Symphonism

Symphonism ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino lochokera ku mawu oti "symphony" (onani Symphony), koma osazindikirika nawo. M'lingaliro lalikulu, symphonism ndi luso la luso la filosofi yodziwika bwino yowonetsera moyo mu luso la nyimbo.

Symphony ngati chokongoletsera mfundoyi imadziwika ndi kuyang'ana kwambiri pazovuta zazikulu zakukhalapo kwaumunthu pakuwonongeka kwake. mbali (zachikhalidwe-mbiri, maganizo-maganizo, etc.). M'lingaliro limeneli, symphonism imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mbali yamaganizo ndi nyimbo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, lingaliro la "symphonism" limaphatikizapo khalidwe lapadera la bungwe lamkati la muses. kupanga, masewero ake, mawonekedwe. Pankhaniyi, katundu wa symphonism amabwera patsogolo ngati njira yomwe imatha kuwulula mozama komanso mogwira mtima njira za mapangidwe ndi kukula, kulimbana kwa mfundo zotsutsana kudzera muzinthu zadziko. kusiyana ndi kulumikizana, mphamvu ndi organicity ya muses. chitukuko, makhalidwe ake. zotsatira.

Kukula kwa lingaliro la "symphonism" ndiloyenera kwa Soviet musicology, ndipo koposa zonse, BV Asafiev, yemwe anaika patsogolo ngati gulu la muses. kuganiza. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, Asafiev anayambitsa lingaliro la symphonism mu nkhani yakuti "Njira M'tsogolo" (1918), kutanthauza akamanena zake monga "kupitiriza kwa chidziwitso cha nyimbo, pamene palibe chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimatengedwa kapena kudziwika ngati chodziimira pakati pa ena onse. ” Pambuyo pake, Asafiev adayambitsa maziko a chiphunzitso cha symphonism m'mawu ake okhudza L. Beethoven, amagwira ntchito pa PI Tchaikovsky, MI Glinka, phunziro la "Musical Form monga Njira", kusonyeza kuti symphonism ndi "kusintha kwakukulu mu chidziwitso ndi luso. Nthawi ya chitukuko chodziyimira pawokha ndi nyimbo za malingaliro ndi malingaliro okondedwa a anthu "(BV Asafiev," Glinka ", 1947). Malingaliro a Asafiev adapanga maziko ophunzirira zovuta za symphonism ndi akadzidzi ena. olemba.

Symphonism ndi gulu la mbiri yakale lomwe ladutsa njira yayitali yopangidwira, yomwe idayambitsidwa mu nthawi ya chidziwitso cha classicism chokhudzana ndi crystallization ya sonata-symphony cycle ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mwanjira iyi, kufunikira kwa sukulu yakale ya Viennese ndikwabwino kwambiri. Kudumpha kwakukulu pakugonjetsa njira yatsopano yoganizira kunachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi 19. Atalandira chilimbikitso champhamvu mu malingaliro ndi zomwe achita a Great French. kusintha kwa 1789-94, mu chitukuko chake. nzeru, amene motsimikiza anatembenukira ku dialectics (chitukuko cha filosofi ndi kukongola maganizo kuchokera m'zinthu dialectics mu I. Kant kuti GWF Hegel), S. anakhazikika mu ntchito Beethoven ndipo anakhala maziko a luso lake. kuganiza. S. monga njira idapangidwa kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20.

