Katundu |

Cadence (Cadenza ya ku Italy, kuchokera ku Latin cado - I fall, I end), cadence (Chikondi cha ku France).

1) Harmonic yomaliza. (komanso melodic) kubweza, nyimbo yomaliza. kumanga ndi kuwapatsa kukwanira, uthunthu. Mu dongosolo laling'ono la tonal la 17th-19th century. mu K. nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa metrorhythmic. kuthandizira (mwachitsanzo, katchulidwe ka metrical mu 8th kapena 4th bar ya nthawi yosavuta) ndikuyimitsa pa imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri (pa I, V, nthawi zambiri pamasitepe a IV, nthawi zina pazida zina). Full, mwachitsanzo, kutha pa zimandilimbikitsa (T), chord zikuchokera anawagawa yeniyeni (VI) ndi plagal (IV-I). K. ndi yabwino ngati T ikuwoneka mu melodic. malo a prima, muyeso yolemetsa, pambuyo pa wamkulu (D) kapena subdominant (S) makamaka. mawonekedwe, osati kuzungulira. Ngati chimodzi mwazinthu izi palibe, ku. amaonedwa kuti ndi opanda ungwiro. K., yomaliza ndi D (kapena S), yotchedwa. theka (mwachitsanzo, IV, II-V, VI-V, I-IV); mtundu wa theka-loona. K. angatengedwe otchedwa. Phrygian cadence (chiwongola dzanja chomaliza IV6-V mu harmonic yaying'ono). Mtundu wapadera ndi wotchedwa. kusokoneza (zabodza) K. - kuphwanya zowona. Ku. chifukwa cha kusintha kwa tonic. atatu mu nyimbo zina (V-VI, V-IV6, V-IV, V-16, etc.).

Ma cadenzas onse

Half cadenzas. Phrygian cadence

Ma cadence asokonezedwa

Ndi malo mu nyimbo. mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo, mu nthawi) kusiyanitsa wapakatikati K. (mkati yomanga, nthawi zambiri mtundu IV kapena IV-V), chomaliza (pa mapeto a gawo lalikulu la zomangamanga, kawirikawiri VI) ndi zina (zophatikizidwa pambuyo chomaliza K., t mwachitsanzo whorls VI kapena IV-I).

njira za harmonic - K. mbiri isanayambe monophonic melodic. mapeto (ie, kwenikweni, K.) mu modal dongosolo la mochedwa Middle Ages ndi Renaissance (onani Medieval modes), otchedwa. ziganizo (kuchokera ku lat. claudere - kutsiriza). Ndimeyi imakhudza zomveka: antipenultim (antepaenultima; penultimate yoyamba), penultim (paenultimate; penultimate) ndi ultima (zomaliza; zomaliza); zofunika kwambiri mwa izo ndi penultim ndi ultim. Chigamulo cha finalis (finalis) chimaonedwa kuti ndi changwiro K. (clausula perfecta), pamtundu wina uliwonse - wopanda ungwiro (clausula imperfecta). Zigawo zomwe anthu ambiri amakumana nazo zidatchulidwa kuti "treble" kapena soprano (VII-I), "alto" (VV), "tenor" (II-I), komabe, osaperekedwa ku mawu ofanana, komanso kuchokera ku ser. 15 ndi c. "bass" (VI). Kupatuka kwa kutsogolera-mu sitepe VII-I, mwachizolowezi kwa frets akale, anapereka otchedwa. "Chigamulo cha Landino" (kapena kenako "cadenza ya Landino"; VII-VI-I). Kuphatikizika kofanana kwa nyimbo izi (ndi zofananira). K. adapanga cadence chord progressions:

Ndime

Khazikitsani "Omwe mukuyenera mwa Khristu." 13 c.

G. de Macho. Motet. 14 ndi c.

G. Monki. Chidutswa cha zida zitatu. 15 ndi c.

J. Okegem. Missa sine nomina, Kyrie. 15 ndi c.

Kutuluka m'njira yofanana ndi harmonic. turnover VI yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo pomaliza. K. (kuchokera ku theka la 2 la zaka za zana la 15 ndipo makamaka m'zaka za zana la 16, pamodzi ndi plagal, "tchalitchi", K. IV-I). Akatswiri a zaku Italy a m'zaka za zana la 16. anayambitsa mawu akuti “K.”

