Ukulele: ndi chiyani, mitundu, kapangidwe, phokoso, mbiri, kugwiritsa ntchito

Chimodzi mwazochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Hawaii ndi gitala laling'ono, loseketsa. Ngakhale mawonekedwe a chidole, chida choimbira chomwe chili ndi dzina lodabwitsa la ukulele chimatchuka ndi oimba otchuka komanso oyambira. Ndilofupikitsa, losavuta kuphunzira, ndipo mawu ake owala, ansangala, ndi achikondi amafanana ndi zisumbu zotentha za Pacific.

Ukulele ndi chiyani

Ili ndi dzina la mtundu wa gitala - chida chodulidwa ndi zingwe chokhala ndi zingwe zinayi. Chofunikira chachikulu ndikuyimba nyimbo ndikuyimba payekha.

Phokoso la ukulele ndiloyenera kusewera nyimbo zachi Hawaii, jazi ndi nyimbo zamtundu, nyimbo za dziko ndi reggae.

History ndi ukulele

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha gitala yaing'ono ndi yaifupi, koma chida choyambirira chinatha kugwa m'chikondi ndi oimba pa nthawi yochepa. Ukulele amaonedwa kuti ndi ku Hawaii, ngakhale kuti kwenikweni Apwitikizi ayenera kuyamikiridwa chifukwa cha chiyambi chake.

Akuti mu 1875, Apwitikizi anayi, akulota zomanga moyo wabwino, anasamukira kuzilumba za Hawaii. Anzanu - Jose Santo, Augusto Diaz, Joao Fernandez, Manuel Nunez - adatenga nawo gitala lachipwitikizi la zingwe 5 - braginya, lomwe lidakhala maziko opangira ukulele.

Ku ukapolo, abwenzi ankachita kupanga mipando yamatabwa. Komabe, anthu akumeneko sanakonde zinthu zopangidwa, ndipo Apwitikizi, kuti asawonongeke, anayamba kupanga zida zoimbira. Anayesa mawonekedwe ndi kamvekedwe ka gitala la Chipwitikizi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yaying'ono yokhala ndi mawu omveka komanso osangalatsa. Chiwerengero cha zingwe chachepa - tsopano panali zinayi, osati zisanu.

Anthu a ku Hawaii anavomereza mwachisangalalo kutulukira kwa Apwitikizi. Koma maganizo awo anasintha pamene, pa chimodzi cha mapwando a fuko, mfumu ya ku Hawaii, David Kalakaua, anasankha kuimba gitala laling’ono. Wolamulirayo adakonda chida chodabwitsa kwambiri, adalamula kuti apange gulu la oimba amtundu wa Hawaii.

Dzina la chidacho ndi lochokera ku Hawaii. Mawu oti "ukulele" amatanthauzidwa kuti "kudumpha utitiri", ndipo ngati mutawaphwanya m'zigawo ziwiri - "uku" ndi "lele", mumapeza mawu akuti "bwerani kuyamikira".

Pali malingaliro atatu omwe ukulele adatchedwa:

1. Anthu a ku Hawaii omwe anaona gitala kwa nthawi yoyamba ankaganiza kuti zala za woyimba gitala zomwe zinkathamanga m’zingwezo zinali ngati utitiri wodumpha.
2. Woyang'anira nyumba yachifumu ku Hawaii anali Mngelezi, Edward Purvis, munthu wamfupi, wosavuta komanso wosakhazikika. Ankasewera gitala laling'ono, ankasewera moseketsa komanso moseketsa, ndipo ankatchedwa ukulele.
3. Mfumukazi ya ku Hawaii, Lydia Kamakaea Paki, adatcha mphatso yoperekedwa ndi anthu anayi a ku Portugal omwe adasamukira ku Hawaii kuti ndi "chiyamiko chomwe chinabwera".

mitundu

Ukulele amabwera m'mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana. Chidacho chikhoza kuwoneka ngati kope laling'ono la gitala lachikale, ndipo amisiri amapanganso zinthu zozungulira, zozungulira zomwe zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe a maungu ndi chinanazi, komanso ngakhale masikweya.

Phokoso limadalira kukula kwa chida. Pakope lalikulu, mutha kusewera zolemba pansipa. Ukuleles amagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo ndi kukula:

1. Soprano ndi mitundu yotchuka kwambiri. Ukulele wakale wokhala ndi ma 12-14 frets.
2. Mtundu wa konsati ndi wokulirapo pang'ono komanso waphokoso kuposa mtundu wa soprano. Zovuta zilinso 12-14.
3. Tenor ndi mtundu wotchuka womwe umapezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1920, wokhala ndi kamvekedwe kakang'ono, kamvekedwe ka velvety ndi mithunzi yambiri. Nthawi 15-20.
4. Baritone ndi mtundu wina wotchuka womwe unayamba kugulitsidwa m'ma 1940. Amatulutsa mawu akuya, olemera, omveka bwino. Frets, ngati gitala la tenor, 15-20.
5. Zosankha zochepa zomwe zidawonekera pambuyo pa 2007 ndi mabasi, mabasi awiri ndi piccolo.

Pali mtundu wa ukulele wokhala ndi zingwe ziwiri. Chingwe chilichonse chimamangiriridwa ku chingwe chachiwiri, chomwe chimalumikizidwa pamodzi.

Kodi ukulele kumveka bwanji?

