Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner (Nicolai Figner) |

Nicolai Figner

Woimba waku Russia, wochita bizinesi, mphunzitsi wamawu. Mwamuna wa woimba MI Figner. Luso la woimba uyu linathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha dziko lonse opera zisudzo, mu mapangidwe mtundu wa woyimba-wosewera amene anakhala chithunzi chochititsa chidwi mu Russian opera sukulu.

Nthawi ina Sobinov, ponena za Figner, analemba kuti: "Pansi pa luso la luso lanu, ngakhale kuzizira, mitima yowopsya inanjenjemera. Nthaŵi zokwezeka kwambiri ndi kukongola zimenezo sizidzaiwalika ndi aliyense amene anamvapo inu.”

Ndipo nali lingaliro la woimba wodabwitsa A. Pazovsky: "Pokhala ndi mawu omveka bwino omwe sali odabwitsa chifukwa cha kukongola kwa timbre, Figner adadziwa kusangalatsa, nthawi zina ngakhale kudabwitsa, ndikuyimba kwake kwa omvera osiyanasiyana. , kuphatikizapo zovuta kwambiri pankhani ya luso la mawu ndi siteji.”

Nikolai Nikolayevich Figner anabadwira mumzinda wa Mamadysh, m'chigawo cha Kazan, pa February 21, 1857. Poyamba adaphunzira ku Kazan gymnasium. Koma, osamulola kuti amalize maphunziro ake kumeneko, makolo ake anamutumiza ku St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, kumene analoŵa pa September 11, 1874. Kuchoka kumeneko, zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, Nikolai anamasulidwa monga msilikali wapakati.

Atalowa m'gulu la asilikali apanyanja, Figner anapatsidwa ntchito yoyenda pa Askold corvette, yomwe adazungulira dziko lapansi. Mu 1879, Nikolai adakwezedwa kukhala midshipman, ndipo pa February 9, 1881, adachotsedwa ntchito chifukwa chodwala ndi udindo wa lieutenant.

Ntchito yake yapanyanja inatha mwadzidzidzi m’mikhalidwe yachilendo. Nikolai adakondana ndi Bonn wa ku Italy yemwe adatumikira m'banja la anzawo. Mosiyana ndi malamulo a dipatimenti ya asilikali, Figner anaganiza zokwatira mwamsanga popanda chilolezo cha akuluakulu ake. Nikolai anatenga Louise mobisa n’kumukwatira.

Gawo latsopano, lomwe silinakonzekere bwino ndi moyo wakale, linayamba mu mbiri ya Figner. Anaganiza zokhala woyimba. Amapita ku St. Petersburg Conservatory. Pa mayeso a Conservatory, mphunzitsi wotchuka wa baritone ndi woimba IP Pryanishnikov amatenga Figner ku kalasi yake.

Komabe, choyamba Pryanishnikov, ndiye mphunzitsi wotchuka K. Everardi anamupangitsa kuti amvetse kuti analibe luso la mawu, ndipo anamulangiza kuti asiye lingaliro ili. Figner mwachiwonekere anali ndi maganizo osiyana ponena za luso lake.

M'masabata ochepa ophunzirira, Figner amafika pamapeto ena, komabe. "Ndikufuna nthawi, kufuna ndi kugwira ntchito!" akudzinenera yekha. Pogwiritsa ntchito chithandizo chakuthupi choperekedwa kwa iye, iye, pamodzi ndi Louise, yemwe anali woyembekezera kale, amapita ku Italy. Ku Milan, Figner akuyembekeza kuzindikiridwa ndi aphunzitsi odziwika bwino.

"Atafika ku Christopher Gallery ku Milan, kusinthana koyimba uku, Figner akugwera m'magulu a charlatan kuchokera kwa" aphunzitsi oimba ", ndipo mwamsanga amamusiya popanda ndalama, komanso popanda mawu, Levick akulemba. - Mphunzitsi wina woimba nyimbo zapamwamba kwambiri - Deroxas wachi Greek - akudziwa zachisoni chake ndikumuthandiza. Amamutenga pa kudalira kwathunthu ndikumukonzekeretsa siteji pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Mu 1882 NN Figner apanga kuwonekera kwake ku Naples.

