Kupangidwa kwa piyano: kuchokera ku clavichord kupita ku piyano yayikulu yamakono

Chida chilichonse choyimba chili ndi mbiri yake yapadera, yomwe ndi yothandiza komanso yosangalatsa kudziwa. Kupangidwa kwa piyano kunali chochitika chosinthika mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18.

Ndithudi aliyense amadziwa kuti piyano si chida choyamba kiyibodi m'mbiri ya anthu. Oimba a m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages ankaimbanso zida za kiyibodi. Chiwalo ndicho chida chakale kwambiri cha kiyibodi champhepo, chokhala ndi mapaipi ambiri m'malo mwa zingwe. Chiwalocho chimaonedwa kuti ndi "mfumu" ya zida zoimbira, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawu ake amphamvu, ozama, koma si wachibale wachibale wa piyano.

Chimodzi mwa zida zoyamba za kiyibodi, zomwe maziko ake sanali mapaipi, koma zingwe, anali clavichord. Chida ichi chinali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi piyano yamakono, koma m'malo mwa nyundo, monga mkati mwa piyano, mbale zachitsulo zinayikidwa mkati mwa clavichord. Komabe, phokoso la chida ichi linali labata kwambiri komanso lofewa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kuisewera pamaso pa anthu ambiri pa siteji yaikulu. Chifukwa chake ndi ichi. Clavichord inali ndi chingwe chimodzi chokha pa kiyi, pomwe piyano inali ndi zingwe zitatu pa kiyi.

Clavichord

Popeza clavichord inali chete, mwachibadwa, sichinalole ochita masewera apamwamba monga kukhazikitsa mithunzi yoyambira yoyambira - ndi. Komabe, clavichord sichinali chopezeka komanso chodziwika bwino, komanso chida chokondedwa pakati pa oimba onse ndi oimba a nthawi ya Baroque, kuphatikizapo JS Bach wamkulu.

Pamodzi ndi clavichord, chida chowongolera bwino chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyo - harpsichord. Malo a zingwe za harpsichord anali osiyana poyerekeza ndi clavichord. Iwo anatambasulidwa mofanana ndi makiyi - chimodzimodzi ngati piyano, osati perpendicular. Kulira kwa zeze kunali komveka ndithu, ngakhale kuti kunalibe mphamvu zokwanira. Komabe, chida ichi chinali choyenera kuimba nyimbo pazigawo "zazikulu". Zinalinso zosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito mithunzi yosinthika pa harpsichord. Kuwonjezera apo, phokoso la chidacho linazimiririka mofulumira kwambiri, kotero olemba a nthawi imeneyo adadzaza masewero awo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya melismas (zokongoletsa) kuti mwanjira ina "atalikitse" phokoso la zolemba zazitali.

Harpsichord

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18, oimba onse ndi oimba anayamba kuona kufunika kwakukulu kwa chida cha kiyibodi, luso loimba ndi lofotokozera lomwe silingakhale lotsika kwa violin. Izi zimafuna chida chokhala ndi zosinthika zambiri zomwe zitha kutulutsa zamphamvu komanso zosalimba kwambiri, komanso zidziwitso zonse zamasinthidwe amphamvu.

Ndipo maloto amenewa anakwaniritsidwa. Amakhulupirira kuti mu 1709, Bartolomeo Cristofori wa ku Italy anapanga piyano yoyamba. Iye anatcha chilengedwe chake “gravicembalo col piano e forte,” lomwe linamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chitaliyana limatanthauza “chipangizo cha kiyibodi chomwe chimayimba motsitsa ndi mokweza.”

Chida chanzeru cha Cristofori chidakhala chosavuta. Mapangidwe a piyano anali motere. Zinali ndi makiyi, nyundo yomveka, zingwe ndi chobwezera chapadera. Pamene fungulo likukanthidwa, nyundo imagunda chingwecho, motero chimapangitsa kuti chigwedezeke, chomwe sichifanana ndi phokoso la zingwe za harpsichord ndi clavichord. Nyundoyo inkayenda cham’mbuyo, mothandizidwa ndi wobwererayo, popanda kukanikizidwa ku chingwecho, motero amasokoneza mawu ake.

Patapita kanthawi, makinawa adasinthidwa pang'ono: mothandizidwa ndi chipangizo chapadera, nyundo inatsitsidwa pa chingwe, kenako inabwerera, koma osati kwathunthu, koma theka chabe, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuchita ma trills ndi kubwereza - mwamsanga. kubwerezabwereza kwa phokoso lomwelo. Makinawa adatchedwa .

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chosiyanitsa piyano kuchokera ku zida zomwe zimagwirizana kale ndikutha kumveka osati mokweza kapena chete, komanso kupangitsa woyimba piyano kupanga crescendo ndi diminuendo, ndiko kuti, kusintha mphamvu ndi mtundu wa phokoso pang'onopang'ono komanso mwadzidzidzi. .

Pa nthawi yomwe chida chodabwitsachi chidadziwonetsera chokha, nthawi yosinthira pakati pa Baroque ndi Classicism idalamulira ku Europe. Mtundu wa sonata, womwe udawonekera panthawiyo, unali wodabwitsa kuti ugwire ntchito pa piano; zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi za izi ndi ntchito za Mozart ndi Clementi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, chida cha kiyibodi chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zake zonse chidachita ngati chida chayekha, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu watsopano - concerto ya piyano ndi orchestra.

Mothandizidwa ndi piyano, zakhala zotheka kufotokoza zakukhosi kwanu ndi mawu osangalatsa. Izi zinaonekera mu ntchito ya olemba a nyengo yatsopano ya chikondi mu ntchito za Chopin, Schumann, ndi Liszt.

Mpaka lero, chida chodabwitsa ichi chokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ngakhale kuti chinali chaunyamata, chimakhudza kwambiri anthu onse. Pafupifupi oimba onse otchuka adalembera piyano. Ndipo, munthu ayenera kukhulupirira kuti pazaka zambiri kutchuka kwake kudzangowonjezereka, ndipo kudzatisangalatsa kwambiri ndi mawu ake amatsenga.