Trombone: ndichiyani, zikuchokera zida, phokoso, mbiri, mitundu

Pamene ofukula zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi ku Pompeii, wokwiriridwa pansi pa phulusa lamapiri la Vesuvius mu 79 BC, akatswiri a mbiri yakale anapeza malipenga amkuwa okhala ndi zomangira zagolide zopakidwa mosamalitsa. Akukhulupirira kuti chida ichi ndi amene anatsogolera trombone. "Trombone" amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chiitaliya kuti "chitoliro chachikulu", ndipo mawonekedwe a zinthu zakale amafanana ndi chida chamakono chamkuwa.

Kodi trombone ndi chiyani

Palibe okhestra ya symphony yomwe ingachite popanda phokoso lamphamvu, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa nthawi zomvetsa chisoni, kukhudzidwa mtima, kukhudza kwachisoni. Ntchitoyi nthawi zambiri imachitidwa ndi trombone. Ndilo m'gulu la olembetsa a copper embouchure bass-tenor. Chida cha chubu ndi chachitali, chopindika, chokulirapo mu socket. Banja likuimiridwa ndi mitundu ingapo. Tenor trombone imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu mu nyimbo zamakono. Alto ndi mabass amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.

Chida chipangizo

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kuchokera kwa oimira ena a gulu la mphepo yamkuwa ndi zida za mlanduwu ndi backstage. Ichi ndi chubu chopindika chomwe chimakulolani kuti musinthe kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Motero, woimbayo amatha kutulutsa phokoso la chromatic scale. Kapangidwe kake kamene kamapangitsa chidacho kukhala chaukadaulo, chimatsegula mwayi wosinthika kuchokera ku zolemba kupita ku zolemba, magwiridwe antchito a chromatises ndi glissando. Pa lipenga, nyanga, tuba, mapiko amasinthidwa ndi ma valve.

Phokoso limapangidwa mwa kukakamiza mpweya kudzera pakamwa ngati kapu yomwe imalowetsedwa m'lipenga. Sikelo yakumbuyo imatha kukhala yofanana kapena yosiyana. Ngati makulidwe a machubu onsewa ndi ofanana, ndiye kuti trombone imatchedwa chitoliro chimodzi. Ndi mainchesi osiyanasiyana, chitsanzocho chimatchedwa gauge iwiri.

Kodi trombone imamveka bwanji?

Chidacho chimamveka champhamvu, chowala, chokopa. Mtunduwu uli mkati mwa "G" counter-octave mpaka "F" ya octave yachiwiri. Pamaso pa anti-valve, kusiyana pakati pa "b-flat" ya counteroctave ndi "mi" ya octave yaikulu imadzazidwa. Kusowa kwa chinthu chowonjezera sikuphatikizanso kutulutsa mawu pamzerewu, wotchedwa "dead zone".

Pakatikati ndi kumtunda, trombone imamveka yowala, yodzaza, pansi - yachisoni, yosokoneza, yowopsya. Chidacho chimakhala ndi luso lapadera lothamangira kuchokera ku phokoso lina kupita ku lina. Oimira ena a gulu lamphepo yamkuwa alibe mawonekedwe otere. Kumveka kwa phokoso kumaperekedwa ndi rocker. Njirayi imatchedwa "glissando".

Pofuna kusokoneza mawu, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito osalankhula. Uwu ndi mphuno yooneka ngati peyala yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wosintha kamvekedwe ka timbre, kusokoneza kulimba kwa mawu, kuwonjezera kusiyanasiyana ndi mawu apadera.

Mbiri ya trombone

Chapakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX, mapaipi a rocker adawonekera m'makwaya atchalitchi ku Europe. Phokoso lawo linali lofanana ndi liwu la munthu, chifukwa cha chubu chosunthika, woimbayo amatha kutulutsa sikelo ya chromatic, kutsanzira mawonekedwe a nyimbo za tchalitchi. Zida zoterezi zinayamba kutchedwa sakbuts, kutanthauza "kukankhira patsogolo panu."