Kuyambira cha m'ma XVII. cadence turnover VI (pamodzi ndi "inversion" IV-I) imadutsa osati kumapeto kwa sewerolo kapena gawo lake, komanso mapangidwe ake onse. Izi zinayambitsa dongosolo latsopano la mode ndi mgwirizano (nthawi zina amatchedwa cadence mgwirizano - Kadenzharmonik).

Kutsimikizira kwakuya kwadongosolo la mgwirizano kudzera pakuwunika pachimake chake - chowona. K. - ya JF Rameau. Iye anafotokoza nyimbo-logic. mgwirizano chord maubale K., kudalira chilengedwe. zofunikira zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mumkhalidwe womwewo wa mus. phokoso: phokoso lalikulu liri mu kapangidwe ka phokoso la tonic ndipo, motero, ndiloti, limapangidwa ndi izo; kusintha kwakukulu kwa tonic ndiko kubwereranso kwa chinthu chochokera (chopangidwa) kumalo ake oyambirira. Rameau anapereka gulu la mitundu ya K yomwe ilipobe mpaka pano: yangwiro (parfaite, VI), plagal (malinga ndi Rameau, "yolakwika" - yosakhazikika, IV-I), yosokonezedwa (kwenikweni "yosweka" - rompue, V-VI, V -IV). Kukula kwa chiŵerengero chachisanu cha K. ("gawo katatu" - 3: 1) kuzinthu zina, kuwonjezera pa VI-IV (mwachitsanzo, motsatira mtundu wa I-IV-VII-III-VI- II-VI), Rameau anatcha “kutsanzira K . (kupangidwanso kwa cadence formula mumagulu awiri a nyimbo: I-IV, VII-III, VI-II).

M. Hauptman ndiyeno X. Riemann anaulula kalankhulidwe ka chiŵerengero cha ma main. nyimbo zapamwamba. K. Malinga ndi Hauptmann, kutsutsana kwamkati kwa tonic koyambirira kumakhala ndi "bifurcation" yake, chifukwa imakhala yotsutsana ndi subdominant (yokhala ndi liwu lalikulu la tonic ngati lachisanu) ndi lalikulu (lomwe lili ndi chachisanu). tonic ngati toni yayikulu). Malinga ndi Riemann, kusinthasintha kwa T ndi D ndikosavuta kusakhala ndi dialectical. kuwonetsa toni. Pakusintha kuchoka ku T kupita ku S (komwe kuli kofanana ndi chigamulo cha D mu T), pamakhala, titero, kusintha kwakanthawi pakati pa mphamvu yokoka. Maonekedwe a D ndi chigamulo chake mu T amabwezeretsanso ukulu wa T ndikutsimikiziranso pamlingo wapamwamba.

BV Asafiev anafotokoza K. kuchokera ku lingaliro la chiphunzitso cha intonation. Iye amatanthauzira K. monga generalization wa makhalidwe zinthu mode, monga zovuta stylistically munthu intonational meloharmonics. njira, kutsutsa umakaniko wa chisanadze anakhazikitsa "okonzeka-anapanga flourishes" zotchulidwa ndi sukulu chiphunzitso ndi chiphunzitso. zotsalira.

Kusintha kwa mgwirizano mu con. Zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20 zidapangitsa kuti ma fomula a K. asinthe kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti K. akupitirizabe kukwaniritsa mfundo zofanana zolembedwa. adzatseka ntchito. kubweza, njira zakale zozindikirira ntchitoyi nthawi zina zimasinthidwa ndi zina, kutengera mawu enieni a chidutswa choperekedwa (chotsatira chake, kuvomerezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "K." nthawi zina ndikokayikitsa) . Zotsatira zomaliza muzochitika zotere zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kudalira njira zomaliza pamtundu wonse wamawu a ntchitoyi:

MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov", Act IV.

SS Prokofiev "Fleeting", No 2.

2) Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16. mawu omaliza a mawu amunthu payekha (opera aria) kapena nyimbo zoimbira, zokonzedwa ndi woyimba kapena zolembedwa ndi wolemba. masewera. M'zaka za zana la 18 mtundu wapadera wa K. wofananawo wapangidwa mu instr. konsati. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 nthawi zambiri kudali mu coda, pakati pa cadence kotala-chisanu ndi chimodzi chord ndi D-seventh chord, kuwoneka ngati kukongoletsa koyambirira kwa mgwirizanowu. K. ndi, titero, nthano yaing'ono ya solo virtuoso pamitu ya konsati. M'nthawi ya akale a Viennese, kapangidwe ka K. kapena kuwongolera kwake panthawi yamasewera kunaperekedwa kwa wosewera. Choncho, m'malemba okhazikika a ntchitoyi, gawo limodzi linaperekedwa, lomwe silinakhazikitsidwe mokhazikika ndi wolemba ndipo likhoza kupangidwa (lopangidwa) ndi woimba wina. Pambuyo pake, olembawo adayamba kupanga makhiristo (kuyambira L. Beethoven). Chifukwa cha ichi, K. akuphatikiza zambiri ndi mawonekedwe a nyimbo zonse. Nthawi zina K. imagwiranso ntchito zofunika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale gawo lofunikira la lingaliro la kapangidwe kake (mwachitsanzo, mu concerto 3 ya Rachmaninov). Nthawi zina, K. amapezekanso m'mitundu ina.

Zothandizira: 1) Smolensky S., "Grammar ya Nyimbo" ndi Nikolai Diletsky, (St. Petersburg), 1910; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85; yakeyake, Practical textbook of harmony, St. Petersburg, 1886, kusindikizidwanso kwa mabuku onse aŵiri: Odzaza. coll. izi., vol. IV, M., 1960; Asafiev BV, Mawonekedwe oimba ngati njira, magawo 1-2, M. - L., 1930-47, L., 1971; Dubovsky I., Evseev S., Sposobin I., Sokolov V. (pa 1 ora), Njira yothandiza yogwirizana, gawo 1-2, M., 1934-35; Tyulin Yu. N., The doctrine of harmony, (L. – M.), 1937, M., 1966; Sposobin IV, Nkhani za mgwirizano, M., 1969; Mazel LA, Mavuto ogwirizana akale, M., 1972; Zarino G., Le istitutioni harmoniche (Terza parte Cap. 1), Venetia, 51, fax. ed., NY, 1558, Chirasha. pa. mutu "On cadence" onani mu Sat.: Musical Aesthetics of the Western European Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, comp. VP Shestakov, M., 1965, p. 1966-474; Rameau J. Ph., Traité de l'harmonie…, P., 476; wake, Génération harmonique, P., 1722; Hauptmann M., Die Natur der Harmonik und der Metrik, Lpz., 1737; Riemann H., Musikalische Syntaxis, Lpz., 1853; zake, Systematische Modulationslehre…, Hamburg, 1877; Russian Trans.: Chiphunzitso chokhazikika cha kusinthasintha monga maziko a chiphunzitso cha mitundu ya nyimbo, M. - Leipzig, 1887; ake, Vereinfachte Harmonielehre ..., V., 1898 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Chigwirizano chosavuta kapena chiphunzitso cha ntchito za tonal za chords, M., 1893, M. - Leipzig, 1896); Casela A., L'evoluzione della musica a traverso la storia della cadenza perfetta (1901), engl, transl., L., 11; Tenschert R., Die Kadenzbehandlung bei R. Strauss, “ZfMw”, VIII, 1919-1923; Hindemith P., Unterweisung im Tonsatz, Tl I, Mainz, 1925; Chominski JM, Historia harmonii ndi kontrapunktu, t. I-II, Kr., 1926-1937; Stockhausen K., Kadenzrhythmik im Werk Mozarts, m’buku lake: “Texte…”, Bd 1958, Köln, 1962, S. 2-1964; Homan FW, Final and internal cadential pattern in Gregorian chant, "JAMS", v. XVII, No 170, 206; Dahhaus S., Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der harmonischen Tonalität, Kassel – (ua), 1. Onaninso lit. pansi pa nkhani yakuti Harmony.

2) Schering A., The Free Cadence in the 18th Century Instrumental Concerto, «Congress of the International Music Society», Basilea, 1906; Knцdt H., Pa mbiri ya chitukuko cha cadences mu zida concerto, «SIMG», XV, 1914, p. 375; Stockhausen R., The cadenzas to the limbano concerto of the Viennese classics, W., 1936; Misch L., Beethoven Studies, В., 1950.

Yu. H. Kholopov