Ukulele kumamveka mopepuka, kowala, kumveka kwake kumatulutsa mphamvu ndi chiyembekezo, kumabweretsa kukumbukira za zisumbu zadzuwa ku Pacific Ocean, zamaluwa okongola a maluwa aku Hawaii.

Phokoso la zingwe lotseguka limatchedwa kukonza. Amasankha dongosolo loterolo kuti kutulutsa kwa nyimbo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndizosavuta. Ukulele ikukonzekera ndi atypical kwa gitala, makhalidwe ake amaperekedwa pansipa.

Standard ukulele tuning ndi soprano. Mayina a zingwe ndi awa:

• mchere (G);
• ku (C);
• wanga (E);
• la (A).

Kuwerengera kwa zingwe kumayambira anayi mpaka amodzi (pamwamba mpaka pansi). C-Ea (CEA) kukonza zingwe, monga gitala lachikale, ndiko kuti, chiyambi ndi cholembera chapamwamba, mapeto ake ndi otsika. Chingwe cha G chiyenera kumveka chokwera kuposa 3nd ndi XNUMXrd chifukwa ndi ya octave yomwe zolemba zina XNUMX ndi zake.

Ubwino wakusintha uku ndikutha kuyimba nyimbo zomwezo zomwe zimapezeka poyimba gitala lachikale, kuyambira pa 5th fret. Kwa oimba omwe anazolowera kuimba gitala, kuimba nyimbo pa ukulele kungawoneke kukhala kosasangalatsa poyamba. Koma kumwerekera kumadza msanga. M'zigawo za chords payekha likupezeka ndi chala chimodzi kapena ziwiri.

Khosi lofupikitsidwa la ukulele limalola chidacho kuti chiziwongoleredwa momasuka ndikusintha komwe mukufuna. N'zotheka kupanga gitala wamba, momwe phokoso lidzayenderana ndi zingwe zinayi zoyambirira za gitala lachikale. Ndiko kuti, zimakhala:

• wanga (E);
• inu (B);
• mchere (G);
• kachiwiri (D).

Kwa ukulele, njira yosewera ndi yankhanza komanso kumenya nkhondo. Amathyola ndi kumenya zingwezo ndi zala za dzanja lamanja kapena ndi plectrum.

kapangidwe

Kapangidwe ka ukulele kamakhala kofanana ndi ka gitala. Ukulele kuyenera kukhala ndi:

• matabwa, opanda kanthu mkati mwa thupi ndi tailpiece ndi bowo lozungulira kutsogolo soundboard;
• khosi - mbale yayitali yamatabwa yomwe zingwe zimatambasulidwa;
• zokutira zala;
• frets - zigawo zala zala zomwe zimadulidwa ndizitsulo zachitsulo (dongosolo la zolemba zimatsimikiziridwa ndi malo a frets pa zingwe 4);
• mitu - gawo lomaliza la khosi ndi zikhomo;
• zingwe (nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi nayiloni).

Ukuleles amapangidwa kuchokera ku mthethe, mapulo, phulusa, mtedza, spruce, rosewood. Makope otsika mtengo amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki, koma zofananira ngati izi sizingamveke bwino kuposa zoyambirira zamatabwa. Khosi limapangidwa ndi mbale imodzi, ndipo matabwa olimba amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Gitala imapangidwa ndi pulasitiki kapena matabwa.

Zida miyeso

Kusiyana kwa kukula kwa ukulele kwa mawu osiyanasiyana:

• kutalika - 53 cm;
• konsati - 58 cm;
• kutalika - 66 cm;
• baritone ndi basi - 76 cm.

Kope lalikulu kwambiri la ukulele, lomwe ndi lalitali 3 m 99 cm, linapangidwa ndi American Lawrence Stump. Zogulitsa, zomwe zalembedwa mu Guinness Book of Records, zikugwira ntchito, mutha kusewera nazo.

Osewera Odziwika

Ukulele kwasiya kale kukhala chida chaku Hawaii, tsopano ndi gitala lodziwika komanso loyamikiridwa ndi oimba. Oyimba gitala ambiri otchuka adakondana ndi chida chaching'ono, adachigwiritsa ntchito pamakonsati, motero adathandizira kutchuka kwake.

Wosewera wotchuka wa ukulele ndi woyimba gitala waku Hawaii Israel Kaanoi Kamakawiwoole. Anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi nyimbo za gitala kuyambira ali mwana, ku Hawaiian Islands ndi wotchuka kwambiri, anthu amamutcha mwachikondi "chimphona chofatsa".

Anthu aku Hawaii amaonanso Eddie Kamae ndi Gabby Pahinui, omwe adapanga gulu lanyimbo la The Sons of Hawaii, kukhala nyenyezi zakomweko. Amapanga nyimbo za gitala zokonda dziko lawo komanso zolimbikitsa komanso kuphatikiza mitundu yamitundu.

Mwa okonda kwambiri ukulele ayenera kutchedwa:

• woimba wa jazi Laila Ritz;
• English wosewera nthabwala ndi woimba George Formby;
• Woimba gitala waku America Roy Smeck;
• Wosewera waku America Cliff Edwards;
• woyimba woyendayenda Rocky Leon;
• virtuoso gitala Jake Shimabukuro;
• Woimba waku Canada wa techno James Hill.

Ukulele ndi chida chodabwitsa chomwe chatchuka osati chifukwa cha mawu ake owala komanso abwino, komanso chifukwa chophatikizika. Itha kutengedwa paulendo, paulendo, ku chochitika - kulikonse woimba amapanga chisangalalo posewera ukulele.