Johannes Brahms |

Johannes Brahms

Malingana ngati pali anthu omwe amatha kuyankha nyimbo ndi mtima wawo wonse, ndipo malinga ngati kuli kuyankha kotero kuti nyimbo za Brahms zidzatulutsa mwa iwo, nyimboyi idzapitirirabe. G. Moto

Kulowa moyo wanyimbo monga wolowa m'malo R. Schumann mu romanticism, J. Brahms anatsatira njira yotakata ndi munthu kukhazikitsa miyambo ya nyengo zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo German-Austrian ndi chikhalidwe German ambiri. Panthawi ya chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya nyimbo ndi zisudzo (zolemba F. Liszt, R. Wagner), Brahms, omwe adatembenukira ku mitundu yakale ya zida ndi mitundu, adawoneka kuti akuwonetsa kuthekera kwawo ndi malingaliro awo, kuwalemeretsa ndi luso komanso luso. maganizo a wojambula wamakono. Nyimbo zoyimba (solo, ensemble, choral) ndizosafunikira kwenikweni, momwe kufotokozera kwamwambo kumamveka makamaka - kuchokera pa zomwe akatswiri a Renaissance adakumana nazo mpaka nyimbo zamakono zamasiku onse ndi mawu achikondi.

Brahms anabadwira m'banja loimba. Bambo ake, omwe adadutsa njira yovuta kuchokera kwa woimba nyimbo woyendayenda kupita ku bassist iwiri ndi Hamburg Philharmonic Orchestra, adapatsa mwana wake luso loyambirira poyimba zida zosiyanasiyana za zingwe ndi mphepo, koma Johannes adakopeka kwambiri ndi piyano. Kupambana mu maphunziro ndi F. Kossel (pambuyo pake - ndi mphunzitsi wotchuka E. Marksen) anamulola kutenga nawo mbali mu gulu la chipinda ali ndi zaka 10, ndi zaka 15 - kupereka konsati payekha. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, Brahms anathandiza bambo ake kusamalira banja lake poyimba piyano m'malo odyetsera madoko, kukonzekera wofalitsa Kranz, akugwira ntchito yoimba piyano panyumba ya opera, ndi zina zotero. Asanachoke ku Hamburg (April 1853) paulendo ndi gulu Woyimba violini waku Hungary E. Remenyi (kuchokera m'nyimbo zachikhalidwe zomwe zidachitika m'makonsati, "Mavinidwe aku Hungary" odziwika bwino a piyano mu 4 ndi manja awiri adabadwa pambuyo pake), anali kale wolemba ntchito zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zidawonongedwa.

Nyimbo zoyamba zosindikizidwa (ma sonata 3 ndi scherzo ya pianoforte, nyimbo) zidawulula kukhwima koyambirira kwa wolemba wazaka makumi awiri. Anachititsa chidwi Schumann, msonkhano umene m'dzinja la 1853 ku Düsseldorf unatsimikiza moyo wonse wotsatira wa Brahms. Nyimbo za Schumann (chikoka chake chinali cholunjika makamaka mu Third Sonata - 1853, mu Kusiyana kwa mutu wa Schumann - 1854 ndi kumapeto kwa nyimbo zinayi - 1854), chikhalidwe chonse cha nyumba yake, kuyandikira kwa zokonda zaluso ( mu unyamata wake, Brahms, monga Schumann, ankakonda mabuku achikondi - Jean-Paul, TA Hoffmann, ndi Eichendorff, etc.) adakhudza kwambiri wolemba nyimbo wachinyamatayo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, udindo wa tsogolo la nyimbo za ku Germany, ngati kuti unaperekedwa ndi Schumann kwa Brahms (anamulimbikitsa kwa ofalitsa a Leipzig, analemba nkhani yosangalatsa yokhudza iye "Njira Zatsopano"), ndipo posakhalitsa tsoka (kudzipha). kuyesa kopangidwa ndi Schumann mu 1854, kukhala m'chipatala kwa odwala matenda amisala, komwe Brahms adamuyendera, potsiriza, imfa ya Schumann mu 1856), kumverera kwachikondi kwa Clara Schumann, yemwe Brahms adamuthandiza modzipereka m'masiku ovuta ano - zonsezi. zidakulitsa kuchulukira kwa nyimbo za Brahms, kusinthasintha kwake (konsati yoyamba ya piyano ndi orchestra - 1854-59; zojambula za First Symphony, Third Piano Quartet, zomalizidwa pambuyo pake).

Malinga ndi njira ya kuganiza, Brahms pa nthawi yomweyo anali chibadidwe mu chikhumbo cha cholinga, kwa dongosolo okhwima zomveka, khalidwe la luso la classics. Mbali zimenezi zinalimbikitsidwa makamaka ndi kusamuka kwa Brahms kupita ku Detmold (1857), kumene anatenga udindo wa woimba pa bwalo la kalonga, anatsogolera gulu lakwaya, anaphunzira zambiri za ambuye akale, GF Handel, JS Bach, J. Haydn. ndi WA Mozart, adapanga ntchito zamtundu wanyimbo zazaka za 2th. (1857 orchestral serenades - 59-1860, nyimbo zakwaya). Chidwi cha nyimbo zakwaya chinalimbikitsidwanso ndi makalasi omwe anali ndi kwaya ya azimayi osaphunzira ku Hamburg, komwe Brahms adabwerako ali ndi zaka 50 (anali wokondana kwambiri ndi makolo ake ndi mzinda wa kwawo, koma sanapeze ntchito yokhazikika komweko yomwe idakwaniritsa zokhumba zake). Zotsatira za kulenga mu 60s - oyambirira 2s. Chamber ensembles ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa piyano idakhala ntchito zazikulu, ngati kusintha ma Brahms ndi ma symphonies (1862 quartets - 1864, Quintet - 1861), komanso kusintha kosinthika (Kusiyanasiyana ndi Fugue pa Mutu wa Handel - 2, 1862 notebook Zosiyanasiyana pa Mutu wa Paganini - 63-XNUMX) ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za kalembedwe kake ka piyano.

