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Mtundu wachi French, kuchokera ku lat. mtundu - mtundu, mtundu

Lingaliro losamveka bwino lomwe limadziwika ndi mbiri yakale yodziwika bwino komanso mitundu yosungiramo zinthu zakale. amagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi chiyambi chawo ndi cholinga cha moyo, njira ndi zikhalidwe (malo) a ntchito ndi malingaliro, komanso zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe. Lingaliro la mtundu lilipo muzojambula zamitundu yonse, koma mu nyimbo, chifukwa cha luso lake. zithunzi, zili ndi tanthauzo lapadera; imayima, ngati, pamalire pakati pa magulu azinthu ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo amalola munthu kuweruza zomwe zili ndi cholinga cha mankhwala, pogwiritsa ntchito zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. ndalama.

Kuvuta komanso kusamveka bwino kwa lingaliro la Zh. m. zimagwirizananso ndi mfundo yakuti sizinthu zonse zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti zimagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi komanso ndi mphamvu zofanana. Zinthu izi ndizosiyana (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe ndi malo ogwirira ntchito) ndipo zimatha kuchita zinthu mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Choncho, mu nyimbo sayansi anayamba osiyana. machitidwe a gulu la Zh. m. Zimatengera zomwe zimayambitsa Zh. m. imatengedwa ngati yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, BA Zuckerman ikuwonetsa zomwe zili (mtundu - zoyimira), AH Coxop - gulu. kukhalapo, i cholinga cha moyo wa nyimbo ndi chilengedwe cha machitidwe ake ndi kuzindikira. Tanthauzo lovuta kwambiri la nyimbo zamafilosofi lili m'mabuku ophunzirira "The Structure of Musical Works" lolemba L. A. Mazel ndi "Analysis of Musical Works" wolemba L. A. Mazel ndi BA Zuckerman. Kuvuta kwa gulu la Zh. m. zimagwirizananso ndi chisinthiko chawo. Kusintha kwa kukhalapo kwa muses. ntchito, kuyanjana kwa Nar. luso komanso Prof. art-va, komanso chitukuko cha muses. Zilankhulo zimatsogolera kusinthidwa kwamitundu yakale ndikutuluka kwatsopano. Zh. m. amawonetsa ndi nat. zodziwika bwino za nyimbo, za luso limodzi kapena lina. malangizo (mwachitsanzo, French Romantic Grand opera). Nthawi zambiri ntchito yomweyi imatha kudziwika mosiyanasiyana, kapena mtundu womwewo ukhoza kukhala m'magulu angapo amitundu. Motero, opera tingatanthauzidwe m’mawu ambiri ngati mtundu wa nyimbo. luso. Ndiye mukhoza kunena kuti ndi wok.-instr gulu. (njira yochitira) ndi zisudzo komanso zosewerera. (malo ogwirira ntchito ndi kulumikizana ndi zonena zapafupi) za ntchito. Komanso, n'zotheka kudziwa maonekedwe ake mbiri, kugwirizana ndi nthawi, miyambo (nthawi zambiri dziko) kusankha chiwembu, kumanga, ngakhale ntchito mu zisudzo inayake, etc. (mwachitsanzo Mitundu ya opera yaku Italy seria ndi buffa, nthabwala zaku France kapena nyimbo zanyimbo). Munthu payekha. Makhalidwe a nyimbo ndi masewero. zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe a opera zidzatsogolera kuwonjezereka kwa mtundu wa zolemba (Mozart's buffa opera The Marriage of Figaro ndi opera ya lyric-comedy, Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko ndi opera epic, ndi ena). Matanthauzowa amatha kusiyanasiyana mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri kapena pang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina mosasamala; nthawi zina amaperekedwa ndi wopeka mwiniwake ("The Snow Maiden" - kasupe nthano, "Eugene Onegin" - zojambula nyimbo, etc.). Ndizotheka kusankha "mitundu mkati mwa mitundu". Choncho, ma arias, ensembles, recitatives, kwaya, symphony. zidutswa zomwe zaphatikizidwa mu opera zitha kufotokozedwanso kuti dec. wok mitundu. ndi instr. nyimbo. Kupitilira apo, mawonekedwe amtundu wawo amatha kufotokozedwa motengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tsiku ndi tsiku (mwachitsanzo, waltz ya Juliet kuchokera ku Gounod's Romeo ndi Juliet kapena nyimbo yovina yozungulira ya Sadko kuchokera ku Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko), onse akudalira malangizo a wolemba ndikupereka zawo. matanthauzo (Cherubino's aria "The Heart Excites" ndi chikondi, Susanna's aria ndi serenade).

