Bassoon: ndichiyani, phokoso, mitundu, kapangidwe, mbiri

Tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa bassoon silinakhazikitsidwe, koma chida ichi choimbira chimachokera ku Middle Ages. Ngakhale chiyambi chake chakale, akadali otchuka lero, ndi mbali yofunika ya symphony ndi mkuwa magulu.

Bassoon ndi chiyani

Bassoon ndi gulu la zida zoimbira mphepo. Dzina lake ndi Chiitaliya, lomasuliridwa kuti "mtolo", "mfundo", "mtolo wa nkhuni". Kunja, kumawoneka ngati chubu chopindika pang'ono, chachitali, chokhala ndi ma valve ovuta, ndodo ziwiri.

Timbre ya bassoon imaonedwa kuti ndi yomveka, yowonjezeredwa ndi mamvekedwe amtundu wonse. Nthawi zambiri, kaundula 2 amagwiritsidwa ntchito - m'munsi, pakati (chapamwamba ndi chocheperako: zolemba zimamveka mokakamizika, zokhazikika, zamphuno).

Kutalika kwa bassoon wamba ndi mamita 2,5, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 3 kg. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nkhuni, osati zilizonse, koma mapulo okha.

Mapangidwe a bassoon

Mapangidwewa ali ndi magawo anayi akuluakulu:

• bondo lotsika, lomwe limatchedwanso "boot", "trunk";
• bondo laling'ono;
• bondo lalikulu;
• kudulidwa ziwalo.

Kapangidwe kake kamatha kugwa. Gawo lofunika kwambiri ndi galasi kapena "es" - chubu chachitsulo chopindika chochokera ku bondo laling'ono, lofanana ndi S mu ndondomeko. Dongosolo la bango lawiri limayikidwa pamwamba pa galasi - chinthu chomwe chimathandiza kuchotsa phokoso.

Mlanduwu uli ndi mabowo ambiri (zidutswa 25-30): potsegula ndikutseka, woimba amasintha mawuwo. N'zosatheka kulamulira mabowo onse: woimbayo amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi angapo a iwo, ena onse amayendetsedwa ndi makina ovuta.

kumveka

Phokoso la bassoon ndi lachilendo kwambiri, chifukwa chake chidacho sichidalilika pazigawo za oimba. Koma pamlingo wocheperako, pakafunika kutsindika ma nuances a ntchitoyo, ndikofunikira.

M'kaundula wapansi, phokoso limafanana ndi kulira kwamphamvu; ngati mutakwera pang'ono, mumapeza cholinga chachisoni, chanyimbo; zolemba zapamwamba zimaperekedwa ku chidacho movutikira, zimamveka ngati zosamveka.

Mtundu wa bassoon ndi pafupifupi 3,5 octaves. Regista iliyonse imadziwika ndi timbre yachilendo: kaundula wapansi amakhala ndi mawu akuthwa, olemera, "mkuwa", wapakati amakhala ofewa, omveka, ozungulira. Phokoso la kaundula wapamwamba sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri: amakhala ndi mtundu wa mphuno, phokoso loponderezedwa, lovuta kuchita.

Mbiri ya chida

Makolo achindunji ndi chida chakale chamatabwa chamatabwa, bombarda. Pokhala wochulukira, wovuta m'mapangidwe, zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zidagawidwa m'zigawo zake.

Zosinthazo zinali ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa osati pakuyenda kwa chida, koma phokoso lake: timbre inakhala yofewa, yofatsa, yogwirizana. Mapangidwe atsopanowa poyamba ankatchedwa "dulciano" (omasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chiitaliya - "wofatsa").

Zitsanzo zoyamba za bassoons zinaperekedwa ndi ma valve atatu, m'zaka za XVIII chiwerengero cha ma valve chinawonjezeka kufika asanu. Zaka za zana la 11 ndi nthawi yodziwika kwambiri ya chidacho. Mtunduwo udakonzedwanso: mavavu XNUMX adawonekera pathupi. Bassoon anakhala mbali ya oimba, oimba otchuka, oimba analemba ntchito, sewero limene linakhudza nawo mwachindunji. Ena mwa iwo ndi A. Vivaldi, W. Mozart, J. Haydn.

