Homophony |

Greek omoponia - monophony, unison, kuchokera ku omos - imodzi, yofanana, yofanana ndi ponn - phokoso, mawu

Mtundu wa polyphony wodziwika ndi kugawidwa kwa mawu kukhala akulu ndi otsagana. G. uyu amasiyana kwenikweni ndi polyphony, kutengera kufanana kwa mawu. G. ndi polyphony amasiyanitsidwa pamodzi ndi monody - monophony popanda kutsagana (monga ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikitsidwa cha mawu; komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwina kwa mawuwa kulinso kovomerezeka: G. - monga monophony, "toni imodzi", monody - monga nyimbo ndi kutsagana, “kuyimba m’mawu amodzi” ).

Lingaliro la "G". anachokera ku Dr. Greece, kumene amatanthauza kayimbidwe kamodzi (“toni imodzi”) ya nyimbo ndi mawu ndi chida chotsagana nacho (komanso kayimbidwe kake kochitidwa ndi kwaya yosakanizika kapena gulu limodzi lowirikiza kawiri). G. wofananayo amapezeka ku Nar. nyimbo pl. mayiko mpaka pano. nthawi. Ngati mgwirizano umathyoledwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndikubwezeretsedwanso, heterophony imatuluka, yomwe ndi chikhalidwe cha zikhalidwe zakale, chifukwa cha machitidwe a nar. ntchito.

Zolemba za homophonic zinali zobadwa ku Europe. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chili kale pakukula kwa polyphony. M'miyezi yosiyana amadziwonetsera okha ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kapena kochepa (mwachitsanzo, muzochita za faubourdon kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 14). Geography idapangidwa makamaka panthawi yakusintha kuchokera ku Renaissance kupita kunthawi yamakono (zaka za 16th ndi 17th). Kupambana kwa kulemba kwa ma homophonic m'zaka za zana la 17. inakonzedwa ndi chitukuko cha ku Ulaya. nyimbo za 14th-15th makamaka zaka za 16th. Zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zidatsogolera ku kulamulira kwa G. zinali: kuzindikira pang'onopang'ono kwa nyimboyo ngati yodziyimira payokha. phokoso zovuta (osati kuchuluka kwa intervals), kusonyeza mawu apamwamba monga chachikulu (kumbuyo pakati pa zaka za m'ma XVI panali lamulo: "njira anatsimikiza ndi tenor"; kumayambiriro kwa XVI. -M'zaka za zana la 16 idasinthidwa ndi mfundo yatsopano: mawonekedwewo amatsimikiziridwa m'mawu apamwamba), kugawidwa kwa ma homophonic harmonic. malinga ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu. frottall ndi villanelle, French. kwaya. nyimbo.

Nyimbo za lute, chida chodziwika bwino chapakhomo cha m'zaka za m'ma 15 ndi 16, zinathandiza kwambiri kulimbikitsa gitala. Mawu a G. adathandiziranso zambiri. mapangidwe a lute a mitu yambiri. ntchito za polyphonic. Chifukwa cha malire a polyphonic Kuthekera kwa lute polemba kumayenera kufewetsa kapangidwe kake podumpha zotsanzira, osatchulanso zovuta zama polyphonic. kuphatikiza. Kuti asunge phokoso loyambirira la ntchitoyo momwe angathere, wokonzayo anakakamizika kusiya phokoso lambiri lomwe linali mu polyphonic yotsagana ndi mawu apamwamba. mizere, koma kusintha ntchito yawo: kuchokera ku phokoso la mawu, omwe nthawi zambiri amafanana mwaufulu ndi mawu apamwamba, amasandulika kukhala phokoso lotsagana naye.

Mchitidwe wofananawo unachitika chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16. ndi oimba - oimba ndi harpsichordists amene anatsagana ndi kuimba. Popanda chiwongola dzanja pamaso pawo (mpaka zaka za zana la 17, nyimbo zoimbira zidagawidwa kokha m'magawo oimba), othandizira zida adakakamizika kupanga zolemba zoyambirira za ntchito zomwe zidachitika. m'njira yotsatizana ndi mawu apansi a nyimbo. nsalu ndi kujambula kosavuta kwa mawu ena pogwiritsa ntchito manambala. Zolemba zotere mu mawonekedwe a mawu oimba ndi mawu a bass okhala ndi digito ya consonances, yomwe yalandira kugawidwa kwapadera kuyambira pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 17, naz. general bass ndipo imayimira mtundu woyambirira wa zolemba za homophonic mu nyimbo zamakono.

