Basic tone |

Liwu lalikulu - phokoso lalikulu mkati mwa gulu linalake la phokoso, limodzi mwa mitundu yapakati. chinthu cha dongosolo lomveka lolingana. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa O. t. interval, chord, tonality (tonic melodic mode), chidutswa chonse, komanso O. t. sikelo zachilengedwe. O.t. imayimira chithandizo, chitsitsimutso, poyambira.

O.t. interval - phokoso lake lalikulu, kugonjera kamvekedwe kena. Malinga ndi P. Hindemith (1937), malo achibale a matani ophatikizana akuwonetsa zotsatirazi za O. t. mu intervals:

O.t. wa chord ndi phokoso lake lalikulu, malinga ndi Krom akamanena ake ndi tanthauzo ladotonality anatsimikiza. Malinga ndi JF Rameau (1722), Ot of the third chord ndi "harmonic center" (pakati harmonique), yomwe imagwirizanitsa kugwirizana pakati pa phokoso la chord. Mosiyana ndi phokoso lenileni-kupitiriza, Rameau amamanga ina - basse-fondamentale, yomwe ili mndandanda wa O. t. nyimbo:

Bass yoyambira inali sayansi yoyamba. kutsimikizika kwa ma harmonics. kamvekedwe. Pofotokoza za O. t. wa mtundu wa facd chord mu C-dur, Rameau anaika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha "kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kawiri" (double emploi): ngati chord ipita patsogolo mu gghd, O. t. ndi mawu d, ngati mu c -gce, ndiye f. Chiphunzitso chokhazikika cha mgwirizano (GJ Fogler, 1800; G. Weber, 1817; PI Tchaikovsky, 1872; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 1884-85; G. Schenker, 1906, ndi zina zotero) amatsimikizira lachitatu mfundo yopangira ma chords za O.t. phokoso lapansi la chord limachepetsedwa kukhala lalikulu. vidu - mndandanda wa magawo atatu; pa phokoso lililonse la sikelo ngati osn. kamvekedwe, katatu ndi nyimbo zachisanu ndi chiwiri (komanso zopanda nyimbo) zimamangidwa. Mu chiphunzitso chogwira ntchito cha X. Riemann, kusiyana kumapangidwa pakati pa O. t. ndi prima ya chord (mu lalikulu chord, zonse zimagwirizana, mu wamng'ono iwo satero; mwachitsanzo, mu ace O. t. - phokoso a, koma prima - e ). P. Hindemith anaika patsogolo chiphunzitso chatsopano cha OT, chomwe chimatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yotsimikizika kwambiri ya kuzindikira (mwachitsanzo, ngati pali gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mu chord, OT yake imakhala OT ya zord yonse; ngati gawo lachisanu ayi, koma pali quart, ntchito ya general O. t. imachitidwa ndi O. t., etc.). Chiphunzitso cha O. t. Hindemith imakulolani kuti mufufuze ma consonances amakono. nyimbo, zosafikirika ku chiphunzitso cham'mbuyomu ndipo chifukwa chake sichimaganiziridwanso ngati nyimbo:

Zagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za zana la 20. njira za O. matanthauzo a t. kwenikweni amasiyana wina ndi mzake. Mwachitsanzo, mu chord des-f-as-h (mu C-dur, onani chitsanzo): molingana ndi njira yodziwika bwino mu mgwirizano wa sukulu O. t. - mawu h; malinga ndi njira ya Hindemith - des (yodziwika kwambiri ku khutu); molingana ndi chiphunzitso cha Riemann - g (ngakhale sichipezeka mu chord, ndiye phokoso lalikulu la ntchito yaikulu.

O.t. tonality (mode) - phokoso lalikulu, sitepe yoyamba ya modal scale.

Mwachirengedwe chachilengedwe - kamvekedwe kakang'ono, mosiyana ndi ma overtones omwe ali pamwamba pake (kwenikweni amawonjezera).

Zothandizira: Tchaikovsky PI, Buku lothandizira kuphunzira mgwirizano, M., 1872; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85; yakeyake, Practical textbook of harmony, St. Petersburg, 1886 (lomwelo, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. IV, M., 1960); Njira yothandiza ya kugwirizana, magawo 1-2, M., 1934-35; Rameau J.-Ph., Traité de l'harmonie reduite a ses principes naturels, P., 1722; Weber G., Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1817-1821; Riemann H., Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder die Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde, L. – NY, (1893) yekha, Systematische Modulationslehre als Grundlage der musikalischen Formenlehre, Hamb., 1901 (Russian Rinetic G. kusinthasintha monga maziko a chiphunzitso cha mitundu ya nyimbo, M. - Leipzig, 1887, 1898); Hindemith R., Unterweisung im Tonsatz, TI. 1929, Mainz, 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov