Grigory Pavlovich Pyatigorsky |

Gregor Piatigorsky

Grigory Pyatigorsky - mbadwa ya Yekaterinoslav (tsopano Dnepropetrovsk). Monga adachitira umboni m'mabuku ake, banja lake linali ndi ndalama zochepa, koma sanafe ndi njala. Zowoneka bwino kwambiri paubwana wake zinali kuyenda pafupipafupi ndi abambo ake kudutsa tsinde pafupi ndi Dnieper, kupita ku malo ogulitsira mabuku a agogo ake ndikuwerenga mabuku osungidwa pamenepo, komanso kukhala m'chipinda chapansi ndi makolo ake, mchimwene wake ndi alongo ake panthawi ya nkhondo ya Yekaterinoslav. . Bambo ake a Gregory anali woimba violin ndipo, mwachibadwa, anayamba kuphunzitsa mwana wawo kuimba violin. Bambo sanaiwale kuphunzitsa mwana wake piyano. Banja la Pyatigorsky nthawi zambiri limapita ku zisudzo za nyimbo ndi zoimbaimba pabwalo lamasewera, ndipo kunali komwe Grisha wamng'ono adawona ndikumva woimba nyimbo kwa nthawi yoyamba. Kachitidwe kake kanakhudza kwambiri mwanayo moti adadwaladi chida ichi.

Anatenga nkhuni ziwiri; Ndinaika yaikulu pakati pa miyendo yanga ngati cello, pamene yaing’onoyo inkaimira uta. Ngakhale violin yake adayesa kuyiyika molunjika kuti ikhale ngati cello. Ataona zonsezi, bambo anagula cello yaing'ono kwa mnyamata wa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri ndipo anaitana Yampolsky wina monga mphunzitsi. Atachoka Yampolsky, mkulu wa sukulu nyimbo m'deralo anakhala mphunzitsi Grisha. Mnyamatayo anapita patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo m'chilimwe, pamene oimba ku mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Russia anabwera mumzinda pa symphony zoimbaimba, bambo ake anatembenukira kwa woyimba woyamba wa oimba ophatikizana, wophunzira wa pulofesa wotchuka wa Moscow Conservatory Y. Klengel, Bambo Kinkulkin ndi pempho - kumvetsera mwana wake. Kinkulkin anamvetsera ntchito za Grisha za ntchito zingapo, akugwedeza zala zake patebulo ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe a miyala pa nkhope yake. Ndiyeno, Grisha ataika kachipindako pambali, anati: “Tamvetsera mwatcheru mwana wanga. Uzani abambo anu kuti ndikukulangizani mwamphamvu kuti musankhe ntchito yomwe ikuyenerani inu bwino. Ikani cello pambali. Mulibe luso loisewera." Poyamba, Grisha anali wokondwa: mukhoza kuchotsa zolimbitsa thupi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi nthawi yambiri kusewera mpira ndi anzanu. Koma patangopita mlungu umodzi, anayamba kuyang’ana mwachidwi mbali ya kachipinda kamene kanali kayekha pakona. Bamboyo anaona zimenezi ndipo analamula mnyamatayo kuti apitirize maphunziro ake.

mawu ochepa za bambo Grigory, Pavel Pyatigorsky. Mu unyamata wake, iye anagonjetsa zopinga zambiri kulowa Moscow Conservatory, kumene anakhala wophunzira wa woyambitsa wotchuka wa Russian violin sukulu, Leopold Auer. Paulo anakana chikhumbo cha atate wake, agogo aamuna a Gregory, chofuna kumupanga kukhala wogulitsa mabuku (bambo ake a Paulo anachotsa ngakhale mwana wake wopanduka). Choncho Grigory anatengera chilakolako chake cha zoimbira za zingwe ndi kulimbikira mu chikhumbo chake chofuna kukhala woimba kuchokera kwa bambo ake.

Gregory ndi bambo ake anapita ku Moscow, kumene mnyamatayo analowa Conservatory ndipo anakhala wophunzira wa Gubarev, ndiye von Glenn (wotsiriza anali wophunzira wa cellists wotchuka Karl Davydov ndi Brandukov). Mkhalidwe wachuma wa banja sunalole kuthandizira Gregory (ngakhale, powona kupambana kwake, mkulu wa Conservatory anamumasula ku malipiro a maphunziro). Choncho, mnyamata wazaka khumi ndi ziwiri adayenera kupeza ndalama zowonjezera ku Moscow cafes, kusewera mumagulu ang'onoang'ono. Mwa njira, pa nthawi yomweyo anakwanitsa kutumiza ndalama kwa makolo ake mu Yekaterinoslav. M'chilimwe, oimba ndi nawo Grisha anapita kunja kwa Moscow ndi kuyendera zigawo. Koma m’dzinja, makalasi anayenera kuyambiranso; Kupatula apo, Grisha adapitanso kusukulu yayikulu ku Conservatory.

Mwanjira ina, woyimba piyano wotchuka komanso wopeka, Pulofesa Keneman adayitana Grigory kutenga nawo gawo mu konsati ya FI Chaliapin (Grigory amayenera kuyimba manambala payekha pakati pa machitidwe a Chaliapin). Grisha wosadziwa, wofuna kukopa omvera, adasewera momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino kotero kuti omvera adafuna kuti phokoso la cello solo, kukwiyitsa woimba wotchuka, yemwe maonekedwe ake adachedwa.

Pamene Kuukira boma kunayamba mu October, Gregory anali ndi zaka 14 zokha. Iye anatenga mbali mu mpikisano udindo wa soloist wa Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra. Pambuyo pa sewero lake la Concerto ya Cello ndi Dvorak Orchestra, oweruza, motsogozedwa ndi wotsogolera wamkulu wa zisudzo V. Suk, adaitana Grigory kuti atenge udindo wa cello accompanist wa Bolshoi Theatre. Ndipo Gregory nthawi yomweyo anadziwa repertoire m'malo zovuta zisudzo, ankaimba mbali payekha mu ballets ndi zisudzo.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Grigory analandira khadi la chakudya cha ana! Oimba a orchestra, ndipo pakati pawo Grigory, adapanga magulu omwe adatuluka ndi zoimbaimba. Grigory ndi anzake anachita pamaso pa zounikira za Art Theatre: Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Kachalov ndi Moskvin; nawo masewera osakanikirana kumene Mayakovsky ndi Yesenin anachita. Pamodzi ndi Isai Dobrovein ndi Fishberg-Mishakov, adachita ngati atatu; anali kusewera mu duets ndi Igumnov, Goldenweiser. Iye anachita nawo ntchito yoyamba ya Russian Ravel Trio. Posakhalitsa, wachinyamatayo, yemwe adasewera gawo lotsogolera la cello, sanawonekere ngati mwana wodabwitsa: anali membala wathunthu wa gulu lolenga. Pamene wotsogolera Gregor Fitelberg anafika ku chionetsero choyamba cha Don Quixote wa Richard Strauss ku Russia, ananena kuti cello solo pa ntchitoyi inali yovuta kwambiri, choncho anaitana mwapadera a Giskin.

Grigory modzichepetsa adapereka mwayi kwa woyimba yekhayo ndipo adakhala pansi pa chipinda chachiwiri cha cello. Koma kenako oyimbawo mwadzidzidzi anatsutsa. "Woyimba ma cell athu amatha kusewera gawo ili ngati wina aliyense!" iwo anati. Grigory anakhala pamalo ake oyambirira ndipo ankaimba yekhayekha mwakuti Fitelberg anamukumbatira, ndipo gulu la oimba ankaimba mitembo!

Patapita nthawi, Grigory anakhala membala wa quartet chingwe bungwe Lev Zeitlin, amene zisudzo anali bwino kwambiri. People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky ananena kuti quartet imatchedwa Lenin. "Bwanji Beethoven?" Adafunsa modabwa Gregory. Zisudzo a quartet anali bwino kwambiri kuti anaitanidwa ku Kremlin: kunali koyenera kuchita Grieg Quartet Lenin. Pambuyo pa konsati, Lenin anathokoza ophunzirawo ndipo anapempha Grigory kuti achedwe.

Lenin adafunsa ngati cello inali yabwino, ndipo adalandira yankho - "chakuti-chotero." Ananenanso kuti zida zabwino zili m'manja mwa anthu ochita masewera olemera ndipo ziyenera kupita m'manja mwa oimba omwe chuma chawo chili mu luso lawo ... quartet? .. Inenso, ndikukhulupirira kuti dzina la Beethoven lingagwirizane ndi quartet kuposa dzina la Lenin. Beethoven ndi chinthu chamuyaya. ”…

Gululo, komabe, linatchedwa "First State String Quartet".