Tchalitchi cha Chiprotestanti, chomwe chinkafuna kuti chigwirizane ndi tchalitchicho. kuyimba kwa akhristu onse, osati kwapadera. ophunzitsidwa kwayaya, ankagwiritsanso ntchito kwambiri mfundo ya G. mu nyimbo zachipembedzo - mawu apamwamba, omveka kwambiri anakhala amodzi, mawu ena opangidwa motsatira pafupi ndi chordal. Mchitidwe umenewu unakhudzanso nyimbo. Mchitidwe wa Chikatolika. mipingo. Pomaliza, kusintha kuchokera ku polyphonic. makalata opita ku homophonic, omwe anachitika chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17, adathandizira kuti pakhale polygon yapanyumba. nyimbo zovina zomwe zimaseweredwa pamipira ndi zikondwerero zazaka za zana la 16. Kuchokera ku Nar. Nyimbo zake ndi nyimbo zovina zinalowanso m'mitundu "yapamwamba" ya ku Ulaya. nyimbo.

Kusintha kwa kulemba kwa homophonic kunayankha kukongola kwatsopano. zofunikira zomwe zimachitika mothandizidwa ndi anthu. Malingaliro a ku Ulaya. nyimbo Renaissance. Kukongola kwatsopano kunalengeza kubadwa kwa munthu monga mwambi wake. malingaliro ndi zilakolako. Zolemba zonse. njira, komanso njira zaluso zina (ndakatulo, zisudzo, kuvina) anaitanidwa kutumikira monga kufala kwenikweni kwa dziko lauzimu la munthu. Melody adayamba kuonedwa ngati gawo lanyimbo lomwe limatha kufotokozera mwachilengedwe komanso mosasunthika za kuchuluka kwazamatsenga. mayiko a anthu. Ichi ndi chokonda kwambiri. nyimboyi imamveka bwino makamaka pamene mawu ena onse ali owerengeka chabe. Zogwirizana ndi izi ndikukula kwa Italy bel canto. Mu opera - nyimbo zatsopano. M'gulu lomwe linayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17, zolemba za homophonic zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Izi zinathandizidwanso ndi malingaliro atsopano okhudza kufotokozera kwa mawu, omwe adadziwonetseranso mumitundu ina. Zithunzi za Opera za m'zaka za zana la 17. kawirikawiri amaimira mbiri ya chachikulu. mawu anyimbo kuchokera ku digito. bass kutanthauza nyimbo zotsagana nazo. Mfundo ya G. idawonetsedwa bwino pakubwerezabwereza:

C. Monteverdi. "Orpheus".

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mawu a G. imakhalanso ya nyimbo za zingwe. zida zoweramira, makamaka za violin.

Kufalikira kwa G. ku Europe. nyimbo zinasonyeza chiyambi cha chitukuko chofulumira cha mgwirizano masiku ano. tanthawuzo la mawuwa, kupangidwa kwa muses watsopano. mawonekedwe. Ulamuliro wa G. sungathe kumveka kwenikweni - ngati kusamutsidwa kwathunthu kwa polyphonic. zilembo ndi polyphonic mafomu. Pa 1st floor. Zaka za m'ma 18 zimatengera ntchito ya polyphonist wamkulu kwambiri m'mbiri yonse yapadziko lonse lapansi - JS Bach. Koma G. akadali mbali yodziwika bwino ya mbiri yakale. nthawi ku Europe. Prof. nyimbo (1600-1900).