Mu 1862, Brahms anapita ku Vienna, kumene pang'onopang'ono anakhazikika kuti azikhalamo. Kupereka ulemu kwa Viennese (kuphatikizapo Schubert) miyambo ya tsiku ndi tsiku nyimbo anali waltzes kwa piyano mu 4 ndi 2 manja (1867), komanso "Nyimbo za Chikondi" (1869) ndi "New Songs of Love" (1874) - waltzes kwa piyano m'manja a 4 ndi quartet ya mawu, kumene Brahms nthawi zina amakumana ndi kalembedwe ka "mfumu ya waltzes" - I. Strauss (mwana), yemwe nyimbo zake adayamikira kwambiri. Brahms akupezanso kutchuka ngati woyimba piyano (iye anachita kuyambira 1854, makamaka mofunitsitsa ankaimba limba mbali yake mu chipinda ensembles, ankaimba Bach, Beethoven, Schumann, ntchito zake, limodzi ndi oimba, anapita ku Germany Switzerland, Denmark, Holland, Hungary. , ku mzinda wosiyanasiyana wa ku Germany), ndipo pambuyo poimba mu 1868 ku Bremen ya "German Requiem" - ntchito yake yaikulu kwambiri (ya kwaya, oimba solo ndi okhestra pa malemba a m'Baibulo) - komanso monga wolemba nyimbo. Kulimbitsa ulamuliro wa Brahms ku Vienna kunathandizira ntchito yake monga mtsogoleri wa kwaya ya Singing Academy (1863-64), ndiyeno kwaya ndi okhestra ya Society of Music Lovers (1872-75). Zochita za Brahms zinali zazikulu pokonza ntchito za piyano za WF Bach, F. Couperin, F. Chopin, R. Schumann ku nyumba yosindikizira Breitkopf ndi Hertel. Anathandizira kufalitsa ntchito za A. Dvorak, yemwe panthawiyo anali woimba wodziwika pang'ono, yemwe anali ndi ngongole ya Brahms thandizo lake lachikondi ndi kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zake.

Kukhwima kwathunthu kwa kulenga kudadziwika ndi kukopa kwa Brahms ku symphony (Choyamba - 1876, Chachiwiri - 1877, Chachitatu - 1883, Chachinayi - 1884-85). Pa njira zoyendetsera ntchito yayikuluyi ya moyo wake, Brahms amakulitsa luso lake pamagawo atatu a zingwe (Choyamba, Chachiwiri - 1873, Chachitatu - 1875), m'magulu oimba a Orchestra pa Mutu wa Haydn (1873). Zithunzi zomwe zili pafupi ndi ma symphonies zili mu "Song of Fate" (pambuyo pa F. Hölderlin, 1868-71) ndi "Song of the Parks" (pambuyo pa IV Goethe, 1882). Kulumikizana kowala komanso kolimbikitsa kwa Violin Concerto (1878) ndi Second Piano Concerto (1881) kunawonetsa zowonera za maulendo opita ku Italy. Ndi chikhalidwe chake, komanso chikhalidwe cha Austria, Switzerland, Germany (Brahms kawirikawiri amapangidwa m'miyezi yachilimwe), malingaliro a ntchito zambiri za Brahms amagwirizana. Kufalikira kwawo ku Germany ndi kumaiko akunja kunachititsidwa ndi zochitika za oimba otchuka: G. Bülow, wotsogolera mmodzi wa opambana kwambiri ku Germany, Meiningen Orchestra; woimba zeze I. Joachim (mnzake wapamtima wa Brahms), mtsogoleri wa quartet ndi solo; woimba J. Stockhausen ndi ena. Magulu a nyimbo zosiyanasiyana (3 sonatas za violin ndi piyano - 1878-79, 1886, 1886-88; Sonata yachiwiri ya cello ndi piyano - 1886; 2 trios ya violin, cello ndi piano - 1880-82, 1886; zingwe 2; - 1882, 1890), Concerto for violin ndi cello ndi orchestra (1887), amagwirira ntchito kwaya cappella anali mabwenzi oyenera a symphonies. Izi ndi zakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80. anakonzeratu kusintha kwa nthawi yotsiriza ya kulenga, yodziwika ndi kulamulira kwa mitundu ya chipinda.

Wodzifunira yekha, Brahms, poopa kutopa kwa malingaliro ake olenga, anaganiza zosiya ntchito yake yolemba. Komabe, msonkhano m'chaka cha 1891 ndi clarinetist wa Meiningen Orchestra R. Mülfeld chinamupangitsa kuti apange Trio, Quintet (1891), ndiyeno sonatas awiri (1894) ndi clarinet. Mofananamo, Brahms analemba zidutswa 20 za piyano (p. 116-119), zomwe, pamodzi ndi clarinet ensembles, zinakhala zotsatira za kufufuza kwa kulenga kwa wolemba. Izi ndizowona makamaka za Quintet ndi piano intermezzo - "mitima yachisoni", kuphatikiza kuuma ndi chidaliro cha mawu anyimbo, kuzama komanso kuphweka kwa kulemba, kumveka komveka kwa mawu omveka bwino. Zosonkhanitsa za 1894 German Folk Songs (za mawu ndi piyano) zofalitsidwa mu 49 zinali umboni wa chidwi cha Brahms nthawi zonse ku nyimbo yachikale - makhalidwe ake abwino ndi kukongola kwake. Brahms ankachita nawo makonzedwe a nyimbo zachi German (kuphatikiza kwaya ya cappella) m'moyo wake wonse, analinso ndi chidwi ndi nyimbo za Asilavo (Czech, Slovak, Serbian), kubwereza khalidwe lawo mu nyimbo zake zochokera m'malemba a anthu. “Four Strict Melodies” za mawu ndi piyano (mtundu wa cantata solo pa malemba a m’Baibulo, 1895) ndi nyimbo zoyambilira za kwaya 11 (1896) zinawonjezera “chipangano chauzimu” cha wolembayo ndi kukopa mitundu ndi njira zaluso za Bach. nthawi, pafupi ndi mapangidwe a nyimbo zake, komanso mitundu ya anthu.

