndi lodabwitsa. Kukongola kwa mawu ndi nkhani yachiwiri. Komabe, ngakhale panthawiyo kutsata kwa neoclassical kunkalamulira muzosakanizo zovuta za stylistic. Kwa Hindemith, neoclassicism sichinali chimodzi mwa zilankhulo zambiri za zinenero, koma koposa zonse zomwe zimatsogolera kulenga, kufunafuna "mawonekedwe amphamvu ndi okongola" (F. Busoni), kufunikira kokhala ndi malingaliro okhazikika komanso odalirika, kuyambira kale. kwa ambuye akale.

Pofika theka lachiwiri la 20s. potsirizira pake anapanga kalembedwe kayekha kwa wolembayo. Mawu achipongwe a nyimbo za Hindemith akupereka chifukwa chowafanizira ndi “chinenero chozokota matabwa.” Chiyambi cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha Baroque, chomwe chinakhala likulu la zilakolako za Hindemith za neoclassical, zidawonetsedwa mukugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira ya polyphonic. Fugues, passacaglia, njira ya liniya polyphony kukhutitsa nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zina mwa izo ndi kuzungulira kwa mawu akuti "Moyo wa Mary" (pa siteshoni ya R. Rilke), komanso opera "Cardillac" (yochokera pa nkhani yaifupi ya TA Hoffmann), kumene kufunika kobadwa kwa malamulo oimba a chitukuko ndi zimawoneka ngati zotsutsana ndi "sewero lanyimbo" la Wagnerian. Pamodzi ndi ntchito zotchulidwa kuzinthu zabwino kwambiri za Hindemith za 20s. (Inde, mwina, ndipo mwazonse, zolengedwa zake zabwino kwambiri) zimaphatikizapo kuzungulira kwa nyimbo zoimbira za chipinda - sonatas, ensembles, concertos, pomwe chikhalidwe chachilengedwe cha wolembayo kuganiza mumalingaliro anyimbo apeza malo achonde kwambiri.

Ntchito yopindulitsa kwambiri ya Hindemith m'mitundu ya zida sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake. Monga woyimba woyimba komanso membala wa quartet yotchuka ya L. Amar, woimbayo adapereka zoimbaimba m'maiko osiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza USSR mu 1927). M'zaka zimenezo, iye anali wotsogolera zikondwerero za nyimbo za chipinda chatsopano ku Donaueschingen, mouziridwa ndi zatsopano zomwe zinkamveka kumeneko ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo kufotokozera chikhalidwe cha zikondwerero monga mmodzi mwa atsogoleri a nyimbo za avant-garde.

Mu 30s. Ntchito ya Hindemith imakoka kumveka bwino komanso kukhazikika: machitidwe achilengedwe a "matope" a mafunde oyesera omwe anali akuyaka mpaka pano adadziwika ndi nyimbo zonse za ku Europe. Kwa Hindemith, malingaliro a Gebrauchsmusik, nyimbo za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, adagwira ntchito yofunikira pano. Kupyolera mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kupanga nyimbo zamasewera, wolembayo adafuna kuletsa kutayika kwa omvera ambiri ndi luso lamakono la akatswiri. Komabe, chisindikizo china cha kudziletsa tsopano sichimangokhala kuyesa kwake kogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kophunzitsa. Malingaliro olankhulana ndi kumvetsetsana kochokera pa nyimbo samasiya mbuye waku Germany popanga nyimbo za "mawonekedwe apamwamba" - monganso mpaka kumapeto komwe amakhalabe ndi chikhulupiriro mu chifuniro chabwino cha anthu okonda luso, kuti "Anthu oyipa ali nawo. palibe nyimbo" ("Bose Menschen haben keine Lleder").

Kufufuza maziko asayansi opangira nyimbo, chikhumbo chofuna kumvetsetsa ndi kutsimikizira malamulo amuyaya a nyimbo, chifukwa cha thupi lake, kudapangitsanso kuti pakhale mawu ogwirizana, okhazikika a Hindemith. Umu ndi momwe "Guide to Composition" (1936-41) inabadwira - chipatso cha zaka zambiri za ntchito ya Hindemith, wasayansi ndi mphunzitsi.

