Lipenga: chipangizo cha chida, mbiri, phokoso, mitundu, kusewera njira, ntchito

Mamembala ambiri a gulu la mkuwa sakhala oimba. Anthu ankawafuna kuti apereke zizindikiro panthawi yosaka, kuyandikira ngozi, kusonkhanitsa magulu ankhondo. Chitoliro ndi chimodzimodzi. Koma kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, idakhala gawo la oimba, zomveka mu symphonic, nyimbo za jazi, komanso payekha.

Chida cha chitoliro

Mfundo ya phokoso la zida zoimbira za mphepo yagona pa kugwedezeka ndi kusinthasintha kwa mpweya mkati mwa chubu. Kutalikirako, kumapereka mwayi wochuluka kwa woimbayo. Pa chitoliro chimakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 150, koma chifukwa cha compactness chimapindika kawiri, kuchepetsa kutalika kwa chipangizocho kufika 50 cm.

Chubucho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a silinda yokhala ndi mainchesi opitilira centimita, imakula pang'onopang'ono, ndikusandulika kukhala socket. Ukadaulo wopanga ndi wovuta. Ndikofunika kuwerengera molondola kukula kwa socket kuti igwirizane ndi kutalika kwa njira yayikulu.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti pali chitoliro chachitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chokhala ndi kutalika kwa mamita 32 ndi m'mimba mwake ya mamita oposa 5. Zikuwonekeratu kuti munthu sangathe kusewera pa izo. Mpweya umaperekedwa ku njirayo pogwiritsa ntchito kompresa.

Chidacho chili ndi magawo atatu: cholumikizira pakamwa, chitoliro ndi belu. Koma izi ndi zakale komanso kutali ndi lingaliro lathunthu la chidacho. Ndipotu, pali zigawo zina zofunika kwambiri. Zina mwa tsatanetsatane:

• pakamwa - amagwirizanitsa mapepala a khutu ku njira yaikulu;
• Korona woyamba, wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi wokonza - mothandizidwa ndi korona wa dongosolo lonse ndi kukulitsa kwake, chidacho chimakonzedwa, zina zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza;
• ma valve - dongosolo la ma valve, pamene atsekedwa, kusintha kwa phokoso kumachitika;
• kukhetsa valve - chipangizo chaukadaulo chomwe sichimakhudzidwa ndi kutulutsa mawu.

Machubu ndi zigawo za chidacho amapangidwa makamaka ndi aloyi zamkuwa ndi zamkuwa, kuwala kwa thupi kumaperekedwa ndi lacquer, nickel kapena siliva plating.

Mbiri ya chida

Zida zoimbira mphepo zidayamba kale kupangidwa zida zoimbira. Zimadziwika kuti anthu adaphunzira kuimba lipenga zaka mazana atatu isanafike nthawi yathu. Ku Egypt wakale, panali ukadaulo wapadera womwe mapaipi amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku pepala limodzi lachitsulo.

Pofukula zinthu zakale ku Egypt, anapeza mapaipi opangidwa ndi matabwa ndi zipolopolo. Ndipo m’manda a Tutankhamun munapezeka zida zasiliva ndi zamkuwa.

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, asilikali onse anali ndi malipenga, ntchito yawo yaikulu inali kupereka malangizo kwa magulu asilikali. Pakati pa nkhondo, chidachi chidagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa chidwi cha owonera pamasewera othamanga komanso patchuthi. Phokoso lake lidadziwitsa anthu okhala m'mizinda za kubwera kwa anthu ofunikira kapena kufunika kosonkhana pabwalo kuti alengeze malamulo.

Munthawi ya Baroque, kutukuka kwa nyimbo zamaphunziro aku Europe kumayamba. Kulira kwa lipenga kumaphatikizidwa m'magulu oimba kwa nthawi yoyamba. Ngakhale kuti chidacho chinapangitsa kuti atulutse sikelo ya diatonic yokha, oimba omwe adadziwa bwino lusoli adasintha malo a milomo.

Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, zida za zingwe komanso zoimbira zidakula, ndipo lipenga, lochepera pakuchita bwino kwake, lidazimiririka kumbuyo kwa oimba. Imayambanso kumveka mwachangu chapakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX. Panthaŵiyi, amisiriwo anali atawongola bwino kamangidwe kake mwa kulowetsamo mavavu atatu. Iwo anakulitsa luso la chidacho, kulola kuti lisinthe sikelo, kuchepetsa phokoso ndi kamvekedwe, semitone ndi toni ndi theka. Lipenga lidapeza luso lotulutsa sikelo ya chromatic, ndipo pambuyo pakusintha kangapo kwa zida, vuto lakulankhula bwino komanso kusintha kwa timbre linathetsedwa.

Mbiri ya zida zoimbira zamkuwa imadziwa oimba malipenga ambiri odziwika bwino. Mmodzi mwa iwo ndi Maurice André, amene amadziwika kuti ndi “woliza lipenga wa m’zaka za m’ma 200.” Analitenga lipenga ngati chimodzi mwa zida zazikulu zamakonsati, zophunzitsidwa ku Paris Conservatory, ndipo adalemba ma discs opitilira XNUMX. Oimba malipenga ena otchuka ndi a Louis Armstrong, Freddie Hubbard, Sergey Nakaryakov, Arturo Sandoval.