Kuyambira ntchito Kumadzulo, NN Figner, monga munthu wowoneka bwino komanso wanzeru, amayang'ana chilichonse mosamala. Akadali wamng'ono, koma wokhwima mokwanira kuti amvetse kuti panjira ya nyimbo imodzi yokoma, ngakhale ku Italy, akhoza kukhala ndi minga yambiri kuposa maluwa. Lingaliro la kulingalira kwa kulenga, zenizeni za ntchito - izi ndizochitika zazikulu zomwe amayang'anapo. Choyamba, amayamba kudzipangira yekha luso lazojambula ndikusankha malire a zomwe zimatchedwa kukoma kwabwino.

Figner akunena kuti, makamaka, oimba a ku Italy pafupifupi sakhala ndi mawu obwereza, ndipo ngati atero, saona kufunika koyenerera. Amayembekeza ma arias kapena ziganizo zokhala ndi cholembera chapamwamba, mathero oyenera kudzaza kapena kutha kwa mawu amtundu uliwonse, ndi mawu omveka bwino kapena kumveka kwa mawu okopa mu tessitura, koma amazimitsidwa momveka bwino pamene anzawo akuimba. . Iwo alibe chidwi ndi ma ensembles, ndiko kuti, kumalo omwe amafotokozera kumapeto kwa zochitika zinazake, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi zonse amawaimba ndi mawu athunthu, makamaka kuti amveke. Figner anazindikira m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kuti mbali zimenezi sizichitira umboni konse za ubwino wa woimbayo, kuti kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zovulaza ku chithunzi chonse chaluso ndipo nthaŵi zambiri zimasemphana ndi zolinga za woiimbayo. Pamaso pake pali oimba abwino kwambiri a ku Russia a nthawi yake, ndi zithunzi zokongola za Susanin, Ruslan, Holofernes zopangidwa ndi iwo.

Ndipo chinthu choyamba chomwe chimasiyanitsa Figner kuchokera kumayendedwe ake oyambirira ndikuwonetsa zobwerezabwereza, zachilendo kwa nthawi imeneyo pa siteji ya Italy. Palibe liwu limodzi lopanda chidwi kwambiri pamtundu wanyimbo, palibe noti imodzi yomwe yasokonekera ndi mawuwo… Mbali yachiwiri ya kuyimba kwa Figner ndikuwerengera kolondola kwa kuwala ndi mthunzi, kamvekedwe kotsekemera ndi semitone yocheperako, kusiyanitsa kowala kwambiri.

Monga ngati akuyembekezera mawu omveka bwino a Chaliapin akuti "chuma", Figner adatha kupangitsa omvera ake kukhala ndi mawu omveka bwino. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono sonority, osachepera phokoso lililonse padera - ndendende monga momwe zimafunikira kuti woimbayo azimveka bwino m'makona onse a holo ndi kuti omvera afikire mitundu ya timbre.

Pasanathe miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, Figner adachita bwino ku Naples ku Gounod's Philemon ndi Baucis, ndipo patatha masiku angapo ku Faust. Nthawi yomweyo anazindikira. Iwo anachita chidwi. Maulendo anayamba m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Italy. Nayi yankho limodzi lokha lachidwi la atolankhani aku Italy. Nyuzipepala yotchedwa Rivista (Ferrara) inalemba mu 1883 kuti: “Tenor Figner, ngakhale kuti alibe mawu omveka bwino, amakopa ndi mawu ochuluka, katchulidwe kabwino ka mawu, kamvekedwe kabwino ka mawu, ndipo koposa zonse, kukongola kwa manotsi apamwamba. , zomwe zimamveka zoyera komanso zamphamvu ndi iye, popanda kuyesetsa pang'ono. Mu aria "Tikuoneni, malo opatulika", m'ndime yomwe ali wabwino kwambiri, wojambula amapereka chifuwa "chitani" momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino moti amachititsa kuwomba m'manja kwambiri. Panali mphindi zabwino mu zovuta zitatu, mu duet yachikondi komanso mu atatu omaliza. Komabe, popeza njira zake, ngakhale zilibe malire, zimamupatsanso mwayi umenewu, ndizofunika kuti nthawi zina zikhale zodzaza ndi kumverera komweku ndi chisangalalo chomwecho, makamaka mawu oyambira, omwe amafunikira kutanthauzira kokhudzidwa ndi kotsimikizika. Woimbayo akadali wamng'ono. Koma chifukwa cha luntha ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yomwe adapatsidwa mowolowa manja, adzatha - atapatsidwa mndandanda wosankhidwa bwino - kupita patsogolo panjira yake.