Chifukwa chake, posankha mitundu, ndikofunikira kukumbukira nthawi iliyonse kuti ndi chinthu chiti kapena kuphatikiza zinthu zingapo zomwe zimatsimikizira. Malinga ndi cholinga cha mitundu, mitundu ingagawidwe m'magulu omwe amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zosowa za moyo waumunthu, zomveka pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku - zapakhomo ndi zamtundu wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi mitundu yomwe ilibe ntchito zina zofunika komanso za tsiku ndi tsiku. Mitundu yambiri ya gulu la 1 idayamba nthawi yomwe nyimbo zinali zisanasiyanitsidwe kwathunthu ndi mitundu yofananira (ndakatulo, choreography) ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zantchito, zochitika zamwambo (zovina zozungulira, zopambana kapena zankhondo, miyambo, matsenga, etc.).

Decl. ofufuza amazindikira mfundo zazikuluzikulu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, BA Zuckerman amawona nyimbo ndi kuvina ngati "mitundu yoyambirira", CC Skrebkov amalankhula za mitundu itatu yamtunduwu - kulengeza (mogwirizana ndi mawu), moto (mokhudzana ndi kusuntha) ndi kuyimba (yogwirizana ndi kuyimba kwanyimbo). AH Coxop akuwonjezera mitundu ina iwiri ku mitundu itatu iyi - instr. chizindikiro ndi kujambula mawu.

Mitundu yamitundu imatha kulumikizana, kubweretsa moyo wosakanikirana, mwachitsanzo. nyimbo ndi kuvina, mitundu. M'mitundu yamtundu watsiku ndi tsiku, komanso m'mitundu yomwe imawonetsa zomwe zili m'moyo mumtundu wovuta kwambiri, woyimira pakati, pali, pamodzi ndi gulu lonse, losiyanitsidwa. Imatsimikizira zonse zomwe zili ndi cholinga komanso zomwe zili, mtundu wa chinthucho. (mwachitsanzo, lullaby, serenade, barcarolle ngati nyimbo zanyimbo zosiyanasiyana, maulendo amaliro ndi kupambana, ndi zina zotero).

Mitundu yatsopano yatsiku ndi tsiku idawonekera pafupipafupi, idakhudza mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikulumikizana nawo. The Renaissance imaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, chiyambi cha mapangidwe a instr. suite, yomwe inali ndi zovina zamasiku onse za nthawi imeneyo. Sutiyi idakhala imodzi mwazoyambira za symphony. Kukonzekera kwa minuet ngati gawo limodzi la symphony kunathandizira kuti mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri awa a instr. nyimbo. Ndi zonena za zaka za zana la 19. ndakatulo za nyimbo ndi kuvina zimagwirizana. mitundu, kukulitsa nyimbo zawo komanso zamaganizidwe. content, symphonization, etc.

Nyumba Zh. m., kulunjika mwa iwo okha monga. tonations ndi rhythms ya nthawi, chikhalidwe chikhalidwe, anthu amene anabala iwo, ndi zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha Prof. nyimbo. Nyimbo zapakhomo ndi kuvina. Mitundu (German, Austrian, Slavic, Hungarian) inali imodzi mwa maziko omwe mtundu wa Viennese unakhazikitsidwa. sukulu (mtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa J. Haydn ndiwodziwikiratu apa). Mitundu yatsopano yakusintha kwanyimbo. France ikuwonetsedwa mu ngwazi. symphonism ya L. Beethoven. The zikamera masukulu dziko nthawi zonse kugwirizana ndi wopeka generalization wa Mitundu ya moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi nar. nyimbo. Kudalira kwakukulu pamitundu yatsiku ndi tsiku komanso yamtundu watsiku ndi tsiku, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi kukhazikika ("generalization through the genre" - mawu oyambitsidwa ndi AA Alschwang pokhudzana ndi opera ya Bizet "Carmen"), amadziwika ndi zenizeni. opera (PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, J. Bizet, G. Verdi), pl. phenomena instr. nyimbo za m'ma 19 ndi 20. (F. Schubert, F. Chopin, I. Brahms, DD Shostakovich ndi ena). Kwa nyimbo za 19th-20th century. njira yotakata yolumikizirana yamitundu ndi mawonekedwe, owonetsedwa mu kaphatikizidwe (nthawi zambiri mkati mwa mutu womwewo) zimadetsa. mitundu (osati nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku zokha) ndikulankhula za kulemera kwapadera kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za mankhwalawa. (mwachitsanzo, F. Chopin). Kutanthauzira kwamtundu kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu sewero la zovuta za "ndakatulo" zachikondi. Mwachitsanzo, nyimbo za m’zaka za m’ma 19. mogwirizana ndi mfundo ya monothematism.