Kukula kwa G. m'zaka za 17th-19th kugawika magawo awiri. Yoyamba mwa izi (1600-1750) nthawi zambiri imatanthauzidwa ngati "nyengo ya bass general". Iyi ndi nthawi ya mapangidwe a G., pang'onopang'ono kukankhira pambali polyphony pafupifupi zonse zofunika. mitundu ya mawu ndi zida. nyimbo. Kukula koyamba kofanana ndi polyphonic. mitundu ndi mawonekedwe, G. pang'onopang'ono amapeza ulamuliro. udindo. Zitsanzo zoyambirira za G. mochedwa 16 - oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 17 (nyimbo zotsatizana ndi lute, masewera oyambirira a ku Italy - G. Peri, G. Caccini, etc.), ndi mtengo wonse wa stylistic watsopano. mdierekezi akadali wochepa mu luso lawo. Zopindulitsa kwambiri za counterpointists m'zaka za zana la 15-16. Koma pamene njira zolembera ma homophonic zidasinthidwa ndikulemeretsedwa, pomwe mitundu yatsopano ya ma homophonic imakula, gulu la gypsy lidayambiranso ndikutengera zalusozo. chuma, to-rye adasonkhanitsidwa ndi polyphonic yakale. sukulu. Zonsezi zinakonzekeretsa chimodzi mwachimake. kukwera kwa nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi. luso - mapangidwe apamwamba a Viennese. kalembedwe, tsiku lopambana lomwe limagwera kumapeto kwa 18 - kuyambira. Zaka za m'ma 19 Pokhalabe ndi zabwino zonse pakulemba kwa ma homophonic, zolemba zakale za Viennese zidakulitsa mawonekedwe ake.

Mawu opangidwa ndi ma polyphon "otsagana" mu ma symphonies ndi ma quartets a Mozart ndi Beethoven pakuyenda kwawo komanso mitu yawo. tanthauzo nthawi zambiri silotsika poyerekeza ndi nthawi. mizere ya polyphonists akale. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ntchito za Viennese classics ndizopambana kuposa za polyphonic. nthawi ndi kulemera kwa mgwirizano, kusinthasintha, kukula ndi kukhulupirika kwa muses. mawonekedwe, mphamvu zachitukuko. Mu Mozart ndi Beethoven mulinso zitsanzo zapamwamba za kaphatikizidwe ka homophonic ndi polyphonic. zilembo, homophonic ndi polyphonic. mawonekedwe.

Pachiyambi. Kulamulira kwa zaka za m'ma 20 G. kunathetsedwa. Kukula kwa mgwirizano, komwe kunali maziko olimba a mawonekedwe a ma homophonic, kunafikira malire ake, kupitirira zomwe, monga SI Taneev adanenera, mphamvu yomangira ya ma harmonics. maubale anataya tanthauzo lake lolimbikitsa. Choncho, pamodzi ndi kupitiriza chitukuko cha polyphony (SS Prokofiev, M. Ravel), chidwi cha mwayi wa polyphony chimawonjezeka kwambiri (P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich, A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, IF Stravinsky).

Nyimbo za oimba a ku Viennese classical school zinatsindika kwambiri mbali zamtengo wapatali za gypsum. kunachitika nthawi imodzi ndi kuwuka kwa malingaliro a anthu (Nyengo ya Chidziwitso) ndipo kumlingo waukulu ndikufotokozera kwake. Koyamba kokongola. Lingaliro la classicism, lomwe linatsimikiza mayendedwe a chitukuko cha geology, ndi lingaliro latsopano la munthu ngati munthu waulere, wokangalika, wotsogoleredwa ndi kulingalira (lingaliro lotsutsana ndi kuponderezedwa kwa munthu, khalidwe la nthawi ya feudal) , ndi dziko lonse monga lozindikirika, lolinganizidwa mwanzeru pamaziko a mfundo imodzi.

Paphos classic. aesthetics - kupambana kwa kulingalira pa mphamvu zoyambira, kutsimikizira kwabwino kwa munthu waulere, wokhazikika bwino. Chifukwa chake chisangalalo chotsimikizira kulumikizana kolondola, koyenera ndi maulamuliro omveka bwino komanso kukwezedwa kwamagawo ambiri apakati ndi achiwiri, apamwamba ndi apansi, apakati ndi ochepera; kugogomezera zomwe zili ngati chisonyezero cha kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zili.

