Jacques Offenbach |

Jacques Offenbach

I. Sollertinsky analemba kuti: “Offenbach anali—kaya amvekere mokweza chotani—m’modzi mwa akatswiri opeka nyimbo a m’zaka za m’ma 6. "Ndiye yekha amene adagwira ntchito yamtundu wosiyana kwambiri ndi Schumann kapena Mendelssohn, Wagner kapena Brahms. Anali katswiri woimba nyimbo, woimba satirist, improviser ..." Adapanga zisudzo 100, nyimbo zingapo zachikondi ndi mawu, koma mtundu waukulu wa ntchito yake ndi operetta (pafupifupi XNUMX). Pakati pa operettas a Offenbach, Orpheus ku Gehena, La Belle Helena, Life in Paris, The Duchess of Gerolstein, Pericola, ndi ena amaonekera kwambiri mu kufunikira kwawo. kukhala operetta of social witticism, nthawi zambiri kusandulika kukhala chithunzithunzi cha moyo wa Ufumu Wachiwiri wamakono, kutsutsa kukayikira ndi kuipitsidwa kwa anthu, "kuvina mwamphamvu paphiri lophulika", panthawi ya kayendetsedwe kake kofulumira kupita ku tsoka la Sedan. . "... Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kuchuluka kwa zonenedweratu zoyipa komanso zoneneza," I. Sollertinsky anati, "Offenbach amasiya gulu la oimba nyimbo za operetta - Herve, Lecoq, Johann Strauss, Lehar - ndipo amayandikira gulu la onyoza kwambiri - Aristophanes. , Rabelais, Swift , Voltaire, Daumier, ndi zina zotero. Nyimbo za Offenbach, zosatha mu mtima wowolowa manja komanso luso lomveka, lodziwika ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha munthu, zimadalira makamaka miyambo ya ku France ya m'tawuni, machitidwe a oimba nyimbo za ku Parisian, ndi kuvina kotchuka panthawiyo, makamaka gallop. ndi quadrille. Anatengera miyambo yodabwitsa yaluso: nzeru ndi nzeru za G. Rossini, mkwiyo wa KM Weber, nyimbo za A. Boildieu ndi F. Herold, nyimbo za F. Aubert. Wolembayo adapanga mwachindunji zomwe adakwaniritsa mnzawo komanso wanthawi yake - m'modzi mwa omwe adapanga nyimbo yachi French classical operetta F. Hervé. Koma koposa zonse, ponena za kupepuka ndi chisomo, Offenbach akubwereza WA Mozart; sizinali zomveka kuti adatchedwa "Mozart wa Champs Elysees".

J. Offenbach anabadwira m’banja la munthu wachipembedzo wa sunagoge. Pokhala ndi luso lapadera loimba, ali ndi zaka 7 adadziwa violin mothandizidwa ndi abambo ake, ali ndi zaka 10 adaphunzira kusewera cello, ndipo ali ndi zaka 12 anayamba kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi monga virtuoso cellist. ndi wolemba. Mu 1833, atasamukira ku Paris - mzinda umene unakhala nyumba yake yachiwiri, kumene anakhalako pafupifupi moyo wake wonse - woimba wamng'onoyo adalowa mu Conservatory m'kalasi ya F. Halevi. M'zaka zoyambirira nditamaliza maphunziro ake ku Conservatory, adagwira ntchito ngati cellist mu oimba a Opera Comique Theatre, adachita m'malo osangalatsa ndi ma salons, ndikulemba zisudzo ndi nyimbo za pop. Kupereka zoimbaimba mwamphamvu ku Paris, nayenso anayenda kwa nthawi yaitali ku London (1844) ndi Cologne (1840 ndi 1843), kumene mu imodzi mwa makonsati F. Liszt anatsagana naye pozindikira luso la woimba wamng'ono. Kuchokera mu 1850 mpaka 1855 Offenbach ankagwira ntchito yolemba ndi kondakitala ku Theatre Francais, kupanga nyimbo zatsoka za P. Corneille ndi J. Racine.

