Mbiri ndi mawonekedwe a chitoliro chopingasa
Chidule cha mbiriyakale
Tinganene kuti mbiri ya chitoliro ndi imodzi mwa mbiri yakale kwambiri ya zida zomwe tikudziwa masiku ano. Zimabwerera zaka zikwi zingapo, ngakhale kuti zida zoyamba sizinafanane ndi zomwe tikudziwa lero. Poyamba, iwo anali opangidwa ndi bango, fupa kapena matabwa (kuphatikizapo ebony, boxwood), minyanga ya njovu, zadothi komanso ngakhale krustalo. Mwachibadwa, pachiyambi iwo anali ojambulira, ndipo mmodzi wa oyambirira amene anali ndi sikelo m’lingaliro lamakono la mawuwo anali ndi mabowo asanu ndi atatu. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, chitolirocho chinasintha mosiyanasiyana, koma kusintha kwenikweni kotereku pomanga ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kunachitika m'zaka za zana la 1831, pamene Theobald Boehm, m'zaka za 1847-XNUMX, adapanga makina ndi zomangamanga zofanana ndi wamakono. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, chitoliro chopingasa ndi zida zina zambiri zidasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi mpaka zaka za zana la XNUMX, ambiri aiwo adapangidwa pafupifupi matabwa. Masiku ano, zitoliro zambiri zodutsa zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo. Inde, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chitoliro chodutsa ndi faifi tambala kapena siliva. Golide ndi platinamu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pomanga. Kutengera ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chidacho chimakhala ndi mawu akeake. Nthawi zambiri, kuti apeze phokoso lapadera, opanga amamanga chidacho pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zosiyanasiyana, kuziphatikiza ndi wina ndi mzake, mwachitsanzo, wosanjikiza wamkati ukhoza kukhala wasiliva ndi wakunja wosanjikiza golide.
Makhalidwe a chitoliro
Chitoliro chopingasa ndi cha gulu la zida zoimbira matabwa. Pagulu ili ndi chida chomwe chimatha kukwaniritsa mawu apamwamba kwambiri. Ilinso ndi sikelo yayikulu kwambiri ya chida chilichonse chamatabwa, kuyambira c kapena h chocheperako, kutengera kapangidwe kake, mpaka d4. Mwachidziwitso, mutha kutulutsa f4, ngakhale ndizovuta kwambiri kukwaniritsa. Zolemba za gawo la chitoliro zalembedwa pa treble clef. Chidachi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana mumtundu uliwonse wanyimbo. Ndibwino ngati chida choimbira chokha komanso chida chotsatira. Tikhoza kukumana naye m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a m'chipinda chapansi komanso m'magulu akuluakulu a symphony kapena jazz.
Kupanga chitoliro chopingasa
Chitoliro chopingasa chili ndi magawo atatu: mutu, thupi ndi phazi. Pamutu pali cholankhulira chomwe timakanikiza milomo yathu. Mutu umalowetsedwa m'thupi ndi mabowo opindika ndi makina okhala ndi 13 flaps omwe amatsegula ndi kutseka mabowo. Ziphuphu zimatha kutseguka ndi mabowo a chala pakati kapena kutsekedwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zonse. Chinthu chachitatu ndi phazi, lomwe ndi gawo lomwe limakulolani kutulutsa mawu otsika kwambiri. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mapazi: phazi c (mpaka c¹) ndi h (kutalika, ndi chowonjezera chowonjezera cha h chaching'ono).
Zaukadaulo za chitoliro
Chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu komanso kapangidwe ka chitoliro chopingasa, kuthekera kwa chida ichi ndi chachikulu kwambiri. Mutha kuyisewera momasuka pogwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosewerera zomwe tikudziwa masiku ano, kuphatikiza: legato, staccato, staccato iwiri ndi katatu, tremolo, frullato, zokongoletsera zamitundu yonse, ndi ma whirlpools. Komanso, popanda zovuta zazikulu, mutha kuyenda mtunda wautali pakati pa mawu amodzi, omwe amadziwika kuti intervals. Sikelo ya tonal ya chitoliro chodutsa chitha kugawidwa m'makaundula anayi oyambira: Register yotsika (c1-g1), yomwe imadziwika ndi mawu akuda komanso oyimba. Kaundula wapakati (a1-d3) ali ndi mawu ochepa, ofewa komanso owala pamene zolemba zikupita mmwamba. Regista yapamwamba (e3-b3) imakhala ndi mawu omveka bwino, a crystalline, akuthwa kwambiri komanso olowera. Register yapamwamba kwambiri (h3-d4) imadziwika ndi mawu akuthwa kwambiri, owala kwambiri. Zoonadi, kuthekera kwamphamvu, kutanthauzira ndi kufotokozera mwachindunji kumadalira luso la flutist mwiniwake.
Mitundu ya zitoliro zopingasa
Kwa zaka zambiri, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chida ichi yapangidwa, koma zofunika kwambiri komanso zodziwika kwambiri ndi izi: chitoliro chachikulu (chokhazikika) chokhala ndi sikelo yochokera ku c¹ kapena h yaying'ono (zimadalira kapangidwe ka phazi la chitoliro) mpaka d4, ndiye chitoliro cha piccolo, chomwe ndi chachifupi ndi theka lachifupi kuposa muyezo komanso pakukonza chitoliro chokwera kwambiri, ndi chitoliro cha alto, chomwe mulingo wake umachokera ku f mpaka f3. Palinso mitundu ina yochepera yodziwika bwino ya zitoliro zopingasa, koma nthawi zambiri sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu pakadali pano.
Kukambitsirana
Mosakayikira, chitoliro chodutsa ndi chimodzi mwa zida zomwe zili ndi luso loimba kwambiri, koma ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri kuphunzira zida zamatabwa.