Zimatengera chikhalidwe-mbiri. zinthu zachilengedwe za malo, mikhalidwe ya magwiridwe antchito ndi kukhalapo kwa muses. prod. kulimbikitsa kwambiri mapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa mtunduwo. kuchokera ku nyumba zachifumu zolemekezeka kupita kumalo owonetsera anthu adasintha kwambiri ndipo adathandizira kuti crystallization ikhale ngati mtundu. Kuchita mu zisudzo kumabweretsa pamodzi Disembala wotere. ndi zigawo ndi njira yochitira sewero lanyimbo. mitundu ngati opera, ballet, vaudeville, operetta, nyimbo zamasewera m'masewero. t-pe, ndi zina zotero B 17 c. mitundu yatsopano ya nyimbo zamakanema, nyimbo za wailesi, ndi nyimbo za pop zidayamba.

Anaphunzitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ntchito za ensemble ndi solo. (maquartet, trios, sonatas, chikondi ndi nyimbo, zidutswa za zida zapayekha, ndi zina zotero) m'malo okhazikika, "m'chipinda" zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yamitundu yam'chipinda ndikuzama kwake, nthawi zina kuyandikirana kwamafotokozedwe, nyimbo ndi filosofi kapena , mosiyana, kuyandikira kwa mitundu ya tsiku ndi tsiku (chifukwa cha machitidwe ofanana). Zodziwika bwino za mitundu ya chipinda zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha omwe akugwira nawo ntchito.

Kukula kwa conc. moyo, kusamutsa machitidwe a nyimbo. amagwira ntchito pa siteji yaikulu, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha omvera kunayambitsanso zenizeni za mapeto. Mitundu yokhala ndi ukoma wake, mpumulo wokulirapo wamaphunziro, nthawi zambiri amakweza mawu oti "molankhula". zolankhula, etc. Magwero a Mitundu yotere amabwerera ku limba ntchito. J. Frescobaldi, D. Buxtehude, GF Handel makamaka JS Baxa; mawonekedwe awo adasindikizidwa mu mtundu "wapadera" wa concerto (makamaka pa chida chimodzi chokha chokhala ndi okhestra), mu conc. zidutswa za soloists ndi orchestra (zidutswa za piyano za F. Mendelssohn, F. Liszt, etc.). Kusamutsidwa kwa conc. siteji chipinda, zoweta ngakhale yophunzitsa-pedagogical. Mitundu (etudes) imatha kupeza zatsopano, motsatana. mapeto enieni. Zina mwapadera ndi zomwe zimatchedwa plein-air (nyimbo zakunja), zomwe zimayimiridwa kale mu ntchito za GF Handel ("Music on the Water", "Firework Music") ndipo zinafala kwambiri m'nthawi ya Great French. kusintha. Ndi chitsanzo ichi, munthu akhoza kuwona momwe malo ogwirira ntchito adakhudzira thematicism yokha ndi mbadwa zake, lapidarity ndi kukula kwake.

Zomwe zimachitika pakuchita zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zochitika za omvera pakuwona nyimbo. ntchito - mpaka kutsogolera kutenga nawo mbali pakuchita. Choncho, pamalire ndi mitundu ya tsiku ndi tsiku pali mitundu yambiri (nyimbo ya misa), yobadwa mu kusintha. nthawi ndikupeza chitukuko chachikulu mu nyimbo za kadzidzi. B 20th century-sewero lanyimbo linafala kwambiri. mitundu, yopangidwira kutengapo mbali munthawi imodzi kwa prof. ochita masewera ndi owonerera (masewero a ana a P. Hindemith ndi B. Britten).

Kapangidwe ka ochita masewerawo ndi njira yowonetsera zimatsimikizira gulu lodziwika bwino la mitundu. Izi ndizogawanika kukhala wok. ndi instr. mitundu.