S. ndi lingaliro lamitundu ingapo, lolumikizidwa ndi zokongoletsa zina zambiri. ndi malingaliro amalingaliro, ndipo koposa zonse ndi lingaliro la nyimbo. masewero. M'mawonetseredwe ake ogwira mtima kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, mu Beethoven, Tchaikovsky), S. akuwonetsa machitidwe a sewero (zotsutsana, kukula kwake, kudutsa mu gawo la mikangano, pachimake, kuthetsa). Komabe, kawirikawiri, S. ndi yolunjika kwambiri. lingaliro lonse la "dramatology", yomwe imayima pamwamba pa sewero monga S. pamwamba pa symphony, ili ndi chiyanjano. Chizindikiro. njirayo imawululidwa kudzera mu izi kapena mtundu umenewo wa muses. dramaturgy, mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la kugwirizana kwa zithunzi mu chitukuko chawo, concretizing chikhalidwe cha kusiyana ndi umodzi, ndondomeko ya magawo zochita ndi zotsatira zake. Nthawi yomweyo, mu sewero la symphony, pomwe palibe chiwembu chachindunji, otchulidwa-otchulidwa, concretization iyi imakhalabe m'mawu amtundu wanyimbo (popanda pulogalamu, mawu apakamwa).

Mitundu ya nyimbo. Dramaturgy akhoza kukhala osiyana, koma kubweretsa aliyense wa iwo mlingo wa symphony. njira zofunika. khalidwe. Chizindikiro. chitukuko chikhoza kukhala chofulumira komanso chotsutsana kwambiri kapena, mosiyana, pang'onopang'ono komanso pang'onopang'ono, koma nthawi zonse ndi njira yopezera zotsatira zatsopano, kuwonetsera kayendetsedwe ka moyo wokha.

Chitukuko, chomwe chiri chikhazikitso cha S., sichimaphatikizapo ndondomeko yokhazikika ya kukonzanso, komanso kufunikira kwa makhalidwe. kusintha kwa nyimbo zoyambira. malingaliro (mitu kapena mitu), zomwe zili momwemo. Mosiyana ndi kuphatikiza kwa mitu yosiyana - zithunzi, kulumikizana kwawo, kwa symphony. Dramaturgy imadziwika ndi malingaliro oterowo (kuwongolera), komwe gawo lililonse lotsatira - kusiyanitsa kapena kubwereza pamlingo watsopano - limatsatana ndi lapitalo monga "zake" (Hegel), likukula "mozungulira". "Mayendedwe a mawonekedwe" amapangidwa ku zotsatira zake, zotsatira zake, kupitiriza kwa mapangidwe ake, "kutikokera ife mosatopa kuchokera pakati kupita pakati, kuchokera ku chipambano kupita ku kukwaniritsa - mpaka kumapeto" (Igor Glebov, 1922). Imodzi mwa mitundu yofunika kwambiri ya symphony. Dramaturgy imachokera pa kugunda ndi chitukuko cha mfundo zotsutsana. Kusamvana kumawuka, kumafika pachimake ndi kutsika, kusiyanitsa ndi kuzindikirika, mikangano ndi kuthetsa kwake kumapanga dongosolo lophatikizika la maubwenzi mmenemo, cholinga chake chomwe chimagogomezedwa ndi mawu. zomangira-arch, njira "kupitirira" pachimake, etc. Chizindikiro ndondomeko. chitukuko apa ndi dialectical kwambiri, logic ake ali kwenikweni pansi pa atatu: thesis - antithesis - synthesis. Mawu okhazikika a dialectic ya symph. njira - fp. sonata No. 23 ndi Beethoven, sewero la sonata, lodzazidwa ndi lingaliro la ngwazi. kulimbana. Gawo lalikulu la gawo loyamba lili ndi zithunzi zonse zotsutsana, zomwe pambuyo pake zimatsutsana wina ndi mnzake (mfundo ya "mnzake"), ndipo kuphunzira kwawo kumapanga zochitika zamkati zachitukuko (kuwonetsa, chitukuko, kubwereza) kuwonjezeka koma kukangana, zomwe zimatsogolera ku gawo lomaliza - kaphatikizidwe ka mfundo zotsutsana mu code. Pamlingo watsopano, malingaliro a dramaturgy. Kusiyanitsa kwa kayendedwe ka 1 kumawoneka muzolemba za sonata zonse (kulumikizana kwa Andante yayikulu kwambiri ndi gawo la mbali ya 1 kayendedwe, kamvuluvulu komaliza ndi gawo lomaliza). Kalankhulidwe ka kusiyanitsa kochokera kotereku ndiye mfundo yomwe ili mu symphony. kuganiza kwa Beethoven. Amafika pamlingo wapadera mu sewero lake la ngwazi. symphonies - 1 ndi 5. Chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha S. m'munda wachikondi. sonatas - Chopin's b-moll sonata, komanso yochokera ku chitukuko cha sewero. mkangano wa gawo loyamba mkati mwa kuzungulira konse (komabe, ndi njira yosiyana ya chitukuko chachikulu kuposa ya Beethoven - osati ku mapeto a heroic - kumapeto, koma kwa epilogue yochepa yowopsya).