Atapita ku Italy, Figner amachita ku Spain ndikuyenda ku South America. Dzina lake linadziwika kwambiri. Pambuyo pa South America, zisudzo ku England zikutsatira. Choncho Figner kwa zaka zisanu (1882-1887) anakhala mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mu European opera nyumba nthawi imeneyo.

Mu 1887, iye anaitanidwa kale ku Mariinsky Theatre, ndi mawu abwino kuposa kale. Ndiye malipiro apamwamba a wojambula wa Mariinsky Theatre anali rubles 12 pachaka. Mgwirizanowu unatsirizidwa ndi banja la Figner kuyambira pachiyambi lomwe linapereka malipiro a 500 rubles pa ntchito iliyonse ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha machitidwe 80 pa nyengo, ndiko kuti, chinali ma ruble 40 pachaka!

Panthaŵiyo, Louise anali atasiyidwa ndi Figner ku Italy, ndipo mwana wake wamkazi nayenso anatsalira kumeneko. Paulendo, anakumana ndi woimba wachinyamata wa ku Italy, Medea May. Ndi iye, Figner anabwerera ku St. Posakhalitsa Medea anakhala mkazi wake. Okwatiranawo adapanga nyimbo yabwino kwambiri yomwe idakongoletsa siteji ya opera ya likulu kwa zaka zambiri.

Mu April 1887, iye anaonekera koyamba pa siteji ya Mariinsky Theatre monga Radamès, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka 1904 anakhalabe soloist wamkulu wa gulu, thandizo lake ndi kunyada.

Mwinamwake, kuti apititse patsogolo dzina la woimba uyu, zingakhale zokwanira kuti iye anali woimba woyamba wa zigawo za Herman mu Queen of Spades. Choncho loya wotchuka AF Koni analemba kuti: “NN Figner anachita zodabwitsa monga Herman. Anamumvetsetsa ndikumuwonetsa Herman ngati chithunzi chonse chachipatala cha matenda amisala ... Nditaona NN Figner, ndinadabwa. Ndinadabwitsidwa ndi momwe amafotokozera misala molondola komanso mozama ... ndi momwe zidakhalira mwa iye. Ndikanakhala katswiri wa zamaganizo, ndikanauza omvera kuti: “Pitani mukawone NN Figner. Adzakuwonetsani chithunzi cha chitukuko cha misala, chomwe simudzakumana nacho ndipo simudzapeza! .. Monga NN Figner adasewera zonse! Titayang'ana kukhalapo kwa Nikolai Nikolayevich, kuyang'ana pa mfundo imodzi komanso kusalabadira ena, kudakhala kowopsa kwa iye ... . Apa ndi pamene ntchito yake yaikulu imabwera. Sindinamudziwe Nikolai Nikolayevich panthawiyo, koma pambuyo pake ndinali ndi mwayi wokumana naye. Ndinamufunsa kuti: “Tandiuza, Nikolai Nikolayevich, unaphunzira kuti zamisala? Kodi munawerenga mabukuwo kapena munawaona?' — 'Ayi, sindinawawerenge kapena kuwaphunzira, koma ndimaona kuti ziyenera kukhala choncho.' Izi ndi intuition. ”…

Kumene, osati mu udindo wa Herman anasonyeza chidwi akuchita talente. Chowonadi chodabwitsa chinali Canio wake ku Pagliacci. Ndipo mu gawo ili, woimbayo mwaluso adafotokoza malingaliro onse, kukwaniritsa mu nthawi yochepa ya kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwakukulu, zomwe zinafika pachimake choopsa. Wojambulayo adasiya chidwi champhamvu kwambiri pa udindo wa Jose (Carmen), pomwe zonse zamasewera ake zidaganiziridwa, zolungamitsidwa mkati ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimawunikira ndi chidwi.