Koma, mwinamwake, chifukwa chofunika kwambiri cha kuchoka kwa woimbayo kuchoka ku kudzidalira stylistic audacity zaka zoyambirira zinali zatsopano kulenga wapamwamba-ntchito. Kukula kwauzimu kwa Hindemith kudalimbikitsidwa ndi mlengalenga wazaka za m'ma 30. - zovuta komanso zowopsa za Germany fascist, zomwe zimafuna kuti wojambulayo azisonkhanitsa mphamvu zonse zamakhalidwe. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti opera The Painter Mathis (1938) adawonekera panthawiyo, sewero lakuya lazachikhalidwe lomwe anthu ambiri adaziwona mogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika (mayanjano olankhula bwino adadzutsidwa, mwachitsanzo, ndi zomwe zidawotchedwa. Mabuku a Lutheran pamsika wa Mainz). Mutu wa ntchitoyo unamveka kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri - wojambula ndi anthu, opangidwa pamaziko a mbiri yodziwika bwino ya Mathis Grunewald. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti opera Hindemith anali oletsedwa ndi akuluakulu achifwamba ndipo posakhalitsa anayamba moyo wake mu mawonekedwe a symphony ya dzina lomwelo (3 mbali zake zimatchedwa zojambula za Isenheim Altarpiece, zojambula ndi Grunewald: "Concert of Angels" , “The Entombment”, “The Temptations of St. Anthony”) .

Kulimbana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa fascist kunakhala chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kosatha kwa woimbayo. Komabe, kukhala kwa zaka zambiri kutali ndi kwawo (makamaka ku Switzerland ndi USA), Hindemith anakhalabe woona ku miyambo yoyambirira ya nyimbo za ku Germany, komanso njira ya woyimba wake wosankhidwa. M'zaka za nkhondo itatha, adapitilizabe kukonda mitundu ya zida (Symphonic Metamorphoses of Weber's Themes, Pittsburgh ndi Serena symphonies, sonatas zatsopano, ensembles, ndi concertos zidapangidwa). Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya Hindemith m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi symphony "Harmony of the World" (1957), yomwe idawonekera pamasewera a opera a dzina lomwelo (limene limafotokoza za kufunafuna kwauzimu kwa katswiri wa zakuthambo I. Kepler ndi zovuta zake) . Zolembazo zimathera ndi passacaglia yochititsa chidwi, yosonyeza kuvina kozungulira kwa zinthu zakuthambo komanso kusonyeza kugwirizana kwa chilengedwe.

Chikhulupiriro m’chigwirizano chimenechi—mosasamala kanthu za chipwirikiti cha moyo weniweniwo—chinafala m’ntchito yonse ya pambuyo pake ya wolemba nyimboyo. Njira zotetezera zolalikira zimamveka mmenemo mowonjezereka. Mu The Composer's World (1952), Hindemith akulengeza nkhondo pa "makampani osangalatsa" amakono ndipo, kumbali ina, pa luso lapamwamba la nyimbo zaposachedwa za avant-garde, zotsutsana mofanana, m'malingaliro ake, ku mzimu weniweni wa kulenga. . Kulondera kwa Hindemith kunali ndi ndalama zoonekeratu. Mtundu wake wanyimbo umachokera ku 50s. nthawi zina amakumana ndi zovuta zamaphunziro; osakhala omasuka ku didactics ndi kuukira kotsutsa kwa wolembayo. Ndipo komabe, mu kulakalaka uku kwa mgwirizano, komwe kukuchitika - komanso, mu nyimbo za Hindemith - mphamvu yaikulu yotsutsa, kuti "mitsempha" ya makhalidwe abwino ndi yokongola ya zolengedwa zabwino za mbuye wa Germany zagona. Apa anakhalabe wotsatira wa Bach wamkulu, akuyankha nthawi yomweyo ku mafunso onse "odwala" a moyo.

T. Kumanzere

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