Monga momwe mawuwo amasonyezera, S. akufotokozera mwachidule njira zofunika kwambiri zomwe zakhala zikuwonekera mu sonata-symphony. kuzungulira ndi nyimbo. mawonekedwe a ziwalo zake (omwe, nawonso, adatengera njira zosiyanasiyana zachitukuko zomwe zili mumitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, zosinthika, zama polyphonic), - mophiphiritsa. ndende, nthawi zambiri mu 2 polar spheres, kudalirana kwa kusiyanitsa ndi umodzi, cholinga cha chitukuko kuchokera kusiyana ndi kaphatikizidwe. Komabe, lingaliro la S. silinachepetsedwe ku dongosolo la sonata; chizindikiro. njira yadutsa malire. Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe, monga momwe zimawululira zofunikira za nyimbo zambiri monga njira, luso lanthawi (lingaliro lenileni la Asafiev, yemwe amawona nyimbo ngati njira, ndi chidziwitso). S. amapeza mawonetseredwe osiyanasiyana. Mitundu ndi mawonekedwe - kuchokera ku symphony, opera, ballet kupita ku chikondi kapena instr yaying'ono. masewero (mwachitsanzo, chikondi cha Tchaikovsky "Kachiwiri, monga kale ..." kapena choyambilira cha Chopin mu d-moll chimadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa symphonic m'maganizo ndi m'maganizo, kubweretsa pachimake), kuchokera ku sonata, kusiyana kwakukulu mpaka ku strophic yaying'ono. mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya Schubert "Double").

Iye moyenerera anatcha maphunziro ake-kusiyana kwa piyano symphonic. R. Schumann (pambuyo pake anatchulanso kusiyana kwake kwa piyano ndi okhestra S. Frank). Zitsanzo zomveka bwino za symphony ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana yochokera pa mfundo ya chitukuko champhamvu cha zithunzi ndizo mapeto a nyimbo za Beethoven za 3 ndi 9, passacaglia yomaliza ya symphony ya 4 ya Brahms, Ravel's Bolero, passacaglia mu sonata-symphony. DD Shostakovich.