Mitundu yamabokosi yokhala ndi zochepa zochepa (kukweza mawu) imalumikizidwa ndi ndakatulo. (kawirikawiri prosaic) malemba. Nthawi zambiri zidawoneka ngati nyimbo komanso ndakatulo. Mitundu (mu nyimbo zachitukuko chakale, Middle Ages, mu nyimbo zowerengeka za mayiko osiyanasiyana), kumene mawu ndi nyimbo zinalengedwa panthawi imodzi, zinali ndi nyimbo zofanana. bungwe. Ntchito za bokosi zimagawidwa kukhala payekha (nyimbo, chikondi, aria), pamodzi ndi kwaya. Zitha kukhala zomveka (solo kapena xop popanda kutsagana, cappella; mawonekedwe a cappella ndi odziwika kwambiri panyimbo za polyphonic za Renaissance, komanso nyimbo zakwaya zaku Russia zazaka za 17-18) ndi vocal instr. (nthawi zambiri, makamaka kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17) - limodzi ndi imodzi (nthawi zambiri kiyibodi) kapena angapo. zida kapena orchestra. Box prod. ndi kutsagana ndi mmodzi kapena angapo. zida zili za woko wa chipinda. Mitundu, yotsatizana ndi orchestra - ku wok.-instr. mitundu (oratorio, mass, requiem, zokonda). Mitundu yonseyi ili ndi mbiri yovuta yomwe imapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuziyika m'magulu. Chifukwa chake, cantata imatha kukhala ntchito yokhayokha ya chipinda komanso nyimbo yayikulu yosakanikirana. zolemba (xop, soloists, orchestra). Kwa zaka za m'ma 20 kutenga nawo gawo mu wok.-instr. prod. owerenga, ochita zisudzo, kutengapo mbali kwa pantomime, kuvina, zisudzo (dramatic oratorios lolembedwa ndi A. Onegger, "stage cantatas" lolemba K. Orff, kubweretsa mitundu yoyimba ya mawu pafupi ndi mitundu ya zisudzo).

Opera yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito oimba omwewo (oimba solo, xop, orchestra) ndipo nthawi zambiri zigawo zomwezo monga wok-instr. mitundu, imasiyanitsidwa ndi siteji yake. ndi dram. chilengedwe ndipo kwenikweni ndi kupanga. genre, momwe amaphatikiza diff. mitundu ya zodzinenera.

Mitundu ya zida imachokera ku kuvina, mokulirapo kuchokera ku kulumikizana kwa nyimbo ndi mayendedwe. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mitundu ya wok yakhala ikuthandizira kukula kwawo. nyimbo. Mitundu yayikulu instr. nyimbo - solo, ensemble, orchestral - zinayamba kuchitika mu nthawi ya Viennese classics (theka lachiwiri la 2th century). Awa ndi ma symphony, sonata, quartet ndi ma ensembles ena am'chipinda, concerto, overture, rondo, etc. The generalization ya zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu (zochita ndi kulimbana, kulingalira ndi kumverera, kupuma ndi kusewera, etc.) mu crystallization ya mitundu iyi. ) mu mawonekedwe a sonata-symphonic. kuzungulira.

Njira yopangira classical instr. mitundu inachitika mogwirizana ndi kusiyanitsa kwa oimba. nyimbo, ndi chitukuko adzafotokoza. ndi tech. Chida luso. Njira yogwirira ntchito idawonetsedwa mumitundu yamtundu wa solo, ensemble ndi orchestral. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa sonata umadziwika ndi gawo lalikulu la chiyambi chamunthu, symphony - mwa kuphatikizika kwakukulu ndi kuchuluka, kuwulula chiyambi cha misa, gulu, concerto - kuphatikiza kwazinthu izi ndi improvisation.

Mu nthawi ya chikondi mu instr. nyimbo, zotchedwa. mitundu ya ndakatulo - ballad, ndakatulo (fp. ndi symphonic), komanso nyimbo. kakang'ono. M'mitundu iyi, pali chikoka cha zaluso zofananira, chizolowezi chopanga mapulogalamu, kulumikizana kwa mfundo zanyimbo-zamalingaliro ndi zojambula. Udindo waukulu pakupanga chikondi. instr. Mitundu idaseweredwa ndi kuwululidwa kwa kuthekera kochulukira kofotokozera komanso timbre kwa FP. ndi orchestra.