Mu 1855, Offenbach anatsegula zisudzo wake, Bouffes Parisiens, kumene iye ankagwira ntchito osati wopeka, komanso wamalonda, siteji wotsogolera, kondakitala, co-mlembi wa librettists. Mofanana ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, ojambula zithunzi otchuka a ku France O. Daumier ndi P. Gavarni, katswiri wanthabwala E. Labiche, Offenbach amadzaza machitidwe ake mochenjera ndi mwanzeru, ndipo nthawi zina ndi mawu achipongwe. Wolembayo adakopa olemba odziwika bwino-olemba librettists A. Melyak ndi L. Halevi, olemba anzawo enieni a machitidwe ake. Ndipo bwalo laling'ono, labwino kwambiri pa Champs Elysees pang'onopang'ono likukhala malo okondana kwambiri ndi anthu aku Paris. Kupambana koyamba kwakukulu kunapambana ndi operetta "Orpheus ku Gahena", yomwe idachitika mu 1858 ndipo idalimbana ndi machitidwe 288 motsatana. Nkhani yowawa iyi yamaphunziro akale, momwe milungu imatsika kuchokera ku Phiri la Olympus ndikuvina cancan yopenga, inali ndi chithunzithunzi chomveka bwino cha kapangidwe ka anthu amakono ndi zina zamakono. Ntchito zina zanyimbo ndi siteji - ziribe kanthu zomwe zimalembedwa pamutu (zakale ndi zithunzi za nthano zodziwika bwino, Middle Ages ndi zachilendo zaku Peruvia, zochitika za mbiri yakale yaku France m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi moyo wamasiku ano) - nthawi zonse zimawonetsa zamasiku ano. m'makiyi a parodic, comic kapena nyimbo.

Kutsatira "Orpheus" kumayikidwa "Genevieve wa Brabant" (1859), "Fortunio's Song" (1861), "Beautiful Elena" (1864), "Bluebeard" (1866), "Paris Life" (1866), "Duchess of Gerolstein" ” (1867), “Perichole” (1868), “Obera” (1869). Kutchuka kwa Offenbach kumafalikira kunja kwa France. Operettas ake amachitikira kunja, makamaka nthawi zambiri ku Vienna ndi St. Mu 1861, adachoka ku utsogoleri wa zisudzo kuti athe kupitako nthawi zonse. Pachimake cha kutchuka kwake ndi Paris World Exhibition ya 1867, kumene "Parisian Life" ikuchitika, yomwe inasonkhanitsa mafumu a Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Viceroy wa Egypt, Kalonga wa Wales ndi Russian Tsar Alexander II. malo ochitira masewera a Bouffes Parisiens Theatre. Nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia inasokoneza ntchito yabwino ya Offenbach. Operettas ake amachoka pa siteji. Mu 1875, adakakamizika kunena kuti alibe ndalama. Mu 1876, kuti athandize banja lake mwandalama, anapita ku United States, kumene anachita zoimbaimba. M'chaka cha Second World Exhibition (1878), Offenbach pafupifupi aiwalika. Kupambana kwa operettas ake awiri pambuyo pake Madame Favard (1878) ndi The Daughter of Tambour Major (1879) kumawunikira zinthu, koma ulemelero wa Offenbach pamapeto pake umaphimbidwa ndi operettas a wopeka wachichepere waku France Ch. Lecoq. Atagwidwa ndi matenda a mtima, Offenbach akugwira ntchito yomwe amawona kuti ndi ntchito ya moyo wake - sewero lanyimbo la "Nthano za Hoffmann". Imawonetsa mutu wachikondi wa kusafikirika kwabwino, chikhalidwe chonyenga cha kukhalapo kwapadziko lapansi. Koma woipeka sanakhale ndi moyo kuti awone kuyamba kwake; inamalizidwa ndi kukonzedwa ndi E. Guiraud mu 1881.

I. Nemirovskaya

Monga momwe Meyerbeer adatengera udindo wotsogola m'moyo wanyimbo wa Paris munthawi ya ufumu wa bourgeois wa Louis Philippe, momwemonso Offenbach adadziwika kwambiri mu Ufumu Wachiwiri. Mu ntchito ndi maonekedwe enieni a onse ojambula akuluakulu, zofunikira zenizeni zenizeni zinawonetsedwa; iwo anakhala zolankhulira za nthaŵi yawo, ponse paŵiri mbali zake zabwino ndi zoipa. Ndipo ngati Meyerbeer amaonedwa kuti ndi amene adayambitsa mtundu wa opera "wamkulu" wa ku France, ndiye kuti Offenbach ndi gulu lachi French, kapena kani, operetta ya ku Paris.

Kodi mawonekedwe ake ndi otani?