Mu nyimbo zake, Brahms adapanga chithunzi chowona ndi chovuta cha moyo wa mzimu waumunthu - chimphepo chamkuntho mwadzidzidzi, chokhazikika komanso cholimba mtima pogonjetsa zopinga zamkati, zachimwemwe ndi zokondwa, zofewa komanso nthawi zina zotopa, zanzeru ndi zokhwima, zachifundo komanso zomvera zauzimu. . Chikhumbo chofuna kuthetsa mikangano, kudalira zokhazikika komanso zamuyaya za moyo waumunthu, zomwe Brahms adaziwona m'chilengedwe, nyimbo ya anthu, mu luso la ambuye akuluakulu akale, mu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha kwawo. , muzosangalatsa zosavuta zaumunthu, nthawi zonse zimaphatikizidwa mu nyimbo zake ndi lingaliro la kusatheka kugwirizanitsa, kukulirakulira kutsutsana komvetsa chisoni. 4 ma symphonies a Brahms amawonetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za malingaliro ake. Mu Choyamba, wolowa m'malo mwachindunji Beethoven's symphonism, kuthwanima kwa kugundana kowoneka bwino komwe kumathetsedwa kumapeto kwa nyimbo yachisangalalo. Symphony yachiwiri, Viennese yeniyeni (yochokera - Haydn ndi Schubert), ikhoza kutchedwa "symphony of joy." Chachitatu - chokondana kwambiri pa nthawi yonseyi - chimachokera ku kuledzera kwachangu ndi moyo kupita ku nkhawa yodetsa nkhawa ndi sewero, mwadzidzidzi kubwereranso pamaso pa "kukongola kosatha" kwa chilengedwe, m'mawa wowala komanso womveka bwino. The Fourth Symphony, chipambano chachikulu cha symphonism ya Brahms, imayamba, malinga ndi tanthauzo la I. Sollertinsky, “kuchokera ku elegy kupita ku tsoka.” Ukulu wokhazikitsidwa ndi Brahms - woyimba wamkulu wa symphonist wa theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma XIX. - nyumba sizimapatula mawu ozama a kamvekedwe ka mawu amtundu uliwonse ndipo ndi "kiyi yayikulu" ya nyimbo zake.

E. Tsareva

Kuzama muzambiri, mwaluso mwaluso, ntchito za Brahms ndizomwe zachitika mwaluso kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha ku Germany mu theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX. Munthawi yovuta ya chitukuko chake, m'zaka za chisokonezo chamalingaliro ndi zaluso, Brahms adalowa m'malo komanso wopitilira. zapamwamba miyambo. Adawalemeretsa ndi zomwe a Germany adachita chikondi. Mavuto aakulu anabuka m’njira. Brahms anafuna kuwagonjetsa, kutembenukira ku chidziwitso cha mzimu weniweni wa nyimbo zamtundu, mwayi wolemera kwambiri wa nyimbo zachikale zakale.

"Nyimbo yachikhalidwe ndi yabwino kwanga," adatero Brahms. Ngakhale ali mnyamata, ankagwira ntchito ndi kwaya yakumidzi; kenako anakhala nthawi yaitali ngati wochititsa kwaya ndipo, mosasinthasintha ponena za nyimbo yachi German, kuilimbikitsa, kuikonza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nyimbo zake zili ndi mawonekedwe apadera adziko.

Ndi chidwi chachikulu ndi chidwi, Brahms ankachitira nyimbo zamtundu wa mayiko ena. Wolembayo adakhala gawo lalikulu la moyo wake ku Vienna. Mwachilengedwe, izi zidapangitsa kuti nyimbo za Brahms ziphatikizidwe m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu wa anthu a ku Austria. Vienna adatsimikizanso kufunika kwakukulu kwa nyimbo za Chihangare ndi Asilavo mu ntchito ya Brahms. "Chisilavo" chimadziwika bwino m'ntchito zake: m'matembenuzidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi nyimbo za Czech polka, mu njira zina zopangira mawu, kusinthasintha. Kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kayimbidwe ka nyimbo zamtundu wa ku Hungary, makamaka ngati kalembedwe ka ma verbunko, ndiko kuti, mogwirizana ndi miyambo ya anthu akumatauni, zinakhudza kwambiri nyimbo zingapo za a Brahms. V. Stasov adanena kuti "Mavinidwe achi Hungary" otchuka a Brahms ndi "oyenerera ulemerero wawo waukulu."

Kulowa movutikira mumalingaliro amtundu wina kumangopezeka kwa akatswiri ojambula okha omwe amalumikizana ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lawo. Izi ndi Glinka mu Spanish Overtures kapena Bizet ku Carmen. Ndi Brahms, wojambula wodziwika bwino wa anthu aku Germany, yemwe adatembenukira ku Asilavo ndi ku Hungarian.