Komabe kuzindikira kufunika ntchito ndi mlangizi odziwa, Gregory anayamba kuphunzira kuchokera wotchuka Maestro Brandukov. Komabe, posakhalitsa adazindikira kuti maphunziro achinsinsi sanali okwanira - adakopeka ndikuphunzira ku Conservatory. Kuphunzira kwambiri nyimbo panthawiyo kunali kotheka kokha kunja kwa Soviet Russia: mapulofesa ambiri ndi aphunzitsi adachoka m'dzikoli. Komabe, People's Commissar Lunacharsky anakana pempho lololedwa kupita kunja: People's Commissar of Education ankakhulupirira kuti Grigory, monga soloist wa oimba ndi membala wa quartet, zinali zofunika kwambiri. Ndiyeno m'chilimwe cha 1921 Gregory analowa gulu la soloists wa Bolshoi Theatre, amene anapita pa ulendo konsati ku Ukraine. Iwo anachita mu Kyiv, ndiyeno anapereka angapo zoimbaimba m'matauni ang'onoang'ono. Ku Volochisk, kufupi ndi malire a dziko la Poland, anakambitsirana ndi anthu ozembetsa katundu, amene anawasonyeza njira yodutsa malirewo. Usiku, oimbawo anayandikira mlatho waung’ono wowoloka Mtsinje wa Zbruch, ndipo otsogolerawo anawauza kuti: “Thamangani.” Pamene kuwombera kochenjeza kunawomberedwa kumbali zonse ziwiri za mlathowo, Grigory, atanyamula cello pamutu pake, analumpha kuchokera pamlatho kupita mumtsinje. Anatsatiridwa ndi woyimba zeze Mishakov ndi ena. Mtsinjewo unali wosazama moti anthu othawa kwawowo posakhalitsa anafika m’gawo la anthu a ku Poland. "Chabwino, tawoloka malire," adatero Mishakov, akunjenjemera. “Osati kokha,” Gregory anatsutsa, “tawotcha milatho yathu kosatha.”

Patapita zaka zambiri, Piatigorsky anafika ku United States kudzaimba nyimbo, anauza atolankhani za moyo wake ku Russia ndi mmene anachoka ku Russia. Atasokoneza zambiri za ubwana wake pa Dnieper ndi kudumphira mumtsinje pa malire a Poland, mtolankhaniyo anafotokoza momveka bwino kuti Grigory cello anasambira kudutsa Dnieper. Ndinapanga mutu wa nkhani yake kukhala mutu wa bukuli.

Zochitika zinanso zinachitika mochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Oyang'anira malire aku Poland adaganiza kuti oimba omwe adawoloka malirewo anali othandizira a GPU ndipo amafuna kuti azisewera. Osamukira kumayiko ena adachita "Beautiful Rosemary" ya Kreisler (m'malo mopereka zikalata zomwe oimbawo analibe). Kenako anawatumiza ku ofesi ya mkulu wa asilikali, koma ali m'njira anatha kuzemba alonda ndi kukwera sitima yopita ku Lvov. Kuchokera kumeneko, Gregory anapita ku Warsaw, kumene anakumana ndi wotsogolera Fitelberg, yemwe anakumana ndi Pyatigorsky pa nthawi yoyamba ya nyimbo ya Strauss ya Don Quixote ku Moscow. Pambuyo pake, Grigory anakhala wothandizira cello kutsagana ndi Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Posakhalitsa anasamukira ku Germany ndipo potsiriza anakwaniritsa cholinga chake: anayamba kuphunzira ndi mapulofesa otchuka Becker ndi Klengel ku Leipzig ndiyeno Berlin conservatories. Koma tsoka lake linali lakuti, iye ankaona kuti palibe aliyense amene akanamuphunzitsa zinthu zaphindu. Kuti adzidyetse yekha ndi kulipirira maphunziro ake, adalowa nawo gulu la zida zitatu zomwe zinkasewera mu cafe yaku Russia ku Berlin. Malo odyerawa nthawi zambiri ankachezeredwa ndi akatswiri ojambula, makamaka, wojambula nyimbo wotchuka Emmanuil Feuerman komanso wochititsa chidwi kwambiri Wilhelm Furtwängler. Atamva sewero la Pyatigorsky, Furtwängler, mothandizidwa ndi Feuerman, adapatsa Grigory udindo wa cello accompanist mu Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Gregory anavomera, ndipo kumeneko kunali kutha kwa maphunziro ake.

Nthawi zambiri, Gregory ankaimba yekha, limodzi ndi Philharmonic Orchestra. Nthaŵi ina anaimba mbali yake yekhayo mu Don Quixote pamaso pa wolemba, Richard Strauss, ndipo womalizirayo analengeza poyera kuti: “Potsirizira pake, ndinamva Don Quixote wanga mmene ndinafunira!”