Lingaliro lachilengedwe la rationalist aesthetics of classicism ndikukhazikitsa pakati, kulamula kufunikira kowunikira zazikulu, zoyenera, zoyenera komanso kugonjera mwamphamvu kwazinthu zina zonse zamapangidwe ake. Kukongola kumeneku, monga chisonyezero cha chizoloŵezi chokhazikika chadongosolo, kumasintha kwambiri mitundu ya nyimbo, molunjika ku chitukuko chawo ku mitundu ya Mozart-Beethoven monga mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa nyimbo zachikale. zomangamanga. Mfundo za aesthetics za classicism zimatsimikizira njira zenizeni za mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha gypsy mu nthawi ya zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18. Izi, choyamba, kukhazikika kokhazikika kwa nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, kusankha kwa ch. mawu ngati chonyamulira chachikulu. zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kufanana kwa polyphonic. mavoti, kukhazikitsa mulingo woyenera kwambiri tingachipeze powerenga. orc. kapangidwe kosiyana ndi mitundu yakale komanso yosasinthika; kugwirizana ndi kuchepetsa mitundu ya muses. mawonekedwe otsutsana ndi ufulu wa mitundu yokhazikika mu nyimbo za nthawi yapitayi; mfundo ya mgwirizano wa tonic, osati wokakamiza nyimbo zakale. Mfundozi zikuphatikizanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la mutu ( Ch. Mutu) ngati chowunikira. kufotokoza kwa malingaliro mu mawonekedwe a thesis yoyambirira, yotsutsana ndi chitukuko chake (nyimbo zakale sizinadziwe mtundu uwu wa mutu); kuwonetsa katatu ngati mtundu waukulu nthawi imodzi. kuphatikizika kwa mawu mu polyphony, motsutsana ndi kusinthidwa ndi kusakanizidwa mwachisawawa (nyimbo zakale zimagwira makamaka kuphatikiza kwapang'onopang'ono); kulimbikitsa udindo wa cadence monga malo apamwamba kwambiri a katundu wa mode; kuwonetsa chidwi chachikulu; kuwonetsa phokoso lalikulu la chord (liwu lalikulu); kukweza masikweyani ndi njira yake yophweka yomangira kuti ikhale yofunikira; kusankha kwa muyeso wolemera ngati pamwamba pa metric. maudindo; m'munda wa machitidwe - bel canto ndi kupanga zida za zingwe zabwino kwambiri monga chiwonetsero chachikulu. Mfundo ya G. (nyimbo zozikidwa pa kachitidwe kabwino ka ma resonator).

Wopangidwa G. ali ndi zenizeni. mbali mu kapangidwe ka zinthu zake ndi lonse. Kugawikana kwa mawu kukhala akulu ndi otsagana nawo kumalumikizidwa ndi kusiyanitsa pakati pawo, makamaka momveka komanso motsatira mzere. Kusiyana kwa Ch. m’mawu, bass, titero kunena kwake, “nyimbo yachiwiri” (mawu a Schoenberg), ngakhale yachiyambi ndi yosakulitsidwa. Kuphatikiza kwa nyimbo ndi bass nthawi zonse kumakhala ndi polyphony. zotheka ("mawu awiri oyambira", malinga ndi Hindemith). Kukopa kwa polyphony kumawonekera panjira iliyonse. ndi liniya makanema ojambula a mawu homophonic, ndipo makamaka pamene counterpoints kuoneka, kudzaza caesuras otsanzira, etc. Polyphonization wa limodzi kungayambitse quasi-polyphonic. kudzaza mafomu a homophonic. Kulumikizana kwa polyphony ndi galamala kumatha kulemeretsa mitundu yonse ya zolemba; chifukwa chake chilengedwe. chikhumbo kuphatikiza mphamvu momasuka kukhala payekha melodic. mizere yokhala ndi zochulukira zamahomophonic ndi kutsimikizika kwa func. kusintha

SV Rakhmaninov. 2 symphony, kayendedwe III.

Malire olekanitsa G. ndi polyphony ayenera kuonedwa ngati maganizo a mawonekedwe: ngati nyimbo. Lingaliro limakhazikika mu liwu limodzi - iyi ndi G. (ngakhale ndi ma polyphonic accompaniment, monga mu symphony ya 2 ya Adagio ya Rachmaninov).