M’zaka zake zocheperapo, Brahms anasiya mawu ofunika kwambiri akuti: “Zochitika ziŵiri zazikulu kwambiri m’moyo wanga ndizo kugwirizana kwa dziko la Germany ndi kutha kwa kusindikizidwa kwa ntchito za Bach.” Pano pamzere womwewo pali, zikuwoneka, zinthu zosayerekezeka. Koma ma Brahms, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala otopa ndi mawu, amaika tanthauzo lakuya m'mawu awa. Kukonda dziko lako, chidwi chachikulu pa tsogolo la dziko la amayi, chikhulupiriro champhamvu mu mphamvu za anthu mwachibadwa pamodzi ndi chidwi ndi chidwi ndi zomwe dziko la Germany ndi Austria likuchita. Ntchito za Bach ndi Handel, Mozart ndi Beethoven, Schubert ndi Schumann zinatumikira monga nyali zake zomutsogolera. Anaphunziranso kwambiri nyimbo zakale za polyphonic. Poyesera kumvetsetsa bwino njira za chitukuko cha nyimbo, a Brahms adasamalira kwambiri nkhani za luso lazojambula. Analemba mawu anzeru a Goethe m’kabuku kake: “Mawonekedwe (mu luso. MD) amapangidwa ndi zaka zikwi za khama la ambuye odabwitsa kwambiri, ndipo amene amawatsatira, motalikirapo kuti azitha kuzidziwa mofulumira.

Koma Brahms sanapatuke ku nyimbo zatsopano: kukana mawonetseredwe aliwonse odekha mu luso, adalankhula ndi chifundo chenicheni pa ntchito zambiri za anthu a m'nthawi yake. Brahms adayamikira kwambiri "Meistersingers" komanso zambiri mu "Valkyrie", ngakhale kuti anali ndi maganizo oipa pa "Tristan"; adasilira mphatso yoyimba komanso zida zowonekera za Johann Strauss; analankhula mwachikondi za Grieg; sewero la "Carmen" Bizet adatcha "wokondedwa" wake; ku Dvorak adapeza "talente yeniyeni, yolemera, yokongola." Zokonda zaluso za Brahms zimamuwonetsa ngati woyimba wachangu, wachindunji, wachilendo kukudzipatula kwamaphunziro.

Umu ndi momwe amawonekera mu ntchito yake. Ndilo lodzaza ndi zosangalatsa za moyo. M'mikhalidwe yovuta ya zenizeni zaku Germany m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, a Brahms adamenyera ufulu ndi ufulu wamunthu, adayimba molimba mtima komanso molimba mtima. Nyimbo zake zimakhala ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi tsogolo la munthu, zimanyamula mawu achikondi ndi chitonthozo. Ali ndi kamvekedwe kosakhazikika, kokwiya.

Kukoma mtima ndi kuwona mtima kwa nyimbo za Brahms, pafupi ndi Schubert, zimawululidwa bwino kwambiri m'mawu amawu, omwe ali ndi malo ofunikira mu cholowa chake chopanga. Mu ntchito za Brahms palinso masamba ambiri a mawu a filosofi, omwe ali ndi khalidwe la Bach. Popanga zithunzi zamanyimbo, ma Brahms nthawi zambiri ankadalira mitundu yomwe ilipo kale, makamaka nthano za ku Austria. Anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yodziwika bwino, adagwiritsa ntchito zovina za landler, waltz, ndi chardash.

Zithunzizi ziliponso m'mabuku a Brahms. Apa, mawonekedwe a sewero, chikondi chopanduka, kutengeka kwachangu kumawonekera kwambiri, zomwe zimamufikitsa pafupi ndi Schumann. Mu nyimbo za Brahms, palinso zithunzi zodzazidwa ndi vivacity ndi kulimba mtima, mphamvu zolimba mtima ndi mphamvu zazikulu. M'dera lino, akuwoneka ngati kupitiriza kwa chikhalidwe cha Beethoven mu nyimbo za ku Germany.

Zomwe zimasemphana kwambiri ndizomwe zimachitika m'mabuku ambiri a chamber-instrumental ndi symphonic a Brahms. Amapanganso masewero osangalatsa a maganizo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala omvetsa chisoni. Ntchito izi zimadziwika ndi chisangalalo cha nkhaniyo, pali chinachake cha rhapsodic mu ulaliki wawo. Koma ufulu wa kufotokoza mu ntchito zamtengo wapatali kwambiri za Brahms zikuphatikizidwa ndi malingaliro achitsulo a chitukuko: adayesa kuvala chiphalaphala chotentha cha chikondi m'mawonekedwe okhwima. Wolemba nyimboyo adadzazidwa ndi malingaliro ambiri; nyimbo zake zinali zodzaza ndi chuma chophiphiritsira, kusintha kosiyana kwa maganizo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikizika kwawo kwachilengedwe kunkafunika kuganiza mozama komanso kolondola, njira yolumikizirana kwambiri yomwe imatsimikizira kulumikizana kwa zithunzi zosasinthika.