Ambuye omwe adathandizira kwambiri pakuwongolera bassoon ndi akatswiri oimba ndi akatswiri K. Almenderer, I. Haeckel. M'zaka za zana la 17, amisiri adapanga valavu ya XNUMX, yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala maziko opanga mafakitale.

Chochititsa chidwi: poyamba matabwa a mapulo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu, mwambowu sunasinthe mpaka lero. Amakhulupirira kuti bassoon yopangidwa ndi mapulo ndiyomveka bwino kwambiri. Kupatulapo ndi zitsanzo zamaphunziro zamasukulu oimba opangidwa ndi pulasitiki.

M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, nyimbo ya chidacho idakula: adayamba kulemba zigawo zayekha, ma concerto ake, ndikuphatikizanso mu oimba a symphony. Masiku ano, kuwonjezera pa ochita masewera apamwamba, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi jazzmen.

Mitundu ya bassoon

Panali mitundu 3, koma mtundu umodzi wokha womwe umafunidwa ndi oimba amakono.

1. Quartfagot. Zosiyana ndi kukula kwake. Zolemba zake zinalembedwa ngati za bassoon wamba, koma zinkamveka motalika kotala imodzi kuposa zolembedwa.
2. Quint bassoon (bassoon). Zinali ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono, kamene kanamveka chachisanu kuposa zolemba zolembedwa.
3. Contrabassoon. Zosintha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi okonda nyimbo zamakono.

Njira yamasewera

Kusewera bassoon sikophweka: woimba amagwiritsa ntchito manja onse, zala zonse - izi sizikufunika ndi chida china chilichonse cha orchestral. Padzafunikanso ntchito yopuma: kusinthana kwa ndime, kugwiritsa ntchito kudumpha kosiyanasiyana, arpeggios, mawu omveka a kupuma kwapakati.

Zaka za m'ma XNUMX zidalemeretsa njira yosewera ndi njira zatsopano:

• stokatto iwiri;
• stockatto katatu;
• frulatto;
• kugwedeza;
• kamvekedwe kachitatu, kamvekedwe ka kotala;
• multiphonics.

Nyimbo za solo zidawonekera munyimbo, zolembedwa makamaka kwa oimba nyimbo za bassoon.

Osewera Odziwika

Kutchuka kwa counterbassoon sikungafanane, mwachitsanzo, pianoforte. Ndipo komabe pali oimba nyimbo za bassoon omwe adalemba mayina awo m'mbiri ya nyimbo, omwe akhala akatswiri odziwika poimba chida chovuta ichi. Dzina limodzi ndi la m'dziko lathu.

1. VS Popov. Pulofesa, katswiri wa mbiri yakale, katswiri wamasewera a virtuoso. Wagwira ntchito limodzi ndi magulu oimba oimba padziko lonse lapansi ndi magulu oimba. Anakweza m'badwo wotsatira wa oimba nyimbo za bassoon omwe adachita bwino kwambiri. Iye ndi mlembi wa nkhani za sayansi, malangizo okhudza kusewera zida zamphepo.
2. K. Thunemann. Bassoonist waku Germany. Kwa nthawi yaitali anaphunzira kuimba piyano, kenako anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi bassoon. Iye anali wamkulu wa bassoonist wa Hamburg Symphony Orchestra. Masiku ano amaphunzitsa mwachangu, amachita zochitika zamakonsati, amachita payekha, amapereka makalasi ambuye.
3. M. Turkovich. Woimba waku Austria. Anafika pamlingo wapamwamba, adalandiridwa ku Vienna Symphony Orchestra. Ali ndi zitsanzo zamakono komanso zakale za chida. Amaphunzitsa, amayendera, amajambula ma concert.
4. L. Sharrow. American, chief bassoonist wa Chicago, kenako Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestras.

Bassoon ndi chida chomwe sichidziwika kwa anthu wamba. Koma izi sizimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosafunikira chidwi, m'malo mwake, m'malo mwake: zingakhale zothandiza kwa wodziwa nyimbo aliyense kuphunzira zambiri za iye.