Momwe mungasankhire chitoliro

Mphutsi (Flauto waku Italiya wochokera ku Latin flatus - "mphepo, mpweya"; French flûte, English chitoliro, German Flöte) ndi chida choimbira chamatabwa cha kaundula wa soprano a. Phokoso la chitoliro limasintha mwa kuwomba (kutulutsa ma consonances ogwirizana ndi milomo), komanso kutsegula ndi kutseka mabowo ndi ma valve. Zitoliro zamakono nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo (nickel, siliva, golidi, platinamu), kawirikawiri - kuchokera kumatabwa, nthawi zina - kuchokera ku galasi, pulasitiki ndi zipangizo zina.

Transverse chitoliro - dzina chifukwa chakuti pa masewera woimba akugwira chida osati ofukula, koma yopingasa; pakamwa , motero, ili pambali. Zitoliro za mapangidwe awa zidawonekera kalekale, m'nthawi yamakedzana komanso ku China wakale (zaka za zana la 9 BC). Gawo lamakono la chitukuko cha chitoliro chopingasa chinayamba mu 1832, pamene mbuye wa ku Germany T. Boehm adayiyika patsogolo; m'kupita kwa nthawi, zosiyanasiyanazi m'malo kale wotchuka longitudinal chitoliro. Chitoliro chopingasa chimadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa octave yoyamba mpaka yachinayi; kaundula wapansi ndi wofewa ndi wogontha, mawu apamwamba kwambiri, m'malo mwake, ndi kuboola ndi kuimba mluzu, ndipo zolembera zapakati ndi zina zapamwamba zimakhala ndi timbre zomwe zimafotokozedwa kuti ndizofatsa komanso zomveka.

Kapangidwe ka chitoliro

Chitoliro chamakono chimagawidwa m'magulu atatu: mutu, thupi ndi bondo.

mutu

Pamwamba pa chidacho pali dzenje lambali lowuzira mpweya (bowo kapena embouchure). M'munsi mwa dzenje muli thickenings mu mawonekedwe a milomo. Amatchedwa "masiponji" ndipo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale bata kwambiri pamasewera, iwo thandizani kutaya mpweya kwambiri. Pali pulagi kumapeto kwa mutu (iyenera kuchitidwa mosamala poyeretsa chida). Mothandizidwa ndi kapu yamatabwa yomwe imayikidwapo, cork imakankhidwa mwamphamvu mkati mwakuya kwakukulu kapena kocheperako kuti itenge malo oyenera, momwe ma octave onse amamveka ndendende. Pulagi yowonongeka iyenera kukonzedwa mu msonkhano wa akatswiri. Mutu wa chitoliro ukhoza kusinthidwa kuti ukhale womveka bwino wa chida

thupi

Ili ndi gawo lapakati la chida, momwe muli mabowo otulutsa mawu ndi ma valve omwe amatseka ndikutsegula. Makina a valve amawunidwa bwino kwambiri ndipo ayenera kusamaliridwa mosamala.

bondo

Kwa makiyi omwe ali pa bondo, chala chaching'ono cha dzanja lamanja chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali mitundu iwiri ya bondo: Dondo kapena Si bondo. Pa chitoliro chokhala ndi bondo la C, phokoso lapansi ndi C la octave yoyamba, pa zitoliro ndi bondo la C - C la octave yaing'ono. Bondo la C limakhudza phokoso la octave yachitatu ya chidacho, komanso kumapangitsa kuti chidacho chikhale cholemera kwambiri. Pali "gizmo" lever pa bondo la C, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba zala mpaka octave yachinayi. Mapangidwe a chitoliro
makina a valve akhoza kukhala amitundu iwiri: "inline" ("mu mzere") - pamene ma valve onse amapanga mzere umodzi, ndi "offset" - pamene ma valve awiri amchere amatuluka.