Ngati lingaliro la nyimbo likugawidwa pakati pa mawu angapo - iyi ndi polyphony (ngakhale ndi kutsagana ndi ma homophonic, monga zimachitika, mwachitsanzo, ku Bach; onani chitsanzo cha nyimbo).

Nthawi zambiri rhythmic. Kusatukuka kwa mawu otsagana ndi ma homophonic (kuphatikiza mafotokozedwe a chord), motsutsana ndi rhythmic. Kulemera ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu anyimbo, kumathandizira kugwirizanitsa mawu otsatizana kukhala ma chord complexes.

JS Bach. Misa h-moll, Kyrie (Fugue)

Kuyenda kochepa kwa mawu omwe akutsatizana nawo kumaika chidwi pa kuyanjana kwawo monga zinthu za phokoso limodzi - phokoso. Chifukwa chake chinthu chatsopano (chokhudzana ndi polyphony) chakuyenda ndi chitukuko muzolemba - kusintha kwa ma chord complexes. Chophweka, choncho kwambiri zachilengedwe. Njira yoyendetsera kusintha kwamawu ndikusinthana kofanana, komwe kumalola kuthamangitsa nthawi zonse (kuthamanga) ndi kutsika malinga ndi zosowa za muses. chitukuko. Zotsatira zake, zofunikira zimapangidwira mtundu wapadera wa rhythmic. kusiyanitsa - pakati pa kayimbidwe ka whimsical munyimbo ndi kugwirizana koyezera. kusintha kotsatizana (zotsirizirazi zimatha kutsagana ndi mayendedwe a homophonic bass kapena kulumikizidwa nawo). Kukongoletsa mtengo wa "resonant" kumveka bwino kumawonekera bwino mumikhalidwe yomveka. chizolowezi chinatsagana. Kulola kuti phokoso la kutsagana liphatikizidwe mwachilengedwe kukhala nyimbo zosinthika nthawi zonse, G. potero amalola kukula kofulumira kwa tsatanetsatane. (kwenikweni harmonic) zokhazikika. Chikhumbo cha kukonzanso pamene kusintha kumamveka ngati chisonyezero cha mphamvu ya ma harmonics. chitukuko ndi nthawi yomweyo kusunga phokoso wamba pofuna kusunga kugwirizana kumapanga zofunika zofunika pa ntchito yachinayi ndi chachisanu ubale pakati chords kuti bwino kukwaniritsa zofunika zonse ziwiri. Makamaka zamtengo wapatali zokongoletsa. chochitacho chimakhala ndi kusuntha kwa wononga (zowona za binomial D - T). Kuyambira poyambira (akadali mu kuya kwa mitundu yambirimbiri yakale yazaka za m'ma 15 mpaka 16) monga njira yodziwika bwino, kubweza kwa D - T kumafikira pakumanga konseko, potero kusandutsa dongosolo lamitundu yakale kukhala njira yosinthira. classical imodzi. dongosolo lalikulu ndi laling'ono.

Kusintha kofunikira kukuchitikanso munyimbo. Mu G., nyimboyi imakwera pamwamba pa mawu otsatizanawo ndipo imadziika yokha yofunika kwambiri, yapayekha, ch. gawo la nkhani. Kusintha kwa gawo la nyimbo ya monophonic pokhudzana ndi zonse kumagwirizana ndi mkati. kukonzanso zinthu zake zomwe zili. Liwu limodzi la polyphonic mutuwu ndi, ngakhale lingaliro, koma mawu omaliza amalingaliro. Kuti awulule lingaliro ili, kutenga nawo mbali kwa mawu ena sikofunikira, palibe kutsagana komwe kumafunikira. Zonse zomwe mukufunikira kuti mukhale wokhutira. kukhalapo kwa mitu ya polyphonic, yomwe ili yokha - metrorhythm., tonal harmonic. ndi syntax. mapangidwe, kujambula mzere, nyimbo. cadence Komano, polyphonic. nyimboyi idapangidwanso kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati imodzi mwamawu a polyphonic. mawu awiri, atatu ndi anai. Chimodzi kapena zingapo zaulere zaulere zitha kulumikizidwa kwa izo. mizere, polyphonic ina. mutu kapena nyimbo yomweyi yomwe imalowa kale kapena mochedwa kuposa yomwe yapatsidwa kapena zosintha zina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nyimbo za polyphonic zimagwirizanitsa wina ndi mzake monga zofunikira, zopangidwa bwino komanso zotsekedwa.