Operetta ya Parisian idapangidwa mu Ufumu Wachiwiri. Ichi ndi galasi la moyo wake wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe nthawi zambiri chinkapereka chithunzithunzi cha zilonda zamakono ndi zoipa. Operetta idakula kuchokera m'malo owonetserako zisudzo kapena ndemanga zamtundu wa revue zomwe zimayankha mitu yanthawiyo. Mchitidwe wamisonkhano yaluso, kusinthika kwanzeru komanso mwanzeru kwa ma goguette, komanso mwambo wa oimba nyimbo, akatswiri aluso awa a nthano zamatawuni, adatsanulira njira yopatsa moyo m'masewerawa. Zimene sewero lanthabwala linalephera kuchita, ndiko kuti, kukhutiritsa sewerolo ndi nkhani zamakono ndi dongosolo lamakono la kamvekedwe ka nyimbo, zinachitidwa ndi operetta.

Kungakhale kulakwa, komabe, kuganiza mopambanitsa kufunika kwake kodziŵika bwino kwa anthu. Osasamala, onyoza komanso osasamala - izi zinali mbali zazikulu za mtundu wamasewera osangalatsawa. Olemba zisudzo za operetta adagwiritsa ntchito nthano zongopeka, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa m'manyuzipepala amtundu wa tabloid, ndipo adayesetsa, choyamba, kupanga zochitika zochititsa chidwi, zolemba zamalemba. Nyimbo zidatenga gawo laling'ono (uku ndiye kusiyana kofunikira pakati pa operetta ya ku Parisi ndi Viennese): magulu osangalatsa, okometsera motsatizana ndi mavinidwe osiyanasiyana, omwe anali "osanjikiza" ndi zokambirana zambiri za prose. Zonsezi zidatsitsa mtengo wamaganizidwe, luso komanso nyimbo zamasewero a operetta.

Komabe, m'manja mwa wojambula wamkulu (ndipo, mosakayika, anali Offenbach!) Operetta inali yodzaza ndi zinthu za satire, nkhani zachidule, ndipo nyimbo zake zinakhala ndi kufunikira kochititsa chidwi kwambiri, kusokonezedwa, mosiyana ndi comic kapena "grand" opera, yokhala ndi mawu omveka atsiku ndi tsiku. Sizodabwitsa kuti Bizet ndi Delibes, ndiye kuti, akatswiri ojambula kwambiri a demokalase am'badwo wotsatira, omwe adadziwa bwino nyumba yosungiramo zinthu. amakono mawu oimba, adayamba mu mtundu wa operetta. Ndipo ngati Gounod anali woyamba kupeza mawu atsopanowa ("Faust" inatha m'chaka cha kupanga "Orpheus ku Gahena"), ndiye kuti Offenbach adawaphatikiza mu ntchito yake.

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Jacques Offenbach (dzina lake lenileni anali Ebersht) anabadwa pa June 20, 1819 ku Cologne (Germany) m'banja la rabi wodzipereka; kuyambira ali mwana, iye anasonyeza chidwi nyimbo, mwapadera monga cellist. Mu 1833 Offenbach anasamukira ku Paris. Kuyambira pano, monga momwe zinalili ndi Meyerbeer, France imakhala nyumba yake yachiwiri. Nditamaliza maphunziro ake ku Conservatory, iye analowa mu zisudzo orchestra monga cellist. Offenbach anali ndi zaka makumi awiri pamene adapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake monga wopeka, zomwe, komabe, sizinaphule kanthu. Kenako adatembenukiranso ku cello - adachita zoimbaimba ku Paris, m'mizinda ya Germany, ku London, popanda kunyalanyaza ntchito ya woimba panjira. Komabe, pafupifupi zonse zomwe adalemba zisanachitike zaka 50 zidatayika.

M'zaka za 1850-1855, Offenbach anali wotsogolera pabwalo lodziwika bwino la sewero "Comedie Frangaise", adalemba nyimbo zambiri zoimbira ndipo adakopa oimba odziwika komanso odziwika kuti agwirizane (pakati pa oyamba - Meyerbeer, pakati pa wachiwiri. – Gounod). Kuyesa kwake mobwerezabwereza kuti atumizidwe kuti alembe sewero sizinaphule kanthu. Offenbach amatembenukira kuzinthu zina.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50s, wolemba nyimbo Florimond Herve, mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa mtundu wa operetta, adatchuka kwambiri ndi mafilimu ake aang'ono. Adakopa Delibes ndi Offenbach ku chilengedwe chawo. Posakhalitsa womalizayo adakwanitsa kuphimba ulemerero wa Hervé. (Malinga ndi mawu ophiphiritsa a wolemba wina wa ku France, Aubert anayima kutsogolo kwa zitseko za operetta. Herve anatsegula pang'ono, ndipo Offenbach analowa ... Florimond Herve (dzina lenileni - Ronge, 1825-1892) - wolemba za mazana operettas, abwino kwambiri pakati pawo ndi "Mademoiselle Nitouche" (1883)).