Ngakhale kuti kusiyana kuli kokha pa malo a valve G, malingana ndi izi, kuyika kwa dzanja la woimbayo kumasintha kwambiri. Osewera akatswiri amitundu yonse iwiri ya zitoliro amati kapangidwe kake kamene kamalola ma trill othamanga , koma kusankha kumatengera njira yomwe mumamasuka nayo.

Zitoliro za ana

pakuti ana ndi ophunzira ndi manja ang'onoang'ono, kudziwa bwino chidacho kungakhale kovuta. Poganizira izi, zitsanzo za ana zimakhala ndi mutu wokhotakhota, womwe umakulolani kuti mufikire ma valve onse mosavuta. Chitoliro choterocho ndi choyenera kwa oimba ang'onoang'ono komanso omwe chida chokwanira chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri.

Kuphunzitsa zitoliro

Mavavu a chitoliro ndi lotseguka (ndi ma resonators) ndi chatsekedwa . Monga lamulo, muzojambula zophunzitsira, ma valve amatsekedwa kuti athetse masewerawo. Mosiyana ndi cholakwika chofala, chitoliro sizikumveka kumapeto, kotero kusiyana kwa kusewera ndi ma valve otseguka ndi otsekedwa kumakhudza kwambiri phokoso. Oimba akatswiri amaimba zida zokhala ndi mavavu otseguka, chifukwa izi zimakulitsa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kosalala kuchokera pa noti imodzi kupita ku ina kapena kotala sitepe mmwamba / pansi.

Mitundu yonse ya ana ndi maphunziro nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi alloy ya nickel ndi siliva, yomwe imakhala yolimba kuposa siliva wangwiro. Chifukwa cha kunyezimira kwake kokongola, siliva ndiyenso kumaliza kotchuka kwambiri, pomwe zitoliro zopaka faifi ndi zotsika mtengo. Omwe ali ndi matupi a faifi tambala kapena siliva amalangizidwa kuti asankhe chitoliro chopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zopanda matupi.

Zitoliro zapamwamba ndi akatswiri mlingo

Kusinthira ku chitoliro chotsogola chokhala ndi mavavu otseguka kungakhale kovuta. Pofuna kuthandizira kusinthaku, mapulagi osakhalitsa a valve (resonators) amaperekedwa omwe angathe kuchotsedwa nthawi iliyonse popanda kuwonongeka kwa chida. Komabe, kumbukirani kuti osalankhula amachepetsa mphamvu ya chitoliro kuti imveke mwamphamvu.

Kusiyana kwina kwa zida zapamwamba kwambiri ndi mapangidwe a bondo. Phokoso lotsika kwambiri la zitoliro ndi bondo la C ndi C ya octave yaying'ono. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito powonjezera valavu yowonjezera yachitatu C. Kuwonjezera apo, gizmo lever imawonjezeredwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuchotsa zolemba mpaka octave yachitatu. Ichi ndiye cholemba chapamwamba kwambiri chomwe chimatha kuyimbidwa pa chitoliro popanda kudutsa kaundula wapamwamba. Ndizovuta kwambiri kusewera kuyeretsa mpaka octave yachitatu popanda phazi la gizmo.

Zitoliro zamaluso zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zabwinoko komanso makiyi amtundu wa Chifalansa (owonjezera pa makiyi omwe chala sichimakanikiza mwachindunji), kupereka chithandizo chowonjezera, kugwira bwino, komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Zimango zolondola zimatsimikizira kuyankha mwachangu komanso kugwira ntchito mopanda cholakwika.