Atagwira ntchito ku Berlin Philharmonic mpaka 1929, Gregory anaganiza zosiya ntchito yake ya oimba kuti aziimba yekha. Chaka chino adapita ku USA kwa nthawi yoyamba ndipo adayimba ndi gulu la Orchestra la Philadelphia, motsogozedwa ndi Leopold Stokowski. Anaimbanso yekha ndi New York Philharmonic pansi pa Willem Mengelberg. Zochita za Pyatigorsky ku Europe ndi USA zinali zopambana kwambiri. The impresarios amene anamuitana iye anachita chidwi liwiro limene Grigory anamukonzera zinthu zatsopano. Pamodzi ndi ntchito za classics Pyatigorsky mofunitsitsa anatenga opus ndi olemba amakono. Panali zochitika pamene olemba adamupatsa ntchito yaiwisi, yomaliza mwachangu (olemba, monga lamulo, amalandira dongosolo ndi tsiku linalake, nyimbo nthawi zina zimawonjezedwa pamaso pa sewero, panthawi yobwereza), ndipo adayenera kuchita yekha. gawo la cello molingana ndi nyimbo za orchestral. Chifukwa chake, mu Castelnuovo-Tedesco cello concerto (1935), mbalizo zidakonzedwa mosasamala kotero kuti gawo lalikulu la kubwerezako linali kugwirizanitsa kwawo ndi ochita masewerawo komanso kuyambitsa zowongolera muzolemba. Woyendetsa - ndipo uyu anali Toscanini wamkulu - sanakhutire kwambiri.

Gregory anasonyeza chidwi kwambiri ndi zolemba za olemba oiwalika kapena osachita mokwanira. Chifukwa chake, adatsegulira njira yowonetsera "Schelomo" ya Bloch poyiwonetsa kwa anthu kwa nthawi yoyamba (pamodzi ndi Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra). Iye anali woyamba kuchita ntchito zambiri ndi Webern, Hindemith (1941), Walton (1957). Poyamikira chithandizo cha nyimbo zamakono, ambiri a iwo anapereka ntchito zawo kwa iye. Pamene Piatigorsky anakhala bwenzi ndi Prokofiev, amene anali kukhala kunja pa nthawiyo, womalizayo anamulembera Cello Concerto (1933), yomwe inachitidwa ndi Grigory ndi Boston Philharmonic Orchestra yoyendetsedwa ndi Sergei Koussevitzky (komanso mbadwa ya Russia). Pambuyo pa sewerolo, Pyatigorsky adakopa chidwi cha woimbayo ku zovuta zina za cello, zomwe zikuoneka kuti zikukhudzana ndi mfundo yakuti Prokofiev sankadziwa bwino mwayi wa chida ichi. Wolembayo analonjeza kuti adzakonza ndi kutsiriza gawo limodzi la cello, koma kale ku Russia, chifukwa panthawiyo anali kubwerera kwawo. Mu Union, Prokofiev anakonzanso kwathunthu Concerto, ndikuisintha kukhala Concert Symphony, opus 125. Wolembayo adapereka ntchitoyi kwa Mstislav Rostropovich.

Pyatigorsky anapempha Igor Stravinsky kuti amukonzere gulu la mutu wa "Petrushka", ndipo ntchito iyi ya mbuyeyo, yotchedwa "Italian Suite for Cello and Piano", inaperekedwa kwa Pyatigorsky.

Mwa khama Gregory Pyatigorsky analenga gulu gulu ndi kutenga nawo mbali ambuye kwambiri: woyimba piyano Arthur Rubinstein, zeze Yasha Heifetz ndi violist William Primroz. Quartet iyi inali yotchuka kwambiri ndipo inajambula ma 30 omwe adasewera nthawi yayitali. Piatigorsky ankakondanso kuimba nyimbo monga gawo la "nyumba zitatu" ndi anzake akale ku Germany: woyimba piyano Vladimir Horowitz ndi woyimba zeze Nathan Milstein.

Mu 1942, Pyatigorsky anakhala nzika ya US (zisanachitike, iye ankaona othawa kwawo ku Russia ndipo ankakhala pa otchedwa Nansen pasipoti, amene nthawi zina anayambitsa vuto, makamaka pamene kusamuka dziko ndi dziko).

Mu 1947, Piatigorsky ankasewera yekha mu filimu "Carnegie Hall". Pa siteji ya holo yotchuka ya konsati, iye anachita "Swan" ndi Saint-Saens, limodzi ndi azeze. Iye anakumbukira kuti kujambula chisanadze kwa kachidutswachi kumaphatikizapo kusewera kwake komwe kumatsagana ndi woyimba zeze mmodzi yekha. Pa filimuyi, olemba filimuyi adayika oyimba zeze pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri kumbuyo kwa woyimba nyimboyo, yemwe akuti adasewera limodzi ...