Mosiyana ndi izi, nyimbo ya homophonic imapanga mgwirizano wokhazikika ndi kutsagana. Kutsekemera komanso kumveka kwapadera kwa nyimbo zamtundu wa homophonic kumaperekedwa ndi mtsinje wa homophonic bass overtones kukwera kuchokera pansi; nyimboyi ikuwoneka kuti ikuyenda bwino chifukwa cha "radiation" yowonjezereka. mayendedwe amtundu wa nyimbo amakhudza tanthauzo la mawu anyimbo, ndikuwonetsa. zotsatira zake chifukwa cha nyimbo ya ma homophonic, mu def. digiri zimatengera kutsagana. Yotsirizirayo si mtundu wapadera wotsutsana ndi nyimbo, komanso organic. gawo lofunikira la mutu wa homophonic. Komabe, chisonkhezero cha kugwirizana kwa chordal chimasonyezedwanso m’njira zina. Kumverera m'malingaliro a wopeka wa homophonic-harmonic yatsopano. mawonekedwe okhala ndi chordal extensions amatsogolera kupangidwa kwa cholinga china. Chifukwa chake, nyimboyo imapangidwa nthawi imodzi ndi kulumikizana mosazindikira (kapena mosazindikira) komwe kumaperekedwa. Izi sizikugwiranso ntchito kumayimbidwe oyenera (Papageno's first aria kuchokera ku Mozart's The Magic Flute), komanso ngakhale zama polyphonic. nyimbo za Bach, yemwe adagwira ntchito m'nthawi ya kukwera kwa kulemba kwa ma homophonic; mgwirizano kumveka. ntchito zimasiyanitsa polyphonic. Nyimbo ya Bach kuchokera ku polyphonic. nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, Palestrina. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwa nyimbo yamtundu wa homophonic kumakhala, titero, kumangiriridwa mwa iyo yokha, kulumikizana kwa mawuwo kumawulula ndikukwaniritsa zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino. zinthu zomwe zili mu nyimboyi. M'lingaliro limeneli, mgwirizano ndi "dongosolo lovuta la ma melos resonators"; "Homophony si kanthu koma nyimbo yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizana komanso maziko ake, nyimbo yokhala ndi bass yothandizira komanso mawu owululidwa" (Asafiev).