Chizindikiro. njira imawonekeranso mu lalikulu vocal-instr. mitundu; Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa malingaliro amoyo ndi imfa mu misa ya Bach's h-moll ndi symphonic molingana ndi ndende: zotsutsana ndi zithunzi sizikuchitidwa pano ndi njira za sonata, komabe, mphamvu ndi chikhalidwe cha kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndi tonal kumatha. kubweretsedwa pafupi ndi sonatas. Sizimangokhalira kugwedezeka (mu mawonekedwe a sonata) a opera ya Mozart ya S. Don Giovanni, sewero lake lomwe ladzaza ndi mkangano wosangalatsa wa chikondi cha Renaissance ndi mphamvu yomangirira yomvetsa chisoni ya thanthwe, kubwezera. Deep S. "Mfumukazi ya Spades" yolembedwa ndi Tchaikovsky, yomwe imachokera ku zotsutsana za chikondi ndi chilakolako-masewera, maganizo "mikangano" ndikuwongolera njira yonse ya wolemba masewero. chitukuko mpaka tsoka. denouement. Chitsanzo chosiyana ndi cha S., chowonetsedwa kudzera mu sewero laling'ono, koma la dongosolo limodzi, ndi sewero la Wagner la Tristan ndi Isolde, ndi kupitiliza kwake kukulirakulira momvetsa chisoni, komwe kulibe malingaliro ndi kutsika kwachuma. Chitukuko chonse chomwe chimachokera ku mawu oyambilira - "mphukira" amabadwa kuchokera ku lingaliro lotsutsana ndi "Mfumukazi ya Spades" - lingaliro la kuphatikiza kosalephereka kwa chikondi ndi imfa. Def. Ubwino wa S., wofotokozedwa munyimbo zosowa za organic. kukula, mu wok waung'ono. mawonekedwe, ali mu aria "Casta diva" kuchokera ku opera "Norma" ndi Bellini. Choncho, S. mu mtundu wa opera, zitsanzo zowala kwambiri zomwe zili mu ntchito ya olemba masewera akuluakulu a opera - WA Mozart ndi MI Glinka, J. Verdi, R. Wagner, PI Tchaikovsky ndi MP Mussorgsky, SS Prokofiev ndi DD Shostakovich - sikunatsitsidwe konse ku orc. nyimbo. Mu opera, monga mu symphony. prod., malamulo ophatikizira muses amagwira ntchito. dramaturgy yozikidwa pa lingaliro lodziwika bwino (mwachitsanzo, lingaliro la ngwazi zapagulu la Ivan Susanin wa Glinka, tsoka lomvetsa chisoni la anthu a Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina), mphamvu za kutumizidwa kwake, zomwe zimapanga mfundo za mikangano (makamaka mu ensembles) ndi malingaliro awo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira komanso zowonetsera zachipembedzo mu opera ndikukhazikitsa kokhazikika komanso kosasintha kwa mfundo ya leitmotif (onani Leitmotif). Mfundo imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakula kukhala dongosolo lonse la mawu obwerezabwereza. mapangidwe, kuyanjana komwe ndi kusintha kwawo kumawonetsa mphamvu zoyendetsera sewero, maubale ozama-ndi-zotsatira za mphamvuzi (monga mu symphony). Mu mawonekedwe opangidwa makamaka, symph. Kukonzekera kwa sewero pogwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe ka leitmotif kumawonetsedwa m'masewera a Wagner.

Zizindikiro. njira, mawonekedwe ake enieni ndi osiyana kwambiri. Popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, masitayilo, lstorich. nyengo ndi masukulu adziko lonse pa pulani ya 1 ndi omwewo kapena mikhalidwe ina ya symph. njira - kuphulika kwa mikangano, kukhwima kwa kusiyana kapena kukula kwa organic, mgwirizano wa zotsutsana (kapena zosiyana mu umodzi), kukhazikika kwa ndondomekoyi kapena kubalalitsidwa kwake, pang'onopang'ono. Kusiyana kwa njira za symphony. zochitika zimawonekera makamaka tikayerekeza masewero a mikangano. ndi lyric monologue. mitundu ya zizindikiro. masewero. Kujambula mzere pakati pa mitundu yakale ya zizindikiro. dramaturgy, II Sollertinsky amatchedwa mmodzi wa iwo Shakespearean, dialogic (L. Beethoven), winayo - monologue (F. Schubert). Ngakhale kuti kusiyana kotereku ndi kodziwika bwino, kumasonyeza mbali ziwiri zofunika za chochitikacho: S. monga sewero la mikangano. zochita ndi S. monga lyric. kapena enich. kulongosola. Muzochitika zina, kusinthasintha kosiyana, zotsutsana, zimakhala patsogolo, zina, kukula kwamkati, mgwirizano wa chitukuko cha maganizo a zithunzi kapena nthambi zawo zambiri (epic S.); m'modzi - kutsindika mfundo za sonata dramaturgy, cholinga-thematic. chitukuko, kukambirana kukangana kwa mfundo zotsutsana (symphonism ya Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich), ina - pa kusiyana, kumera kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mawu atsopano. mapangidwe, monga mwachitsanzo, mu sonatas ndi symphonies ya Schubert, komanso ena ambiri. prod. I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, SV Rachmaninov, SS Prokofiev.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ya symphony. dramaturgy imatsimikiziridwanso ngati ikulamulidwa ndi malingaliro okhwima kapena ufulu wachibale wa chitukuko (monga, mwachitsanzo, mu ndakatulo za symphonic za Liszt, ma balladi a Chopin ndi zongopeka mu f-moll), kaya ntchitoyo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu sonata. - symphony. kuzungulira kapena kukhazikika mu gawo limodzi (onani, mwachitsanzo, gawo lalikulu la ntchito za Liszt). Kutengera zophiphiritsa komanso mawonekedwe a nyimbo. dramaturgy, tikhoza kulankhula za Dec. mitundu ya S. - zochititsa chidwi, zanyimbo, zamatsenga, zamtundu, ndi zina.

