Kupanga |

ku lat. compositio - kuphatikiza, kupanga

1) Chidutswa cha nyimbo, zotsatira za kulenga kwa wolemba. Lingaliro la kupanga monga luso lathunthu silinayambe pomwepo. Mapangidwe ake amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito ya improvisations. anayamba mu nyimbo. luso komanso kuwongolera nyimbo, zomwe pamlingo wina wa chitukuko zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kujambula nyimbo muzinthu zofunika kwambiri. Chotero, tanthauzo lamakono la liwu lakuti “K.” anapezedwa kokha m'zaka za m'ma 13, pamene zolemba nyimbo anayamba njira kukonza osati kutalika, komanso nthawi ya phokoso. Nyimbo poyamba. ntchito zinalembedwa popanda kusonyeza dzina la mlembi wawo - wolemba, amene anayamba affixed kokha kuchokera 14 atumwi. Izi zinali chifukwa chakukula kwa kufunikira kwa mawonekedwe amunthu payekha mu luso la K. malingaliro a wolemba wake. Nthawi yomweyo, mu K. iliyonse, mawonekedwe onse a muses amawonekeranso. luso la nthawi yopatsidwa, mawonekedwe a nthawi ino yomwe. Mbiri ya nyimbo ndi njira zambiri mbiri ya Muses. nyimbo - ntchito zabwino kwambiri za akatswiri ojambula.

2) Mapangidwe a ntchito yanyimbo, mawonekedwe ake oimba (onani mawonekedwe a Nyimbo).

3) Kupanga nyimbo, mtundu wa luso. luso. Pamafunika luso. luso, komanso digiri inayake ya maphunziro luso - kudziwa chachikulu. njira zopangira nyimbo. ntchito zomwe zachitika pakukula kwa nyimbo zakale. Komabe, nyimbo zomwe zimagwira ntchito siziyenera kukhala nyimbo zodziwika bwino, koma luso. lonse, lolingana zokongoletsa. zofuna za anthu. Kuti izi zitheke, ziyenera kukhala ndi luso latsopano. zokhutira, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ndi maganizo. zinthu ndi kuwonetsera mophiphiritsa mwapadera mawonekedwe ofunikira, odziwika bwino amasiku ano kwa wolemba. Zomwe zili zatsopano zimatsimikiziranso zachilendo za njira zowonetsera, zomwe, komabe, mu nyimbo zenizeni sizikutanthauza kusiya miyambo, koma chitukuko chake chokhudzana ndi zaluso zatsopano. ntchito (onani zenizeni mu nyimbo, Socialist realism mu nyimbo). Oimira okha amitundu yonse ya avant-garde, mayendedwe amasiku ano mu nyimbo amaphwanya miyambo yomwe yakhala ikupitilira zaka mazana ambiri, kukana mawonekedwe ndi mamvekedwe, kuchokera kumitundu yakale yomveka bwino, komanso nthawi yomweyo kuchokera kuzinthu zofunika kwambiri pagulu. ali ndi luso linalake laluso ndi chidziwitso (onani Avant-gardism , Alearic, Atonal music, Dodecaphony, Concrete music, Pointilism, Expressionism, Electronic music). Creative mwini. ndondomeko pa dec. opanga amapita m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kwa olemba ena, nyimbo, monga kukonzanso, zimatuluka mosavuta, nthawi yomweyo amazilemba mu mawonekedwe omalizidwa omwe safunikira kukonzanso, kukongoletsa ndi kupukuta (WA Mozart, F. Schubert). Ena amapeza njira yabwino yokhayokha chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali komanso yowonjezereka yokonza zojambulazo (L. Beethoven). Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito chida popanga nyimbo, nthawi zambiri fp. (mwachitsanzo, J. Haydn, F. Chopin), ena amapita kukafufuza ff. pokhapokha ntchitoyo itatha (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, SS Prokofiev). Muzochitika zonse, muyezo wa mtengo wa ntchito yopangidwa ndi olemba enieni ndi mlingo wa makalata ake ku zaluso. cholinga. Olemba a Avant-garde ali ndi kulenga, njirayo imatenga mawonekedwe a kuphatikiza komveka kwa mawu molingana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa mokhazikika (mwachitsanzo, mu dodecaphony), ndipo nthawi zambiri chinthu chamwayi chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri (mu aleatorics, ndi zina zambiri. ).

