Mbiri ya chitoliro

Dudkoy Ndi mwambo kuitana gulu lonse la wowerengeka mphepo zida. Zida zoimbira zomwe zimayimira gululi zimawoneka ngati machubu opanda kanthu opangidwa ndi matabwa, bast, kapena tsinde la zomera zopanda kanthu (mwachitsanzo, motherwort kapena angelica). Amakhulupirira kuti chitolirocho ndi mitundu yake idagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu nthano za ku Russia, komabe, pali zida zambiri zowulutsira zomwe zimapezeka m'maiko ena, zomwe zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe awo komanso zomveka.

Chitoliro - chida champhepo cha nthawi za Paleolithic

Mipope ndi mitundu yawo ndi ya gulu la zitoliro za nthawi yayitali, mawonekedwe akale kwambiri omwe ndi mluzu. Zinkawoneka motere: chubu chopangidwa ndi bango, nsungwi kapena fupa. Poyamba zinkangogwiritsidwa ntchito poimba mluzu, koma kenako anthu anazindikira kuti ngati mutadula kapena kukumba mabowo, ndiyeno mutseke ndi kutsegula ena mwa iwo posewera, mukhoza kupeza phokoso lautali wosiyana.

Zaka za chitoliro chakale kwambiri chopezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ndi pafupifupi zaka 5000 BC. Zomwe zimapangidwira zinali fupa la chimbalangondo chaching'ono, momwe mabowo 4 adapangidwa mosamala pambali mothandizidwa ndi fang ya nyama. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zitoliro zakale zinawongoleredwa. Poyamba, m’mbali mwake munali mano a m’mphepete mwake, kenaka chida chapadera choimbira muluzu ndi nsonga yofanana ndi milomo ya mbalame idawonekera. Izi zidathandizira kwambiri kutulutsa mawu.

Mapaipi afalikira padziko lonse lapansi, akupeza mikhalidwe yawoyawo m'dziko lililonse. Achibale apamtima a mapaipi ochokera m'gulu la zitoliro zazitali ndi awa: - Syringa, chida champhepo chakale chachi Greek, chotchulidwa mu Iliad ya Homer. - Qena, chitoliro cha bango 7-bowo popanda mluzu, chofala ku Latin America. - Mluzu (kuchokera ku liwu lachingerezi whistle - whistle), lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri munyimbo zachi Irish ndi Scottish komanso zopangidwa kuchokera kumitengo kapena tinplate. - Recorder (chitoliro chokhala ndi chipika chaching'ono pamutu wa chidacho), chomwe chinafala ku Ulaya kumayambiriro kwa zaka chikwi chomaliza.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi pakati pa Asilavo

Ndi zida zotani zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mapaipi? Chitoliro ndi chitoliro, kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 90 cm, ndi mabowo 3-7 posewera. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zopangira ndi nkhuni za msondodzi, elderberry, chitumbuwa cha mbalame. Komabe, zinthu zosakhalitsa (bango, mabango) zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri. Maonekedwewo amasiyananso: chubucho chikhoza kukhala chozungulira, chimatha kuchepera kapena kukulira kumapeto, kutengera mtundu wa chida.

Imodzi mwa mitundu yakale kwambiri ya mapaipi ndi chisoni. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi abusa kutchula ng'ombe zawo. Zikuwoneka ngati chubu lalifupi la bango (kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi 10-15 cm) ndi belu kumapeto. Masewerawa ndi osavuta ndipo safuna luso lapadera kapena maphunziro. M'chigawo cha Tver, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zhaleika, yopangidwa kuchokera ku keychain ya msondodzi, yafalikiranso, yomwe imakhala ndi mawu osavuta kwambiri.

M'madera a Kursk ndi Belgorod, abusa ankakonda kuimba pyzhatka - chitoliro chamatabwa chautali. Dzinali linatengedwa kuchokera ku mlomo wometa ubweya wotchinga kumapeto kwa chidacho. Phokoso la pyzhatka limaphwanyidwa pang'ono, kulira kwake: kumaperekedwa ndi ulusi woviikidwa mu sera ndikubala mozungulira chubu.

Chimodzi mwa zida zodziwika bwino chinali kalyuk, chomwe chimatchedwanso "chitoliro cha zitsamba" kapena "kukakamiza". Zomwe zimapangidwira nthawi zambiri zinali zomera zaminga (motero dzina lakuti "kalyuka"), koma zitoliro zazing'ono zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zinkapangidwa kuchokera ku hogweed kapena zomera zopanda kanthu. Mosiyana ndi mipope yomwe ili pamwambayi, kukakamiza kunali ndi mabowo awiri okha - kulowetsa ndi kutuluka, ndipo phokoso la phokoso limasiyanasiyana malinga ndi ngodya ndi mphamvu ya mpweya woperekedwa, komanso momwe bowolo limatseguka kapena kutseka. m'munsi mapeto a chida. Kalyuka ankaonedwa kuti ndi chida chachimuna chokha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi pakali pano

Inde, tsopano kutchuka kwa zida zachikhalidwe zaku Russia sikuli kokulirapo, mwachitsanzo, zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. Adalowetsedwa m'malo ndi zida zomveka bwino komanso zamphamvu kwambiri - zitoliro zopingasa, ma oboes ndi ena. Komabe, ngakhale tsopano akupitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito poimba nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu monga chotsatira.