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German Choral, Late Lat. cantus choralis - nyimbo yoyimba

Dzina lambiri lanyimbo zachikhalidwe (zovomerezeka) zachipembedzo cha Western Christian Church (nthawi zinanso makonzedwe awo a polyphonic). Mosiyana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo zauzimu, X. imachitidwa mu mpingo ndipo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la utumiki, lomwe limatsimikizira kukongola. khalidwe X. Pali 2 yaikulu. mtundu X. - Gregorian (onani nyimbo ya Gregorian), yomwe inayamba m'zaka za zana loyamba kukhalapo kwa Akatolika. matchalitchi ( German Gregorianischer Choral, English chant gregorian, plain song, plain chant, French chant grégorien, plain-chant, Italian canto gregoriano, Spanish canto piano), ndi nyimbo zachipulotesitanti zomwe zinayambika m’nyengo ya Kukonzanso ( German Choral , English chorale, hymn , French choral, Italy corale, Spanish coral protestante). Mawu akuti "X". kudafalikira mochedwa kwambiri kuposa mawonekedwe a zochitika zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi izo. Poyambirira (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 14) ichi ndi chiganizo chokha chosonyeza woimbayo. nyimbo (kwaya - kwaya). Pang'onopang'ono, mawuwa amakula kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira zaka za zana la 15. ku Italy ndi Germany, mawu akuti cantus choralis amapezeka, kutanthauza mutu umodzi. nyimbo zosawerengeka kusiyana ndi polygonal. mensural (musica mensurabilis, cantus mensurabilis), amatchedwanso ophiphiritsa (cantus figuratus). Pamodzi ndi izo, komabe, matanthauzo oyambirira amasungidwanso: musica plana, cantus planus, cantus gregorianus, cantus firmus. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza polygonal ya Gregorian X. mawuwa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka za zana la 16. (mwachitsanzo, choralis Constantinus X. Isaac). Atsogoleri oyambirira a Chikatolika sanatchule nyimbo za Chipulotesitanti X. (Luther ankazitcha kuti korrekt canticum, psalmus, nyimbo zachijeremani; m’maiko ena maina akuti chant ecclésiastique, Calvin cantique, ndi ena oterowo anali ofala); pokhudzana ndi kuimba kwa Apulotesitanti, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi con. Zaka za zana la 16 (Osiander, 1586); ndi con. Zaka za zana la 17 X. amatchedwa polygon. makonzedwe a nyimbo zachipulotesitanti.

M'mbiri ntchito ya X ndi yaikulu: ndi X. ndi makonzedwe a kwaya mu tanthauzo. zochepa zogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha ku Ulaya. luso la wolemba, kuphatikizapo kusinthika kwa mode, kutuluka ndi chitukuko cha counterpoint, mgwirizano, nyimbo. mawonekedwe. Gregorian X. anatengeka kapena kusiyiratu kumbuyo zochitika motsatira nthawi komanso zokhudzana ndi kukongola: Kuyimba kwa Ambrosian, Mozarabic (kunali kuvomerezedwa zaka za m'ma 11 zisanafike ku Spain; gwero lomwe lidakalipo - Leon antiphonary wa zaka za m'ma 10 sangathe kufotokozedwa ndi nyimbo) ndi kuimba kwa Gallican. , zitsanzo zoŵerengeka zoŵerengedwa zimachitira umboni za ufulu wokulirapo wa nyimbo kuchokera m’malembawo, umene unayanjidwa ndi mbali zina za liturgy la Gallican. Gregorian X. amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuganiza monyanyira, khalidwe lopanda umunthu (lofunika mofanana kwa gulu lonse lachipembedzo). Mogwirizana ndi ziphunzitso za tchalitchi cha Katolika, “chowonadi chaumulungu” chosaoneka chikuvumbulidwa “m’masomphenya auzimu,” chimene chimasonyeza kusakhalapo kwa X. kwa kugonjera kulikonse, munthu payekha; imadziwonetsera yokha mu “mawu a Mulungu”, chotero kayimbidwe ka X. ng’onozing’ono ku malemba a m’mapemphero, ndipo X. ali wokhazikika m’njira yofanana ndi “mosasinthika liwu lonenedwa kamodzi ndi Mulungu.” X. - mlandu wa monodic ("choonadi ndi chimodzi"), wopangidwa kuti adzipatula munthu ku zenizeni za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuti athetse kumverera kwa mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka "minofu", kuwonetseredwa mu rhythmic. nthawi zonse.