4) Phunziro lophunzitsidwa m'mabwalo osungira, etc. maphunziro a ice. Ku Russia nthawi zambiri amatchedwa essay. K. ndithudi, monga lamulo, imayendetsedwa ndi wolemba; Maphunzirowa amakhala makamaka kuti mphunzitsi amadziwa bwino ntchito ya wophunzira-wopeka kapena chidutswa cha bukuli, amamuunika wamba ndi kupereka ndemanga pa zinthu zake payekha. Mphunzitsi nthawi zambiri amapatsa wophunzira ufulu wosankha mtundu wa nyimbo zake; nthawi yomweyo, dongosolo lonse la maphunzirowa limapereka patsogolo pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku zosavuta mpaka zovuta, mpaka ku mitundu yapamwamba ya wok.-instr. ndi instr. nyimbo - opera ndi ma symphonies. Pali njira. kuchuluka kwa ma akaunti a K. Mpaka 19 c. Mtengo wapatali wa magawo K. Nthawi zambiri amapeza zolemba pa counterpoint (polyphony), mabasi ambiri, mgwirizano, ngakhale pa mafunso a nyimbo. kuphedwa. Mwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, “Treatise on Harmonie” (“Traité de l’harmonie”, 1722) J. P. Rameau, "Zomwe adakumana nazo pakuyimba chitoliro chodutsa" ("Versuch einer Anweisung die Plute traversiere zu spielen", 1752) I. NDI. Quantz, "Zochitika za njira yolondola yosewera clavier" ("Versuch über die wahre Art das Clavier zu spielen", 1753-62) K. F. E. Bach, "Zochitika pasukulu yolimba ya violin" ("Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule", 1756) ndi L. Mozart. Nthawi zina, nyimbo zimawonedwanso ngati zowongolera popanga nyimbo - mwachitsanzo, The Well-Tempered Clavier ndi The Art of Fugue lolemba I. C. Bach (nyimbo za "zophunzitsa" zamtunduwu zidapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 20, mwachitsanzo. "Play of Tonalities" - "Ludus tonalis" lolemba Hindemith, "Microcosmos" lolemba Bartok). Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19, pamene kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa liwu lakuti "K.", kalozera wa K. nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza maphunziro a Basic. maphunziro a theorist wa nyimbo, chidziwitso chomwe chili chofunikira kwa wolemba. Maphunzirowa amaphunzitsidwa masiku ano. conservatories monga osiyana uch. maphunziro - mgwirizano, polyphony, chiphunzitso cha mawonekedwe, zida. Nthawi yomweyo, m'mabuku a K. Zinthu za chiphunzitso cha nyimbo nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa, mafunso amitundu ndi masitayilo amathandizidwa, mwachitsanzo. e. madera a nyimbo. malingaliro mpaka pano. nthawi yosaphunzitsidwa ngati yodziyimira payokha. atatu. kulanga. Izi ndizo. wotsogolera nyimbo J. G. Momigny (1803-06), A. Reichi (1818-33), G. Weber (1817-21), A. B. Marx (1837-47), Z. Zechter (1853-54), E. Prouta (1876-95), S. Yadasson (1883-89), V. d'Andy (1902-09). Malo otchuka pakati pa mabuku otere amakhala ndi "Big Textbook of Composition" yolembedwa ndi X. Riman (1902-13). Palinso uch. mabuku opangira nyimbo zamitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, mawu, siteji), mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo). Ku Russia, mabuku oyamba a K. zinalembedwa ndi I. L. Fuchs (pa izo. lang., 1830) ndi ine. KWA. Gunke (mu Russian 1859-63). Ntchito zamtengo wapatali ndi ndemanga za K. ndipo maphunziro ake ndi a N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P. NDI. Tchaikovsky, S. NDI. Taneevu. Mabuku a K., a kadzidzi. olemba, anafuna preim. kwa oyamba kumene omwe sanadutse zoyambira. wanthanthi. zinthu. Izi ndi ntchito za M. P. Gnesina (1941) ndi E.

Zothandizira: 3) ndi 4) (amandandalitsa makamaka ntchito zogwirizana ndi nyengo imene kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa liwu lakuti “K.” kunakhazikitsidwa kale, ndi kumasulira nkhani ya K. yonse. ”, ma rye okha, a oimira ake odziwika kwambiri) Gunka O., Buku lopanga nyimbo, dep. 20-1, St. Petersburg, 3-1859; Tchaikovsky PI, Za luso la wolemba. Zolemba zosankhidwa kuchokera m'makalata ndi zolemba. Comp. IF Kunin, M., 63, pansi pa ch. Tchaikovsky PI, Pa luso la wolemba ndi luso, M., 1952; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Pa maphunziro a nyimbo. Ndime I. Maphunziro okakamiza komanso odzifunira mu luso la nyimbo. Article II Theory and practice and obligatory theory of music in the Russian conservatory, in the book: AN Rimsky-Korsakov, Musical articles and notes, St. Petersburg, 1964, republished in the Complete Collected Works, vol. II, M., 1911; Taneev SI, Malingaliro pa ntchito yake yolenga, mu: Pokumbukira Sergei Ivanovich Taneev, Sat. zolemba ndi zida ed. Vl. Protopopova, M., 1963; ake, Zida ndi zolemba, vol. Ine, M., 1947; Gnesin MP, Njira yoyambira yothandiza, M.-L., 1952, M., 1941; Bogatyrev S., Pa kukonzanso kwa maphunziro oimba, "SM", 1962, No 1949; Skrebkov S., Za njira yopangira. Zolemba za Aphunzitsi, "SM", 6, No 1952; Shebalin V., Mwachidwi komanso mosamala kuphunzitsa achinyamata, "SM", 10, No1957; Evlakhov O., Mavuto a maphunziro a wolemba, M., 1, L., 1958; Korabelnikova L., Taneyev za kuleredwa kwa olemba, "SM", 1963, No1960; Tikhomirov G., Zinthu za luso la wolemba, M., 9; Chulaki M., Olemba nyimbo amalemba bwanji nyimbo? "SM", 1964, No 1965; Messner E., Zoyambira Zolemba, M., 9.