G chitukuko. ku Ulaya nyimbo zinayambitsa kupangidwa ndi kutukuka kwa dziko latsopano la zojambulajambula. mafomu, omwe akuyimira chimodzi mwazojambula zapamwamba kwambiri. zachitukuko chathu. Kulimbikitsidwa ndi kukongola kwakukulu. malingaliro a classicism, nyimbo zamtundu umodzi. mafomu ogwirizana mwa iwo okha adzadabwitsa. mgwirizano, kukula ndi kukwanira kwa zonse ndi kulemera ndi zambiri zatsatanetsatane, mgwirizano wapamwamba kwambiri ndi ma dialectics ndi mphamvu zachitukuko, kuphweka kwakukulu ndi kumveka bwino kwa mfundo zambiri kuchokera ku zodabwitsa. kusinthasintha kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwake, kufanana kofunikira ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. mitundu, chilengedwe cha mawonekedwe ndi umunthu wa munthu. Lankhulidwe lachitukuko, lomwe limatanthawuza kusintha kuchokera pakuwonetsa thesis yoyambirira (mutu) kudzera mu kukana kapena kutsutsa (chitukuko) kupita ku chivomerezo cha Ch. maganizo pa makhalidwe atsopano. mlingo, umalowa m'mitundu yambiri ya homophonic, ikudziwonetsera yokha makamaka muzotukuka kwambiri za iwo - mawonekedwe a sonata. Chikhalidwe cha mutu wa homophonic ndizovuta komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe kake (mutu wa homophonic ukhoza kulembedwa osati ngati nthawi, komanso mu mawonekedwe osavuta a magawo awiri kapena atatu). Izi zikuwonekeranso kuti mkati mwa mutu wa homophonic pali gawo lotere (zolimbikitsa, gulu lolimbikitsa) lomwe limagwira ntchito yofanana ndi mutuwo monga mutuwo umachita mogwirizana ndi mawonekedwe onse. Pakati pa polyphonic. ndipo mitu ya homophonic palibe fanizo lachindunji, koma pali imodzi pakati pa cholinga kapena chachikulu. gulu la zolinga (akhoza kukhala chiganizo choyamba cha nthawi kapena gawo la chiganizo) mu mutu wa homophonic ndi polyphonic. mutu. Kufanana kwagona mu mfundo yakuti onse homophonic zolinga gulu ndi kawirikawiri lalifupi polyphonic. mutu umayimira chiganizo choyamba cha axis. Zolinga zake zisanabwerezedwe (polyphonic counterposition; monga kutsagana ndi ma homophonic, ndi gawo laling'ono. zolimbikitsa). Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa polyphony ndi G. fotokozani njira ziwiri zopititsira patsogolo zolimbikitsa za nkhaniyi: 1) kubwereza mutu waukulu. phata limasamutsidwa mwadongosolo ku mawu ena, ndipo mu ichi kagawo kakang'ono kakuwoneka. maphunziro. zinthu (polyphonic mfundo); 2) kubwereza kwa chachikulu. maphunziro. nuclei ikuchitika mu liwu lomwelo (monga zotsatira zake limakhala lalikulu), ndi ena. mawu amamveka achiwiri. maphunziro. zinthu (mahomophonic mfundo). “Kutsanzira” (monga “kutsanzira”, kubwerezabwereza) kulinso pano, koma kumawoneka kuti kumachitika ndi liwu limodzi ndipo kumatenga mawonekedwe ena: sizofanana ndi ma homophony kuti asunge kusagwirizana kwa nyimbo. mizere ya motif yonse. M'malo mwa "tonal" kapena mzere "weniweni" yankho, "harmonic" ikuwonekera. yankho», ie kubwereza kwa cholinga (kapena gulu la zolinga) pa mgwirizano wina, malingana ndi harmonic. kukula kwa mawonekedwe a homophonic. Chinthu chomwe chimatsimikizira kuzindikira kwa cholinga panthawi yobwerezabwereza nthawi zambiri si kubwereza nyimbo za nyimbo. mizere (ikhoza kukhala yopunduka), ndipo ma autilaini onse ndi omveka. kujambula ndi metrorhythm. kubwerezabwereza. Mu mawonekedwe a homophonic otukuka kwambiri, chitukuko chazolimbikitsa chingagwiritse ntchito njira iliyonse (kuphatikiza zovuta kwambiri) zobwerezabwereza za cholinga (kubwerera, kuwonjezereka, kusinthasintha kwa rhythmic).

Ndi chuma, mavuto ndi ndende thematically. Kukula kwa G woteroyo kumatha kupitirira patali polyphonic zovuta. mawonekedwe. Komabe, sizisintha kukhala polyphony, chifukwa zimasungabe mbali zazikulu za G.

L. Beethoven. 3rd concerto ya piyano ndi orchestra, movement I.

Choyamba, ndikukhazikika kwa malingaliro mu ch. mawu, mtundu wa kakulidwe kolimbikitsa (kubwerezabwereza ndikolondola kuchokera pamalingaliro a chord, koma osati pamalingaliro a kujambula mzere), mawonekedwe omwe amapezeka munyimbo zama homophonic (mutu wa 16-bar ndi nthawi yopanda- kumanga mobwerezabwereza).

Zothandizira: Asafiev B., Mawonekedwe oimba ngati njira, magawo 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1963; Mazel L., Mfundo yofunikira ya kamangidwe ka nyimbo za mutu wa homophonic, M., 1940 (zolemba, mutu wa laibulale ya Moscow Conservatory); Helmholtz H. von, Die Lehre von der Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Rus. trans., St. Petersburg, 1875; Riemann H., Grosse Kompositionslehre, Bd 1, B.-Stuttg., 1902; Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, Bern, 1917, Rus. pa., M., 1931.

Yu. N. Kholopov