Mlingo wa concretization wa maganizo luso. malingaliro opanga. mothandizidwa ndi mawu, chikhalidwe cha ma asociative links of the muses. zithunzi zokhala ndi zochitika za moyo zimatsimikizira kusiyanitsa kwa S. kukhala pulogalamu yokhazikika komanso yosagwirizana, nthawi zambiri imalumikizidwa (symphonism ndi Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich, A. Honegger).

Pophunzira za mitundu ya S., funso la kuwonetseredwa mu symphony ndilofunika. kuganiza za mfundo ya zisudzo - osati mogwirizana ndi malamulo ambiri a sewero, koma nthawi zina makamaka, mu mtundu wa chiwembu mkati, "fabularity" ma symphonies. chitukuko (Mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito za G. Berlioz ndi G. Mahler) kapena zisudzo makhalidwe ophiphiritsa dongosolo (symphonism ndi Prokofiev, Stravinsky).

Mitundu ya S. imadziwonetsera yokha polumikizana kwambiri. Inde, dram. S. m'zaka za zana la 19. opangidwa motsatira ngwazi-zochititsa chidwi (Beethoven) ndi m'nyimbo-zochititsa chidwi (mapeto a mzere uwu ndi symphonism Tchaikovsky). Mu nyimbo ku Austria crystallized mtundu wa lyric-epic S., kuchokera symphony mu C-dur ndi Schubert ntchito. Brahms ndi Bruckner. Epic ndi sewero zimalumikizana mu symphony ya Mahler. Kaphatikizidwe ka epic, mtundu ndi mawu ndi chikhalidwe cha Russian. classical S. (MI Glinka, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Glazunov), yomwe imachokera ku Russian. nat. thematic, melodic element. nyimbo, phokoso lachithunzi. Synthesis decomp. mitundu ya zizindikiro. dramaturgy - chikhalidwe chomwe chikukula mwanjira yatsopano m'zaka za zana la 20. Mwachitsanzo, Shostakovich wa civic-filosofi symphonism synthesized pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya symphonies kuti mbiri patsogolo pake. dramaturgy ndi kutsindika kwapadera pa kaphatikizidwe ka sewero ndi epic. M'zaka za m'ma 20 S. monga mfundo ya nyimbo. kuganiza nthawi zambiri kumawonekera kuzinthu zamitundu ina zaluso, zodziwika ndi mitundu yatsopano yolumikizana ndi mawu, ndi zisudzo. zochita, kutengera luso la cinematography. dramaturgy (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsogolera ku deconcentration, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha symphonic logic yoyenera mu ntchito), etc. Osati reducible ku chilinganizo chodziwika bwino, S. monga gulu la muses. kuganiza kumavumbulutsidwa mu zotheka zatsopano mu nthawi iliyonse ya chitukuko chake.

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HS Nikolaeva