Mawu ochepa onena za filimuyo. Ndikulimbikitsa kwambiri owerenga kuti afufuze tepi yakaleyi m'masitolo ogulitsa mavidiyo (Yolembedwa ndi Karl Kamb, Yotsogoleredwa ndi Edgar G. Ulmer) chifukwa ndi zolemba zapadera za oimba nyimbo zazikulu kwambiri ku United States zomwe zikuchita mu XNUMXs ndi XNUMXs. Firimuyi ili ndi chiwembu (ngati mukufuna, mukhoza kunyalanyaza): iyi ndi mbiri ya masiku a Nora, yemwe moyo wake wonse unakhala wogwirizana ndi Carnegie Hall. Ali msungwana, amapezeka potsegulira holoyo ndipo amawona Tchaikovsky akutsogolera gulu la oimba panthawi yoimba nyimbo yake yoyamba ya Piano Concerto. Nora wakhala akugwira ntchito ku Carnegie Hall moyo wake wonse (poyamba ngati woyeretsa, pambuyo pake monga manejala) ndipo ali muholoyo panthawi ya zisudzo za oimba otchuka. Arthur Rubinstein, Yasha Heifets, Grigory Pyatigorsky, oimba Jean Pierce, Lily Pons, Ezio Pinza ndi Rize Stevens amawonekera pazenera; Oimba oimba amaseweredwa motsogozedwa ndi Walter Damrosch, Artur Rodzinsky, Bruno Walter ndi Leopold Stokowski. Mwachidule, mukuwona ndikumva oimba odziwika bwino akuimba nyimbo zabwino kwambiri…

Pyatigorsky, kuwonjezera pakuchita zinthu, adalembanso ntchito za cello (Dance, Scherzo, Variations on a Theme of Paganini, Suite for 2 Cellos ndi Piano, etc.) mawu. Zowonadi, ungwiro waukadaulo sunali mathero mwaokha kwa iye. Phokoso logwedezeka la cello ya Pyatigorsky linali ndi mithunzi yopanda malire, kufotokozera kwake kwakukulu ndi kukongola kwapamwamba kunapanga mgwirizano wapadera pakati pa oimba ndi omvera. Makhalidwe amenewa anaonekera bwino kwambiri poimba nyimbo zachikondi. M'zaka zimenezo, mmodzi yekha cellist angafanane ndi Piatigorsky: anali wamkulu Pablo Casals. Koma pa nthawi ya nkhondo, iye anachotsedwa kwa omvera, akukhala ngati hermit kum'mwera kwa France, ndipo mu nthawi pambuyo pa nkhondo, makamaka anakhalabe pamalo omwewo, Prades, kumene anakonza zikondwerero nyimbo.

Grigory Pyatigorsky nayenso anali mphunzitsi wabwino, kuphatikiza kuchita zinthu ndi kuphunzitsa mwakhama. Kuchokera mu 1941 mpaka 1949 adagwira dipatimenti ya cello ku Curtis Institute ku Philadelphia, ndipo adatsogolera dipatimenti ya nyimbo ya chipinda ku Tanglewood. Kuchokera mu 1957 mpaka 1962 anaphunzitsa pa yunivesite ya Boston, ndipo kuyambira 1962 mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake ankagwira ntchito ku yunivesite ya Southern California. Mu 1962, Pyatigorsky anamalizanso ku Moscow (anaitanidwa ku bwalo lamilandu la mpikisano wa Tchaikovsky. Mu 1966, adapitanso ku Moscow mofanana). Mu 1962, New York Cello Society inakhazikitsa Mphotho ya Piatigorsky polemekeza Gregory, yomwe imaperekedwa chaka chilichonse kwa wojambula wachinyamata waluso kwambiri. Pyatigorsky anapatsidwa udindo wa udokotala wolemekezeka wa sayansi kuchokera ku mayunivesite angapo; kuphatikiza apo, adapatsidwa membala wa Legion of Honor. Anaitanidwanso mobwerezabwereza ku White House kuti achite nawo makonsati.

Grigory Pyatigorsky anamwalira pa August 6, 1976, ndipo anaikidwa m'manda ku Los Angeles. Pali zojambula zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi zochitidwa ndi Pyatigorsky kapena ma ensembles ndikutenga nawo gawo pafupifupi malaibulale onse ku United States.

Ndilo tsoka la mnyamata amene analumpha mu nthawi kuchokera pa mlatho mu Mtsinje wa Zbruch, umene unadutsa malire a Soviet-Polish.

Yuri Serper