Chitoliro Zosiyanasiyana

Pali mitundu ingapo ya zitoliro: piccolo (yaing'ono kapena sopranino), chitoliro cha concert (soprano), alto flute, bass ndi contrabass chitoliro.

zitoliro za konsati

Chitoliro cha soprano mu C ndi chida chachikulu m’banja. Mosiyana ndi mabanja ena a zida zoimbira, monga saxophone , woyimba sadalira kwambiri alto, bass, kapena piccolo. Chida chachikulu cha woyimba ndi chitoliro cha soprano, ndipo amatha kuchita bwino pamitundu ina yonse pakutembenuka kwachiwiri. Mitundu ina ya zitoliro sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse mu oimba, koma zimangowonjezera mithunzi pamtundu wina. Choncho, kuphunzira luso konsati chitoliro ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuphunzirira.

Alto zitoliro

Chitoliro cha alto nthawi zambiri chimapezeka m'gulu la oimba. Timbre yake yotsika imawonjezera chidzalo ku mawu wa matabwa apamwamba. Pankhani ya kapangidwe kake ndi kaseweredwe, chitoliro cha alto ndi chofanana ndi chanthawi zonse, koma chimamveka mu sikelo ya G, ndiye kuti, chachinayi chotsika kuposa chitoliro cha soprano. Zomwe zachitika pakuyimba chitoliro cha alto ndizambiri ofunika kwa katswiri woimba, popeza mbali zambiri za okhestra zimalembedwa makamaka pa chida ichi.

zitoliro za bass

Chitoliro cha bass sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu nyimbo za orchestra ndipo amawonekera, monga lamulo, mumagulu a chitoliro. Chifukwa ali m'gulu limodzi la zida, ma quartets a chitoliro, ma quintets ndi ma ensembles akuluakulu amadziwika kwambiri pakati pa ophunzira apakatikati komanso apamwamba.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, zimakhala zovuta kupeza chitoliro chomveka bwino - izi zimafuna luso lapamwamba komanso khutu lakumvetsera nyimbo. Komabe, pali zida zina (ngakhale zosawerengeka) m'banja la chitoliro zomwe zimakhala ndi phokoso lochepa kwambiri - izi ndi zitoliro za contrabass ndi subcontrabass. Onsewa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokhapokha mumagulu a chitoliro. Zitolirozi zimayikidwa pansi ndipo woimbayo amasewera atayima kapena atakhala pampando wapamwamba.

Piccolo zitoliro

Piccolo (kapena piccolo), ndi chida chaching'ono kwambiri m'banja, zikumveka lonse octave apamwamba kuposa konsati chitoliro, koma ali yemweyo C ikukonzekera. Zingawoneke kuti piccolo ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka chitoliro cha soprano, koma izi siziri choncho. Piccolo ndi zovuta kwambiri kusewera chifukwa chakuthwa kwake, timbre yake yokwera imafunikira mpweya wokakamiza, womwe woyambitsa chitoliro sangathe kupanga. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyandikira kwa ma valve kungayambitsenso zovuta kwa oyamba kumene.

Zitoliro za Piccolo zimabwera m'mitundu ingapo:

1) Thupi lachitsulo + mutu wachitsulo
- abwino kwa gulu loguba;
- ili ndi mawu owala kwambiri okhala ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu;
- chinyezi cha mpweya sichimakhudza phokoso (kusowa kwa zitoliro zamatabwa)

2) Thupi ndi mutu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zophatikizika (pulasitiki)
- mphamvu ya chida ndi chinthu chofunikira kwa oimba oyambirira;
- nyengo sizimakhudza mtundu wa mawu

3) Thupi lamatabwa + mutu wachitsulo
- yabwino kwa woyambitsa kuphunzira chitoliro cha piccolo;
- mapangidwe a masiponji amathandizira kupanga mpweya wabwino;
- mutu wachitsulo umapereka kukana kwa mpweya wochepa

4) Thupi ndi mutu zopangidwa ndi matabwa
- chabwino koposa zonse perekani mawu anyimbo;
- Kumveka bwino kumatengera momwe zinthu ziliri kunja;
- kufunidwa pafupipafupi m'magulu oimba ndi magulu ambiri amphepo

Chitoliro Chidule

Zitsanzo za chitoliro