Crescendo, crescendo |

Chiitaliya, lit. - kuchuluka, kuchuluka

Kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mphamvu ya mawu. Kukula ndi chikhalidwe cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka S., komanso diminuendo yotsutsana ndi iyo, idasinthika limodzi ndi ma muses okha. kudzinenera ndi kukwaniritsa. zikutanthauza. Kuyambira mpaka ser. Zaka za m'ma 18 mphamvu za forte ndi piyano zinali zolamulidwa (onani Dynamics), S. adapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochepa, Ch. ayi. mu nyimbo za solo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, S., monga zina zazikulu. mithunzi ndi njira, zomwe sizinasonyezedwe muzolemba. Mu con. Zapadera za 16th century zidayambitsidwa. zizindikiro za forte ndi piyano. Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti zizindikiro izi mu pl. nthawi, kugwiritsa ntchito S. kapena diminuendo kudakonzedweratunso pakusintha kuchokera ku forte kupita ku piyano ndi mosemphanitsa. Development mu con. 17 - pemphani. Nyimbo za violin zazaka za m'ma 18 zinayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri S. ndi diminuendo. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18 anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zizindikiro zapadera kuzitchula. Zizindikiro zoterezi zimapezeka mu F. Geminiani (1739) ndi PM Veracini (1744), omwe, komabe, ankaganiza kuti S. ndi diminuendo pa cholemba chimodzi chokha. Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Veracini (mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito ya JF Rameau pambuyo pa 1733), pambuyo pake zinasandulika <ndi> zomwe zakhalapo mpaka lero. Kuchokera ku Ser. Olemba m'zaka za m'ma 18 anayamba kutchula mayina a mawu akuti S. ndi diminuendo (omwe mawu akuti decrescendo ndi rinforzando ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito). Kukula kwa ntchito ya S. kudalira kwambiri zida. Choncho, harpsichord, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 16-18, chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake sanalole kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mphamvu ya phokoso. Panalinso kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kwa mphamvu ya phokoso la chiwalo, chomwe chinapeza luso la S. m'zaka za zana la 19. Mn. zida zakale zinali ndi phokoso lofooka, lomwe linalepheretsanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito C. Izi zinali choncho, mwachitsanzo, ndi clavichord. S. sikelo yotakata yakhala yotheka pazingwe. zida za kiyibodi pokhapokha clavichord ndi harpsichord zidakankhidwira mu con. 18 - pemphani. Piyano yazaka za 19. Ngakhale S. ndi diminuendo pa fp. ndi pamlingo wakutiwakuti (popeza phokoso lililonse pambuyo nyundo kugunda mochuluka kapena mocheperapo mofulumira kuzimiririka, ndi kukulitsa kapena kufooketsa phokoso ndi zotheka kokha nkhonya kuwomba), chifukwa cha nyimbo-maganizo. zinthu, izi sizimasokoneza malingaliro a S. ndi diminuendo pa FP. monga yosalala, mwapang'onopang'ono. Sikelo zazikulu kwambiri za S. ndi diminuendo zimapezeka mu okhestra. Komabe, onse oimba nyimbo za S. ndi diminuendo adasinthika limodzi ndi kutukuka kwa nyimbo zomwezo. art-va, komanso kukula ndi kulemeretsa kwa oimba. Olemba a sukulu ya Mannheim anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zoyimba za orchestra zazikulu ndi utali kale kuposa ena mu nyimbo zawo. Nyimbo zoimbira zoterozo zinatheka osati mwa kuwonjezera chiŵerengero cha mawu olira (njira imene kale inali yofala), koma mwa kuwonjezera mphamvu ya liwu la oimba onse. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mayina apadera a S. - cresc ..., cres. mame amakhala mame, kenako mame…cen…do.

Dramaturgy yofunika kwambiri. Ntchito za S. zimachitika mu symphony. prod. L. Beethoven. Munthawi yotsatira, S. imasungabe tanthauzo lake. M'zaka za m'ma 20 chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kugwiritsa ntchito S. ndi M. Ravel's Bolero, yomangidwa kuchokera pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto pa kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kwa mphamvu ya phokoso. Mwatsopano, Ravel abwerera kuno kulandila nyimbo zoyambirira - zamphamvu. kuwonjezereka kumalumikizidwa osati kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa phokoso la phokoso la zida zomwezo, koma ndi kuwonjezera kwa zatsopano.

Zothandizira: Riemann H., Pachiyambi cha Zizindikiro Zotupa Zamphamvu, "ZIMG", 1909, Vol. 10, H. 5, masamba 137-38; Heuss A., Pa Mphamvu za Sukulu ya Mannheim. Festschrift H. Riemann, Lpz., 1909.