Koma osati nthawi zonse, osati mu ntchito zake zonse, Brahms anatha kulinganiza chisangalalo chamaganizo ndi malingaliro okhwima a chitukuko cha nyimbo. amene ali pafupi naye chikondi zithunzi nthawi zina zimatsutsana tingachipeze powerenga njira yowonetsera. Kusasunthika kosasunthika nthawi zina kumabweretsa kusamveka bwino, kumveka kwachifunga, kumayambitsa mafotokozedwe osamalizidwa, osakhazikika azithunzi; Kumbali ina, pamene ntchito ya kulingalira inakhala patsogolo kuposa maganizo, nyimbo za Brahms zinapeza mbali zomveka, zosalingalira. (Tchaikovsky anawona izi zokha, zakutali kwa iye, mbali za ntchito ya Brahms choncho sanathe kumuyesa molondola. Nyimbo za Brahms, m'mawu ake, "monga ngati kunyoza ndi kukwiyitsa kumverera kwa nyimbo"; ozizira, chifunga, kwamuyaya.).

Koma ponseponse, zolemba zake zimakopa chidwi chodabwitsa komanso mwachangu pakusintha malingaliro ofunikira, kukhazikitsidwa kwawo koyenera. Pakuti, ngakhale kusagwirizana kwa zisankho zaluso za munthu aliyense, ntchito ya Brahms ili ndi kulimbana ndi zomwe zili mu nyimbo zenizeni, chifukwa cha malingaliro apamwamba a luso laumunthu.

Moyo ndi njira yolenga

Johannes Brahms anabadwira kumpoto kwa Germany, ku Hamburg, pa May 7, 1833. Bambo ake, omwe anachokera m’banja losauka, anali woimba wa mumzinda (woimba nyanga, kenako woimba nyimbo ziwiri). Ubwana wa woimbayo unadutsa muzosowa. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, zaka khumi ndi zitatu, amachita kale ngati woyimba piyano pamaphwando ovina. M’zaka zotsatira, amapeza ndalama ndi maphunziro apayekha, amasewera ngati woyimba piyano m’malo ochitirako zisudzo, ndipo nthaŵi zina amachita nawo zoimbaimba zazikulu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, atamaliza maphunziro a nyimbo ndi mphunzitsi wolemekezeka Eduard Marksen, yemwe adamuphunzitsa kukonda nyimbo zachikale, amalemba zambiri. Koma ntchito za a Brahm achichepere sizidziŵika kwa aliyense, ndipo chifukwa cha ndalama zopezera ndalama, munthu ayenera kulemba masewero a salon ndi zolembedwa, zomwe zimasindikizidwa pansi pa mayina achinyengo osiyanasiyana (pafupifupi 150 opus onse). Ndinatero,” anatero Brahms, pokumbukira zaka za ubwana wake.

Mu 1853 Brahms anachoka mumzinda wakwawo; pamodzi ndi woyimba zeze Eduard (Ede) Remenyi, mkaidi wa ndale ku Hungary, anapita ulendo wautali woimba nyimbo. Nthawi imeneyi imaphatikizapo kudziwana ndi Liszt ndi Schumann. Woyamba wa iwo, ndi kukoma mtima kwake mwachizolowezi, anachitira mpaka pano wosadziwika, wodzichepetsa ndi wamanyazi wazaka makumi awiri. Kulandiridwa kotentha kwambiri kunamuyembekezera ku Schumann. Zaka khumi zapita kuchokera pamene womalizayo adasiya kutenga nawo mbali mu New Musical Journal yomwe adalenga, koma, atadabwa ndi talente yapachiyambi ya Brahms, Schumann adathyola chete - adalemba nkhani yake yomaliza yotchedwa "Njira Zatsopano". Iye anatcha wolemba nyimbo wachinyamatayo kukhala mbuye wathunthu amene “amasonyeza bwino lomwe mzimu wa nthaŵizo.” Ntchito ya Brahms, ndipo panthawiyi anali kale wolemba limba kwambiri (pakati pawo sonatas atatu), adakopa chidwi cha aliyense: oimira masukulu onse a Weimar ndi Leipzig adafuna kumuwona pagulu lawo.

Brahms ankafuna kukhala kutali ndi udani wa masukulu amenewa. Koma adagwa pansi pa chithumwa chosatsutsika cha umunthu wa Robert Schumann ndi mkazi wake, woimba piyano wotchuka Clara Schumann, amene Brahms adasunga chikondi ndi ubwenzi weniweni pazaka makumi anayi zotsatira. Malingaliro aluso ndi zikhulupiriro (komanso tsankho, makamaka kwa Liszt!) za banja lodabwitsali zinali zosatsutsika kwa iye. Ndipo kotero, pamene chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50, pambuyo pa imfa ya Schumann, kulimbana kwamalingaliro kwa cholowa chake chaluso kunayambika, Brahms sakanatha kutenga nawo mbali. Mu 1860, adalankhula mosindikizidwa (kwa nthawi yokhayo m'moyo wake!) onse oimba abwino kwambiri achijeremani. Chifukwa cha ngozi yosadziwika bwino, pamodzi ndi dzina la Brahms, pansi pa chionetsero ichi panali oimba atatu okha achichepere (kuphatikizapo woyimba violini wotchuka Josef Joachim, bwenzi la Brahms); ena onse, mayina otchuka sanatchulidwe m'nyuzipepala. Kuukira kumeneku, komanso, kolembedwa mwaukali, kopanda tanthauzo, kudakumana ndi chidani ndi ambiri, makamaka Wagner.