Mitundu yambiri yakale (17th-1st theka la 18th century) ikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ena mwa iwo ndi okondana. Nyengo zidasinthidwa (mwachitsanzo, zoyambira ndi zongopeka, momwe kuwongolera kumachita gawo lalikulu, suite, kutsitsimutsidwa ngati mawonekedwe achikondi ang'onoang'ono), ena sanasinthe kwambiri (concerto grosso, passacaglia, otchedwa kuzungulira kwa polyphonic - prelude ndi fugue, etc.).

Chofunika kwambiri pakupanga mtundu wamtunduwu ndizomwe zili. Kulemba nyimbo. zomwe zili mu nyimbo inayake. mawonekedwe (m'lingaliro lalikulu la mawu) ndiye gwero la lingaliro la Zh. m. Gulu la Zh. m., kuwonetsera mwachindunji mitundu ya zomwe zili, zabwerekedwa ku chiphunzitso cha mabuku; molingana ndi izo, zochititsa chidwi, zanyimbo ndi zamatsenga zimasiyanitsidwa. Komabe, kulumikizana kosalekeza kwa mitundu iyi yofotokozera kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kufotokozera mtundu wamtunduwu. Choncho, chitukuko chochititsa chidwi chikhoza kutulutsa mawu. kakang'ono kupitirira mawu. Mitundu (C-moll Chopin's nocturne), nkhani-epic. chikhalidwe cha mtundu wa balladi akhoza kukhala ovuta ndi mawu. chikhalidwe cha mutu ndi sewero. chitukuko (Chopin a ballads); Ma symphonies ochititsa chidwi amatha kulumikizidwa ndi mfundo zanyimbo za dramaturgy, thematics (Schubert's h-moll symphony, Tchaikovsky's symphonies, etc.).

Mavuto a Zh. m. amakhudzidwa m'mbali zonse za musicology. Za udindo wa Zh. m. powulula zomwe zili mu muses. prod. Zimanenedwa mu ntchito zoperekedwa ku zovuta zosiyanasiyana ndi zochitika za muses. kulenga (mwachitsanzo, m'buku la A. Dolzhansky "Instrumental Music of PI Tchaikovsky", mu ntchito za LA Mazel za F. Chopin, DD Shostakovich, etc.). Chidziwitso pl. m'mayiko ndi kunja, ofufuza amakopeka ndi mbiri ya dipatimenti. mitundu. B 60-70s. Mavuto azaka za zana la 20 Zh. m. zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zojambulajambula. aesthetics ndi sociology. Malangizo awa pophunzira nyimbo zachikazi adafotokozedwa m'mabuku a BV Asafiev ("Nyimbo zaku Russia kuyambira Chiyambi cha 1930th Century", XNUMX). Ngongole ya chitukuko chapadera cha chiphunzitso cha nyimbo za nyimbo ndi Soviet sayansi ya nyimbo (ntchito za AA Alschwang, LA Mazel, BA Zuckerman, SS Skrebkov, AA Coxopa, ndi ena).

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a akadzidzi. Mu musicology, kufotokozera za kugwirizana kwa mitundu ndi gawo lofunikira komanso lofunika kwambiri pakuwunika kwa muses. imagwira ntchito, imathandizira kuzindikira zomwe zili mumsewu. luso ndipo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi vuto la zenizeni mu nyimbo. Chiphunzitso chamtundu ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za musicology.

Zothandizira: Alschwang AA, Mitundu ya Opera "Karmen", m'buku lake: Zosankha Zosankhidwa, M., 1959; Zuckerman BA, Mitundu yanyimbo ndi maziko amitundu yoyimba, M., 1964; Skrebkov CC, Mfundo Zaluso za Masitayilo Oyimba (Mawu Oyamba ndi Kafukufuku), mu: Music and Modernity, vol. 3, M., 1965; mitundu yanyimbo. Loweruka. zolemba, ed. TB Popova, M., 1968; Coxop AH, Chikhalidwe chokongola cha mtundu wanyimbo, M., 1968; wake, Chiphunzitso cha Mitundu yanyimbo: Ntchito ndi ziyembekezo, mu kusonkhanitsa: Theoretical mavuto a mitundu nyimbo ndi Mitundu, M., 1971, p. 292-309.

EM Tsareva