Wotsutsa nyimbo V. Kolomiytsev analemba kumapeto kwa 1907, pamene Figner anali atamaliza kale machitidwe ake:

“M’zaka zake makumi aŵiri ku St. Petersburg, anaimba mbali zambiri. Kupambana sikunamusinthe kulikonse, koma zolemba za "chovala ndi lupanga", zomwe ndinanena pamwambapa, zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi umunthu wake waluso. Iye anali ngwazi yamphamvu ndi yochititsa chidwi, ngakhale opareshoni, zilakolako zokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri nyimbo za ku Russia ndi ku Germany nthawi zambiri sizinamuyendere bwino. Kawirikawiri, kukhala wachilungamo komanso wopanda tsankho, tiyenera kunena kuti Figner sanalenge mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya siteji (m'lingaliro lakuti, mwachitsanzo, Chaliapin amawalenga): pafupifupi nthawi zonse komanso m'zonse adakhala yekha, ndiye kuti, mofanana. kaso, wamanjenje ndi mokhudza woyamba tenor. Ngakhale kupanga kwake sikunasinthe - zobvala zokhazo zinasintha, mitundu inakula kapena kufooketsa moyenerera, mfundo zina zinali zamthunzi. Koma, ndikubwereza, makhalidwe aumwini, owala kwambiri a wojambula uyu anali oyenera kwambiri pazigawo zabwino kwambiri za repertoire yake; Komanso, tisaiwale kuti magawo a tenor awa kwenikweni ali ofanana kwambiri.

Ngati sindikulakwitsa, Figner sanawonekere m'masewera a Glinka. Iye sanayimbenso Wagner, kupatulapo kuyesa kosatheka kufotokoza Lohengrin. M'masewera a ku Russia, mosakayikira anali wokongola kwambiri m'chifanizo cha Dubrovsky mu opera Napravnik makamaka Herman mu Tchaikovsky's Queen of Spades. Ndiyeno anali wosayerekezeka Alfred, Faust (mu Mephistopheles), Radames, Jose, Fra Diavolo.

Koma pomwe Figner adasiya chidwi chosadziwika bwino anali mu maudindo a Raoul mu Huguenots ya Meyerbeer ndi Othello mu opera ya Verdi. M'masewero awiriwa, nthawi zambiri amatipatsa chisangalalo chachikulu komanso chosowa.

Figner adachoka pa siteji pamtunda wa talente yake. Omvera ambiri anakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha ichi chinali chisudzulo cha mkazi wake mu 1904. Ndiponso, Medea ndiye anali ndi mlandu wa kulekanako. Figner adapeza kuti sizingatheke kuchita naye pa siteji yomweyo ...

Mu 1907, ntchito yotsazikana ndi Figner, yemwe amachoka pa siteji ya opera, inachitika. Nyuzipepala ya "Russian Musical Newspaper" inalemba pankhaniyi kuti: "Nyenyezi yake inadzuka mwadzidzidzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo inachititsa khungu anthu onse ndi akuluakulu, komanso, anthu apamwamba, omwe ubwino wawo unakweza kutchuka kwa Figner mpaka kufika pa msinkhu wa oimba a ku Russia omwe sanadziwikebe ... Figner anadabwa kwambiri. . Anabwera kwa ife, ngati sichoncho ndi mawu omveka bwino, ndiye ndi njira yodabwitsa yosinthira gawolo kuti ligwirizane ndi mawu ake komanso kusewera modabwitsa komanso modabwitsa.

Koma ngakhale atamaliza ntchito yake monga woimba, Figner anakhalabe mu zisudzo Russian. Iye anakhala kulinganiza ndi mtsogoleri wa magulu angapo mu Odessa, Tiflis, Nizhny Novgorod, anatsogolera yogwira ndi zosunthika ntchito pagulu, anachita mu zoimbaimba, ndipo anali wokonza za mpikisano kulenga ntchito zisudzo. Chizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri mu moyo wa chikhalidwe chinasiyidwa ndi ntchito yake monga mtsogoleri wa gulu la opera la Nyumba ya Anthu a St.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Figner anamwalira pa December 13, 1918.