Izi zisanachitike, machitidwe a Brahms ndi Concerto yake Yoyamba ya Piano ku Leipzig adadziwika ndi kulephera kochititsa manyazi. Oimira sukulu ya Leipzig adamuyankha moyipa ngati "Weimar". Motero, atachoka mwadzidzidzi kuchoka ku gombe limodzi, Brahms sanathe kumamatira ku gombe lina. Munthu wolimba mtima ndi wolemekezeka, iye, ngakhale kuti anali ndi zovuta za kukhalapo ndi kuukira kwankhanza kwa asilikali a Wagnerian, sanapange zosokoneza. Brahms adadzipatula yekha, adadzitsekera ku mikangano, kunja adachoka kunkhondo. Koma mu ntchito yake anapitiriza izo: kutenga zabwino kwambiri za luso la masukulu onse, ndi nyimbo zanu adatsimikizira (ngakhale osati nthawi zonse) kusagwirizana kwa mfundo za malingaliro, dziko ndi demokalase monga maziko a luso loona moyo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60 kunali, pamlingo wina, nthawi yamavuto a Brahms. Pambuyo pa mkuntho ndi ndewu, pang'onopang'ono amafika pakukwaniritsidwa kwa ntchito zake zopanga. Inali nthawi imeneyi pamene anayamba ntchito yaitali ntchito yaikulu ya mawu-symphonic dongosolo ("German Requiem", 1861-1868), pa First Symphony (1862-1876), intensively kuonekera m'munda wa chipinda. zolemba (piyano quartets, quintet, cello sonata). Poyesera kuthana ndi malingaliro achikondi, a Brahms amaphunzira mozama nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu, komanso zachikale za Viennese (nyimbo, nyimbo zoimbira, makwaya).

1862 ndi nthawi yosinthira moyo wa Brahms. Popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kudziko lakwawo, amasamukira ku Vienna, komwe amakhala mpaka imfa yake. Woyimba piyano wodabwitsa komanso kondakitala, akufunafuna ntchito yokhazikika. Kumudzi kwawo ku Hamburg adamukana izi, kuvulaza bala losapola. Ku Vienna, adayesa kawiri kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito monga mtsogoleri wa Singing Chapel (1863-1864) ndi wotsogolera wa Society of Friends of Music (1872-1875), koma adasiya maudindo awa: sanabweretse. iye anali wokhutira kwambiri mwaluso kapena chitetezo chakuthupi. Udindo wa Brahms udayenda bwino pakati pa zaka za m'ma 70, pomwe adadziwika ndi anthu. Brahms amachita zambiri ndi ntchito zake za symphonic ndi chipinda, amayendera mizinda ingapo ku Germany, Hungary, Holland, Switzerland, Galicia, Poland. Iye ankakonda maulendo amenewa, kudziwa mayiko atsopano ndipo, monga alendo, anali kasanu ndi Italy.

Zaka za m'ma 70 ndi 80s ndi nthawi ya kukhwima kwa Brahms. M'zaka izi, symphonies, violin ndi limba wachiwiri concertos, ntchito zambiri chipinda (atatu violin sonatas, cello wachiwiri, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu limba trios, quartets zingwe zitatu), nyimbo, kwaya, ensembles mawu. Monga kale, Brahms mu ntchito yake amatanthauza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya luso lanyimbo (kupatulapo sewero loimba, ngakhale kuti anali kulemba opera). Amayesetsa kuphatikizira zakuya ndi kuzindikira kwa demokalase, motero, limodzi ndi zida zovuta, amapanga nyimbo zosavuta zatsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi zina zopanga nyimbo zapakhomo (zoimba nyimbo "Nyimbo Zachikondi", "Zovina za ku Hungarian", waltzes wa piyano. , ndi zina). Komanso, pogwira ntchito m'mbali zonse ziwiri, woimbayo sasintha kalembedwe kake, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lake lodabwitsa lotsutsana ndi ntchito zodziwika bwino komanso popanda kutaya kuphweka ndi chikondi m'mayimbidwe.

Kukula kwa malingaliro ndi luso la Brahms kumadziwikanso ndi kufanana kwapadera pakuthetsa mavuto opanga. Choncho, pafupifupi nthawi imodzi, iye analemba awiri oimba serenades osiyana zikuchokera (1858 ndi 1860), awiri piano quartets (op. 25 ndi 26, 1861), awiri zingwe quartets (op. 51, 1873); mwamsanga pambuyo pa kutha kwa Requiem akutengedwa "Nyimbo za Chikondi" (1868-1869); pamodzi ndi "Festive" amapanga "Tragic Overture" (1880-1881); Symphony yoyamba, "yomvetsa chisoni" ili moyandikana ndi yachiwiri, "abusa" (1876-1878); Chachitatu, "ngwazi" - ndi Chachinayi, "zomvetsa chisoni" (1883-1885) (Kuti tifotokozere zomwe zili mu nyimbo za Brahms, mayina awo ovomerezeka asonyezedwa apa.). M'chilimwe cha 1886, zimenezi zosiyana ntchito za mtundu wanyimbo chipinda monga ochititsa chidwi Second Cello Sonata (op. 99), kuwala, idyllic mu maganizo Second Violin Sonata (op. 100), epic Wachitatu Piano Trio (op. 101) komanso wokondwa kwambiri, womvetsa chisoni Wachitatu Violin Sonata (op. 108).

Chakumapeto kwa moyo wake - Brahms anamwalira pa Epulo 3, 1897 - ntchito yake yolenga imafooka. Anapanga symphony ndi nyimbo zina zazikulu, koma zidutswa za chipinda ndi nyimbo zokha zinkachitidwa. Sikuti mitundu yamitundu idachepera, mitundu yazithunzi idachepera. Sizingatheke kuti musawone mu izi chiwonetsero cha kutopa kwachilengedwe kwa munthu wosungulumwa, wokhumudwa pakulimbana kwa moyo. Matenda opweteka omwe adamufikitsa kumanda (khansa ya chiwindi) analinso ndi zotsatira. Komabe, zaka zomalizirazi zinazindikirikanso ndi kupangidwa kwa nyimbo zoona, zolimbikitsa anthu, zolemekeza malingaliro apamwamba a makhalidwe abwino. Ndikokwanira kutchula monga zitsanzo za piano intermezzos (op. 116-119), clarinet quintet (op. 115), kapena Four Strict Melodies (op. 121). Ndipo Brahms adajambula chikondi chake chosazirala pa zaluso zamtundu wa anthu m'gulu labwino kwambiri la nyimbo zachi German makumi anayi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zamawu ndi piyano.