Nyimbo ya Gregorian X. poyamba imatsutsana: madzimadzi, kupitiriza kwa nyimbo zonse kumakhala mu umodzi ndi wachibale. kudziyimira pawokha kwa mawu omwe amapanga nyimbo; X. ndizochitika zofananira: phokoso lililonse (lopitirira, lodzikwanira panthawiyi) "losefukira" popanda kufufuza kwina, ndipo limagwira ntchito zomveka. kudalira pakati pawo kumawonekera kokha mu nyimbo yonse; onani Tenor (1), Tuba (4), Repercussion (2), Medianta (2), Finalis. Nthawi yomweyo, mgwirizano wa discontinuity (nyimboyo imakhala ndi kuyimitsidwa) ndi kupitiliza (kutumiza kwa mzere "mozungulira") ndiye maziko achilengedwe a X. wa melodic. mafunde ("horizontal") ndi harmonic. kudzaza ("kuima"). Popanda kuchepetsa chiyambi cha polyphony kukhala chikhalidwe chakwaya, tinganene kuti X. ndi thunthu la prof. counterpoint. Kufunika kolimbikitsa, kuchepetsa phokoso la X. osati ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera (mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu), koma mowonjezereka - mwa kuchulukitsa (kuwirikiza, katatu mu nthawi imodzi kapena ina), kumabweretsa kupitirira malire a monody ( onani Organum, Gimel, Faubourdon). Kufuna kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mawu a X. kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kofunikira kusanjikiza nyimbo. mizere (onani zotsutsana), yambitsani zotsanzira (zofanana ndi maonekedwe pa kujambula). M'mbiri yakale, mgwirizano wa zaka mazana ambiri wa X. ndi luso la polyphony layamba, likudziwonetsera osati mwa mawonekedwe a makwaya osiyanasiyana, komanso (m'lingaliro lalikulu) mu mawonekedwe a nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zapadera za muses. kuganiza: mu polyphony. nyimbo (kuphatikiza nyimbo zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi X.), kupangidwa kwa fano ndi njira yokonzanso yomwe simayambitsa mtundu watsopano (chochitikacho chimakhalabe chofanana ndi chokha, popeza kutumizidwa kumaphatikizapo kutanthauzira kwa thesis, koma osati kukana kwake. ). Monga momwe X. amapangidwa ndi kusinthika kwa zina. ziwerengero zoyimba, mitundu ya polyphonic (kuphatikiza fugue yamtsogolo) imakhalanso ndi maziko osinthika. Ma polyphony amachitidwe okhwima, osaganiziridwa kunja kwa mlengalenga wa X., anali zotsatira zomwe nyimbo za Zap zidatsogolera. European Gregorian X.

Zochitika zatsopano m’nkhani ya X. zinali chifukwa cha kuyamba kwa Kukonzanso, kumene kumlingo umodzi kapena imzake kunakhudza maiko onse a Kumadzulo. Europe. Zolemba za Chiprotestanti ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zachikatolika, ndipo izi zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zochitika za Chiprotestanti X. chinenero ndi kuzindikira, kutengeka kwa nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu (onani Luther M.) kunalimbitsa kwambiri mphindi yamaganizo ndi yaumwini mu X. (mudzi mwachindunji, popanda wansembe mkhalapakati, amapemphera kwa Mulungu). Silabiki. mfundo ya bungwe, momwe pali phokoso limodzi pa syllable, muzochitika za kuyambika kwa zolemba za ndakatulo, zimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa mita ndi kugawanika kwa mawu. Motsogozedwa ndi nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku, pomwe kale komanso mwachangu kuposa nyimbo zamaluso, phokoso la ma homophonic-harmonic lidawonekera. makonda, nyimbo ya kwaya inalandira kamangidwe kosavuta. Kuyika kwa ntchito ya X. ndi anthu onse ammudzi, kupatulapo ma polyphonic ovuta. ulaliki, adakonda kukwaniritsidwa kwa potency iyi: mchitidwe wa 4-goli unafalikira kwambiri. kugwirizanitsa kwa X., zomwe zinathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa homophony. Izi sizinalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Chiprotestanti X. chazochitikira zambiri zama polyphonic. kukonzedwa, kosonkhanitsidwa m’nyengo yapitayo, m’mitundu yotukuka ya nyimbo zachiprotestanti (mayimbidwe a nyimbo zakwaya, cantata, “zilakolako”). Wachipulotesitanti X. anakhala maziko a chiphunzitso cha nat. Prof. art-va Germany, Czech Republic (chizindikiro cha Chipulotesitanti X. chinali nyimbo za Hussite), zinathandizira kutukuka kwa nyimbo. zikhalidwe za Netherlands, Switzerland, France, Great Britain, Poland, Hungary ndi mayiko ena.