System, osiyanasiyana, kaundula

Mmodzi wamkulu mu oimba ndi lipenga mu dongosolo "B-flat" - "Chitani". Zolemba zimalembedwa mu treble clef kamvekedwe kapamwamba kuposa kamvekedwe kake. M'kaundula wapansi, chidacho chimapanga phokoso lachisoni, pakati - lofewa (piyano), wankhondo, wolimbikira (forte). Mu kaundula wapamwamba, lipenga limayitana omvera ndi sonorous, phokoso lowala.

M'kaundula wapakati, lipenga likuwonetsa mwayi wodabwitsa wa ndimeyi, chifukwa chaukadaulo wake umakulolani kuti mupange arpeggios.

Ku Ulaya ndi America, "analogue" ya chida ichi mu "Do" dongosolo lapeza kugawa kwakukulu. Oimba a kumadzulo amapeza ubwino wambiri wogwiritsa ntchito, kumasuka kwa kupanga phokoso mu kaundula wapamwamba komanso kutha kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa "Mi" ya octave yaing'ono mpaka "C" yachitatu.

Mitundu ya chitoliro

Mitundu ina ya mapaipi sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

• alto - zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga phokoso la kaundula otsika, dongosolo la "Sol", nthawi zambiri mu gulu la oimba a symphony mtundu uwu umalowa m'malo mwa flugelhorn;
• piccolo - chitsanzo chabwino chokhala ndi valavu yowonjezera, yokonzedwa ndi "Sol" kapena "La", ili ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono;
• bass - imayikidwa mu "C", koma imatha kumveketsa octave pansi kuposa chitoliro wamba.

M'magulu oimba a symphony amakono, lipenga la bass silimagwiritsidwa ntchito konse; imasinthidwa ndi trombone.

Njira yamasewera

Wopangayo akugwira chidacho ndi dzanja lake lamanzere, ndi dzanja lake lamanja amachita pa dongosolo la valve. Kuti mudziwe kusewera, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti m'zigawo za harmonics zimachitika chifukwa cha embouchure, ndiko kuti, kusintha kwa milomo, lilime, ndi minofu ya nkhope. Milomo pa phokoso m'zigawo kukhala ena rigidity, kukhala wamakani. Pochita zimenezi, woimbayo amatsitsa mawuwo ndi ma valve.

Chifukwa chakuti kumwa mpweya panthawi yoimba nyimbo pa lipenga ndi kochepa, chidacho chimakulolani kuchita njira zosiyanasiyana, ndime, arpeggios. Kusiyanasiyana kodabwitsa kwa staccato kumachitika mu kaundula wapakati.

Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zomwe zimatchedwa mutes ndipo zimayikidwa mu belu. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a wosalankhula, lipenga limakhala lachete kapena mokweza. Kotero mu jazi, "bowa" nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lofewa, lopanda phokoso.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi

Chida chachikulu cha okhestra chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyimbo kuti chizipangitsa kuti chiziwoneka bwino, kuti chikhale chovuta. Phokoso limakhala lomveka bwino, ngakhale limvekere chete. Chifukwa chake, lipenga muzolembazo limayimira zithunzi za ngwazi.

Masiku ano, oimba malipenga amatha kuimba okha, kapena kupanga magulu onse oimba. Mu 2006, gulu la anthu oimba malipenga 1166 linaimba ku Oruro, Bolivia. Iye akuphatikizidwa mu mbiri ya nyimbo monga ochuluka kwambiri.

Chidacho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yanyimbo. Ndi membala wokhazikika wa gulu la jazi, symphony ndi brass, zomveka zake zimatsagana ndi magulu ankhondo.

Oimba malipenga odziwika

Odziwika kwambiri anali oimba aluso kwambiri. Pakati pa virtuosos omwe adapereka moyo wawo kuti akweze chidacho ndi Arturo Sandaval, yemwe adaphunzira kuyambira ali ndi zaka 12 ndipo adalandira mphoto za 10 Grammy panthawi ya moyo wake.

Woyimba lipenga waku America Clark Terry wasiya chizindikiro chake pachikhalidwe cha jazi. Iye anachita padziko lonse lapansi, anapereka maphunziro aulere, anali ndi luso lapadera ndi ukoma.

Mu 1955, lipenga la nthano ina ya jazi, Dizzy Gillepsy, idagulitsidwa pamsika wa Christie. Chida chodziwika bwino chidatchedwa "Martin Committee" ndikugulitsidwa $55.

Aliyense amadziwa nkhani ya mnyamata wochokera ku banja losauka la New York, Louis Armstrong. Tsogolo lake linali lovuta, ali wachinyamata anachita zolakwa, anaba ndipo adatha moyo wake wonse m'ndende. Koma tsiku lina ali kundendeko anamva kulira kwa lipenga ndipo anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi phunziroli. zoimbaimba wake woyamba anali zisudzo mumsewu, koma posakhalitsa Armstrong anakhala mmodzi wa zisudzo wotchuka, wosiyanitsidwa ndi luso lake lowala. Louis Armstrong adapatsa dziko mwayi wapadera wanyimbo wa jazi.