Makhalidwe a kalembedwe

Brahms ndiye woyimilira wamkulu womaliza wa nyimbo zaku Germany zazaka za zana la XNUMX, yemwe adapanga miyambo yazachikhalidwe komanso zaluso zamakhalidwe apamwamba adziko. Ntchito yake, komabe, ilibe kutsutsana kwina, chifukwa nthawi zonse sankatha kumvetsetsa zochitika zovuta zamakono, sanaphatikizidwe muzolimbana ndi ndale. Koma Brahms sanapereke malingaliro apamwamba aumunthu, sanagwirizane ndi malingaliro a bourgeois, anakana chirichonse chabodza, chosakhalitsa mu chikhalidwe ndi luso.

Brahms adapanga kalembedwe kake koyambirira. Chilankhulo chake chanyimbo chimadziwika ndi mikhalidwe yamunthu payekha. Chodziwika kwa iye ndi mawu okhudzana ndi nyimbo zachi German, zomwe zimakhudza mapangidwe a mitu, kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo molingana ndi mawu atatu, ndi kutembenuka kwa plagal kukhala komweko m'magulu akale a nyimbo. Ndipo plagality imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu mu mgwirizano; nthawi zambiri, subdominant yaying'ono imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu chachikulu, ndipo chachikulu mwa chaching'ono. Ntchito za Brahms zimadziwika ndi zoyambira modal. "Kugwedezeka" kwa wamkulu - wamng'ono ndi khalidwe la iye. Choncho, cholinga chachikulu cha nyimbo za "Brahms" zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi chiwembu chotsatirachi (chiwembu choyamba chimakhala ndi mutu wa gawo lalikulu la Symphony Choyamba, chachiwiri - ndi mutu wofanana wa Third Symphony):

Chiŵerengero chopatsidwa cha magawo atatu ndi asanu ndi limodzi mu kapangidwe ka nyimboyo, komanso njira za kuwirikiza katatu kapena kachisanu ndi chimodzi, ndizo zokondedwa za Brahms. Kawirikawiri, imadziwika ndi kutsindika pa digiri yachitatu, yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri pamtundu wa modal. Zosayembekezereka zosinthika mosinthika, kusinthika kwa ma modal, zazikulu-zing'onozing'ono, melodic ndi harmonic yaikulu - zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kusinthasintha, kulemera kwa mithunzi ya zomwe zili. Ma rhythm ovuta, kuphatikiza kwa mita ngakhale osamvetseka, kuyambitsa katatu, kamvekedwe ka madontho, kulumikizana mumzere wosalala wanyimbo kumathandizanso izi.

Mosiyana ndi nyimbo zomveka zozungulira, mitu ya Brahms nthawi zambiri imakhala yotseguka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuloweza ndi kuzindikira. Chizoloŵezi chotere cha "kutsegula" malire amutu chimayambitsidwa ndi chikhumbo chokhutiritsa nyimbo ndi chitukuko momwe zingathere. (Taneyev adafunanso izi.). BV Asafiev adanenanso kuti Brahms ngakhale m'nyimbo zazing'ono "kulikonse komwe munthu akumva. Chitukuko".

Kutanthauzira kwa Brahms pa mfundo za mapangidwe kumazindikiridwa ndi chiyambi chapadera. Ankadziwa bwino zochitika zazikulu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Ulaya, ndipo, pamodzi ndi ndondomeko zamakono zamakono, adagwiritsa ntchito kale, zingawoneke ngati zosagwiritsidwa ntchito: izi ndi mawonekedwe akale a sonata, kusintha kosiyana, njira za basso ostinato. ; adapereka chiwonetsero chowirikiza mu konsati, adagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za concerto grosso. Komabe, izi sizinachitike chifukwa cha masitayelo, osati chifukwa chokomedwa ndi mawonekedwe akale: kugwiritsa ntchito mozama kwa mapangidwe okhazikitsidwa kunali kofunikira kwambiri.

Mosiyana ndi oimira machitidwe a Liszt-Wagner, Brahms ankafuna kutsimikizira luso akale compositional amatanthauza kusamutsa amakono kupanga malingaliro ndi zomverera, ndipo kwenikweni, ndi luso lake, adatsimikizira izi. Kuphatikiza apo, adawona njira zamtengo wapatali, zofunika kwambiri zofotokozera, zokhazikika munyimbo zachikale, ngati chida cholimbana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe, mwaluntha mwaluso. Wotsutsa za subjectivism mu luso, Brahms anateteza malangizo a luso lachikale. Iye anatembenukira kwa iwonso chifukwa chakuti anafuna kuletsa kuphulika kopanda malire kwa malingaliro ake, kumene kunathetsa malingaliro ake okondwa, ankhawa, ndi osakhazikika. Sanapambane nthawi zonse mu izi, nthawi zina pamakhala zovuta zazikulu pakukhazikitsa mapulani akulu. Zomwe Brahms adachita molimbikira kumasulira mitundu yakale ndi mfundo zokhazikitsidwa zachitukuko. Anabweretsa zinthu zambiri zatsopano.