Atapulumuka kusintha kwazing'ono, sakbuts anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu oimba. Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, trombone idapitilira kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'matchalitchi. Phokoso lake limafanana bwino ndi mawu oimba. Kulira komvetsa chisoni kwa chidacho m'kaundula kakang'ono kunali kwabwino kwambiri pamwambo wa maliro.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, olemba nyimbo zatsopano adakopa chidwi cha phokoso la chitoliro cha rocker. Mozart wamkulu, Beethoven, Gluck, Wagner ankagwiritsa ntchito m'masewero owonetsera kuti omvera amvetsere pazochitika zochititsa chidwi. Ndipo Mozart mu "Requiem" adapereka solo ya trombone. Wagner anaigwiritsa ntchito kufotokoza mawu achikondi.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, oimba nyimbo za jazi adakopa chidwi cha chidacho. M'nthawi ya Dixieland, oimba adazindikira kuti trombone imatha kupanga zosintha zokha komanso nyimbo. Magulu oyendera jazi adabweretsa lipenga la Scotch ku Latin America, komwe adakhala woyimba nyimbo wa jazi wamkulu.

mitundu

Banja la trombone limaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo. Chida cha tenor ndicho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zopangidwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kusiyanitsa oimira ena a gulu:

• mkulu;
• basi;
• soprano;
• basi.

Awiri omalizira alibe ntchito. Mozart anali womaliza kugwiritsa ntchito lipenga la soprano rocker pa Misa mu C-dur.

Ma bass ndi tenor trombones ali munjira yofanana. Kusiyana kokha kuli pamlingo waukulu wa woyamba. Kusiyana kwake ndi 16 mainchesi. Chipangizo cha mnzake wa bass chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa ma valve awiri. Amakulolani kutsitsa phokoso ndi chachinayi kapena kukweza ndichisanu. Zomangamanga zodziimira zili ndi mwayi wambiri.

Tenor trombones, nawonso, amathanso kukhala ndi kusiyana pakati pa sikelo. Zing'onozing'ono zamitundu yopapatiza ndi zosakwana mamilimita 12,7. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kukula kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito zikwapu zosiyanasiyana, kumatsimikizira luso la kuyenda kwa chida.

Malipenga a Tenor scotch amakhala ndi mawu owala kwambiri, amamveka osiyanasiyana, ndipo ndi oyenera kusewera paokha. Amatha kusintha al kapena bass mu orchestra. Choncho, ndizofala kwambiri mu chikhalidwe chamakono cha nyimbo.

Njira ya Trombone

Kuimba lipenga la rocker kumaphunzitsidwa m'masukulu oimba, makoleji ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Woyimba akugwira choimbira pakamwa pake ndi dzanja lake lamanzere, amasuntha mapiko ndi dzanja lake lamanja. Kutalika kwa mzere wa mpweya kumasiyanasiyana ndi kusuntha chubu ndi kusintha malo a milomo.

Backstage ikhoza kukhala m'malo 7. Iliyonse imasiyana ndi ina ndi theka la kamvekedwe. Poyamba, imachotsedwa kwathunthu; mu chisanu ndi chiwiri, izo zafutukuka kwathunthu. Ngati trombone ili ndi korona yowonjezera, ndiye kuti woimbayo ali ndi mwayi wotsitsa sikelo yonse ndi chachinayi. Pankhaniyi, chala chachikulu cha dzanja lamanzere chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chomwe chimakanikiza valavu ya kotala.

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, njira ya glissando idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Phokosoli limatheka pakutulutsa kopitilira muyeso, pomwe wosewera amasuntha siteji bwino.

Ma trombonist abwino kwambiri

Oimira banja la Neuschel ndi a virtuosos oyambirira akusewera chitoliro cha rocker. Mamembala a mzerawo sanangokhala ndi lamulo labwino kwambiri la chidacho, komanso adatsegula msonkhano wawo kuti apange. Adali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa mabanja achifumu ku Europe m'zaka za zana la XNUMX-XNUMX.

Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma trombonist odziwika bwino amapanga masukulu oimba achi French ndi Germany. Akamaliza maphunziro awo ku French conservatories, olemba mtsogolo amayenera kupereka nyimbo zingapo za trombone. Chochititsa chidwi chinalembedwa mu 2012. Kenako ku Washington, ma trombonist 360 nthawi imodzi adachita masewera a baseball.

Pakati pa virtuosos zoweta ndi connoisseurs wa chida, AN Morozov. M'zaka za m'ma 70 anali soloist wotsogolera mu oimba a Bolshoi Theatre ndipo mobwerezabwereza adalowa nawo mu jury la mpikisano wapadziko lonse wa trombonist.

Kwa zaka eyiti, woimba bwino mu Soviet Union anali VS Nazarov. Iye mobwerezabwereza nawo zikondwerero mayiko, anakhala wopambana mpikisano mayiko, anali soloist kutsogolera oimba Oleg Lundstrem.

Ngakhale kuti chiyambi chake, trombone sichinasinthe kwenikweni, kusintha kwina kwapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukulitsa luso lake. Masiku ano, popanda chida ichi, phokoso lonse la symphonic, pop ndi jazz orchestras sizingatheke.