Kuyambira pa ser. M'zaka za zana la 18 ambuye akuluakulu pafupifupi sanatembenukire ku X., ndipo ngati idagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye, monga lamulo, mu miyambo. mitundu (mwachitsanzo, mu requiem ya Mozart). Chifukwa (kupatulapo chodziwika bwino kuti JS Bach adabweretsa luso la processing X. ku ungwiro wapamwamba kwambiri) ndikuti aesthetics ya X. (makamaka, maonekedwe a dziko omwe amafotokozedwa mu X.) atha ntchito. Kukhala ndi magulu ozama. mizu ya kusintha komwe kunachitika mu nyimbo pakati. Zaka za zana la 18 (onani Baroque, Classicism), mu mawonekedwe ambiri adadziwonetsera okha mu ulamuliro wa lingaliro lachitukuko. Kukula kwa mutu monga kuphwanya umphumphu wake (ie, symphonic-chitukuko, osati kwaya-zosiyanasiyana), luso la makhalidwe. kusintha kwa chifaniziro choyambirira (chochitikacho sichikhala chofanana ndi icho chokha) - katunduwa amasiyanitsa nyimbo zatsopano ndipo potero amatsutsa njira ya kulingalira yomwe ili mu luso la nthawi ya m'mbuyomo ndipo imaphatikizidwa makamaka mu kulingalira, metaphysical X. Mu nyimbo cha m'ma 19. kudandaula kwa X., monga lamulo, kunatsimikiziridwa ndi pulogalamu ("Reformation Symphony" yolembedwa ndi Mendelssohn) kapena ndi chiwembu (opera "Huguenots" yolembedwa ndi Meyerbeer). Mawu ogwidwa kwakwaya, makamaka a Gregorian sequent Dies irae, agwiritsidwa ntchito monga chizindikiro chokhala ndi semantics yokhazikitsidwa bwino; X. idagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana ngati chinthu chokongoletsedwa (chiyambi cha 1st act of the opera The Nuremberg Mastersingers ndi Wagner). Lingaliro la kwaya linayambika, lomwe linapanga mawonekedwe amtundu wa X. - malo osungiramo nyimbo, osafulumira, kuyenda moyezera, ndi kuopsa kwa khalidwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zenizeni zophiphiritsira zinali zosiyana kwambiri: nyimboyi inakhala ngati umunthu wa thanthwe (zongopeka za "Romeo ndi Juliet" ndi Tchaikovsky), njira yophatikizira kutchuka (fp. Prelude, chorale ndi fugue ndi Frank). ) kapena chikhalidwe chodzipatula komanso chachisoni (gawo la 2 la symphony No 4 Bruckner), nthawi zina, pokhala chiwonetsero cha uzimu, chiyero, chinali chotsutsana ndi chiwerewere, chochimwa, chopangidwanso ndi njira zina, kupanga chikondi chokondedwa. kutsutsa (zoimbaimba za Tannhäuser, Parsifal lolembedwa ndi Wagner), nthawi zina zimakhala maziko a zithunzi zochititsa chidwi - zachikondi (zomaliza za Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony) kapena zamatsenga (kuyimba kwa Ajesuit mu "Scene Under Kromy" kuchokera ku "Boris Godunov" wa Mussorgsky) . Kukondana kunatsegula mwayi waukulu wofotokozera mophatikiza X. ndi zizindikiro za kuwonongeka. mitundu (X. ndi fanfare mu mbali mbali ya Liszt a sonata mu h-moll, X. ndi lullaby mu g-moll nocturne op. 15 No 3 ndi Chopin, etc.).

Mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20 X. ndi chorarity kupitiriza kukhala njira yomasulira Ch. ayi. kudziletsa kwakukulu (Gregory mu mzimu, gulu loyamba la Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms), uzimu (choyimba chomaliza chomaliza kuchokera ku symphony ya 1 ya Mahler) ndi kulingalira ("Es sungen drei Engel" mu gulu loyamba ndi "Lauda Sion Salvatorem" mu mapeto a symphony ya Hindemith “The Painter Mathis” Kusamveka kwa X., kofotokozedwa ndi suti ya okonda chikondi, kumasintha kukhala zaka za zana la 8. kukhala semantic universality: X. monga mawonekedwe achinsinsi komanso okongola a nthawi ndi malo (fp. kutsogola kwa "Sunken Cathedral" ndi Debussy), X. monga maziko a nyimbo. chithunzi chosonyeza nkhanza, nkhanza ("The Crusaders in Pskov" kuchokera ku cantata "Alexander Nevsky" ndi Prokofiev). X. chinthu cha parody (kusiyana kwa 1 kuchokera ku ndakatulo ya symphonic "Don Quixote" ndi R. Strauss; "Nkhani ya Msilikali" ndi Stravinsky), yophatikizidwa mu Op. monga collage (X. "Es ist genung, Herr, wenn es dir gefällt” kuchokera ku Cantata No. 20 ya Bach kumapeto kwa Konsati ya Violin ya Berg o).

Zothandizira: onani pa Art. Nyimbo ya Ambrosian, nyimbo ya Gregorian, nyimbo ya Chiprotestanti.

TS Kyuregyan