Zopindulitsa kwambiri ndizochita bwino pakukula kwa mfundo zachitukuko, zomwe adaziphatikiza ndi mfundo za sonata. Kutengera Beethoven (onani zosintha zake 32 za piyano kapena chomaliza cha Ninth Symphony), Brahms adakwaniritsa mumayendedwe ake sewero losiyana, koma lacholinga, "kupyolera". Umboni wa izi ndi Kusiyana kwa mutu wa Handel, pamutu wa Haydn, kapena passacaglia yodabwitsa ya Fourth Symphony.

Potanthauzira mawonekedwe a sonata, Brahms adaperekanso mayankho pawokha: adaphatikiza ufulu wolankhula ndi malingaliro akale a chitukuko, chisangalalo chachikondi ndi malingaliro omveka bwino. Kuchuluka kwa zithunzi zomwe zili m'mawu ochititsa chidwi ndi mbali ya nyimbo za Brahms. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, mitu isanu ili mu kufotokoza kwa gawo loyamba la piano quintet, gawo lalikulu la mapeto a Third Symphony lili ndi mitu itatu yosiyana, mitu iwiri ya mbali ili mu gawo loyamba la Symphony Yachinayi, ndi zina zotero. Zithunzizi zimasiyanitsidwa mosiyana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagogomezeredwa ndi maubwenzi a modal (mwachitsanzo, mu gawo loyamba la Symphony Yoyamba, mbali ya mbali imaperekedwa mu Es-dur, ndi gawo lomaliza mu es-moll; mu gawo lofananira. ya Third Symphony, poyerekeza magawo omwewo A-dur - a-moll; pamapeto a symphony yotchedwa - C-dur - c -moll, etc.).

Brahms anapereka chidwi chapadera pa chitukuko cha zithunzi za phwando lalikulu. Mitu yake mumayendedwe nthawi zambiri imabwerezedwa popanda kusintha komanso mufungulo lomwelo, lomwe ndi mawonekedwe a rondo sonata mawonekedwe. Ma ballad a nyimbo za Brahms amadziwonetseranso mu izi. Chipani chachikulu chimatsutsana kwambiri ndi chomaliza (nthawi zina cholumikizira), chomwe chimakhala ndi nyimbo yamphamvu yamadontho, kuguba, nthawi zambiri kutembenuka konyada kochokera ku nthano zachi Hungary (onani gawo loyambirira la Symphonies Yoyamba ndi Yachinayi, Violin ndi Concerto Yachiwiri ya Piano. ndi ena). Zigawo zam'mbali, zotengera nyimbo ndi mitundu ya nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku za Viennese, sizinathe ndipo sizikhala malo oimba nyimbo. Koma ndizothandiza pa chitukuko ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasintha kwambiri pa chitukuko. Chotsatiracho chimachitidwa mwachidule komanso mwamphamvu, monga momwe zinthu zachitukuko zasonyezedwera kale muzowonetsera.

Brahms anali katswiri wodziwa kusintha kwamalingaliro, kuphatikiza zithunzi zamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana pakukula kumodzi. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi kulumikizana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwawo, komanso kufalikira kwa njira zolumikizirana. Choncho, adachita bwino kwambiri kubwerera ku chiyambi cha nkhaniyo - ngakhale mkati mwa mawonekedwe ophweka a katatu. Izi ndizochita bwino kwambiri mu sonata allegro poyandikira reprise. Komanso, pofuna kukulitsa sewero, Brahms amakonda, monga Tchaikovsky, kusintha malire a chitukuko ndi kubwezeretsanso, zomwe nthawi zina zimabweretsa kukana ntchito yonse ya gawo lalikulu. Momwemonso, kufunikira kwa code monga mphindi ya kupsinjika kwakukulu pakukula kwa gawo kumawonjezeka. Zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi za izi zimapezeka mumayendedwe oyambirira a Third ndi Fourth Symphonies.

Brahms ndi katswiri wa sewero lanyimbo. Onse m'malire a gawo limodzi, komanso panthawi yonse ya zida, adapereka chiganizo chofanana cha lingaliro limodzi, koma, kuyika chidwi chonse pa. mkati malingaliro a chitukuko cha nyimbo, nthawi zambiri amanyalanyazidwa kunja kufotokoza kosangalatsa kwa malingaliro. Umu ndi mmene a Brahms amaonera vuto la khalidwe labwino; kotero ndikutanthauzira kwake kwa kuthekera kwa zida zoimbira, okhestra. Sanagwiritse ntchito zoimbira za ochestra chabe ndipo, m'malingaliro ake omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino, magawo awiri, mawu ophatikizana, sanayesere payekha komanso kutsutsa kwawo. Komabe, nyimbo zikafuna, Brahms adapeza kukoma kwachilendo komwe amafunikira (onani zitsanzo pamwambapa). Podziletsa koteroko, chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za njira yake yolenga zimawululidwa, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kudziletsa kwabwino.

Brahms anati: “Sitingathenso kulemba mokongola monga Mozart, tidzayesa kulemba moyera monga iye.” Sizokhudza luso lokha, komanso zomwe zili mu nyimbo za Mozart, kukongola kwake kwamakhalidwe. Brahms adapanga nyimbo zovuta kwambiri kuposa Mozart, zomwe zikuwonetsa zovuta komanso kusagwirizana kwa nthawi yake, koma adatsata mawu awa, chifukwa chikhumbo chamalingaliro apamwamba, malingaliro audindo wakuzama pa chilichonse chomwe adachita adawonetsa moyo wakulenga wa Johannes Brahms.

M. Druskin

• Kupanga kwamawu kwa Brahms →
• Kupanga kwa zida zoimbira za Brahms →
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• Ntchito ya piyano ya Brahms →

• Mndandanda wa ntchito za Brahms →