Mu 1855, Offenbach adatsegula zisudzo zake, zomwe zimatchedwa "Paris Buffs": apa, m'chipinda chocheperako, adachita masewera achikondi ndi abusa abwino ndi nyimbo zake, zomwe zinkachitidwa ndi ochita zisudzo awiri kapena atatu. Wokhalapo m'nthawi ya akatswiri ojambula zithunzi aku France Honore Daumier ndi Paul Gavarni, wanthabwala Eugene Labiche, Offenbach adawonetsa zisudzo zowoneka bwino komanso zanzeru, nthabwala zonyoza. Adakopa olemba omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana, ndipo ngati wolemba sewero Mlembi m'lingaliro lonse la mawuwo anali wolemba nawo nyimbo za Meyerbeer, ndiye mwa munthu wa Henri Meilhac ndi Ludovic Halévy - posachedwapa olemba a libretto "Carmen" - Offenbach adapeza olemba ake odzipereka.

1858 - Offenbach ali kale ndi zaka makumi anayi - akuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pazochitika zake. Ichi ndi chaka cha masewero oyamba a operetta wamkulu wa Offenbach, Orpheus in Hell, omwe adachita masewera mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu motsatizana. (Mu 1878, chiwonetsero cha 900 chinachitika ku Paris!). Izi zikutsatiridwa, ngati timatchula ntchito zodziwika kwambiri, "Geneviève wa Brabant" (1859), "Helena wokongola" (1864), "Bluebeard" (1866), "Paris Life" (1866), "Duchess of Gerolstein" (1867), "Pericola" (1868), "Achifwamba" (1869). Zaka zisanu zapitazi za Ufumu Wachiwiri zinali zaka za ulemerero wosagawanika wa Offenbach, ndipo chimake chake chinali 1857: pakati pa zikondwerero zazikulu zomwe zinaperekedwa kutsegulira kwa World Exhibition, panali zisudzo za "Paris Life".

Offenbach yokhala ndi zovuta zazikulu zopanga. Iye si mlembi wa nyimbo za operettas ake, komanso wolemba nawo zolemba, wotsogolera siteji, wotsogolera, ndi wochita bizinesi wa gululo. Pomva bwino za momwe zisudzo zimakhalira, amamaliza maphunziro ake pakubwereza: amafupikitsa zomwe zimawoneka ngati zakokedwa, amakulitsa, kukonzanso manambala. Ntchito yamphamvu iyi imasokonekera chifukwa cha maulendo pafupipafupi opita kumayiko akunja, komwe Offenbach ali paliponse limodzi ndi kutchuka kwakukulu.

Kugwa kwa Ufumu Wachiwiri kunathetsa mwadzidzidzi ntchito yabwino ya Offenbach. Operettas ake amachoka pa siteji. Mu 1875, adakakamizika kunena kuti alibe ndalama. Boma latayika, ntchito yamasewera imathetsedwa, ndalama za wolemba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubweza ngongole. Kuti adyetse banja lake, Offenbach anapita ku United States, komwe mu 1876 adachita zoimbaimba. Ndipo ngakhale akupanga kope latsopano, lazinthu zitatu la Pericola (1874), Madame Favard (1878), Mwana wamkazi wa Tambour major (1879) - ntchito zomwe sizotsika chabe muzojambula zawo zakale, komanso zopambana. iwo , tsegulani zatsopano, zanyimbo za talente yayikulu ya wolembayo - amakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri. (Pofika nthawiyi, kutchuka kwa Offenbach kudaphimbidwa ndi Charles Lecoq (1832-1918), yemwe ntchito zake zoyambira zimayikidwa patsogolo kuti ziwononge nthano ndi chisangalalo chansangala m'malo mwa cancan yosadziletsa. Ntchito zake zodziwika bwino ndi Mwana wamkazi wa Madame Ango ( 1872) ndi Girofle-Girofle (1874) operetta ya Robert Plunkett The Bells of Corneville (1877) inalinso yotchuka kwambiri.)

Offenbach ali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima. Koma poyembekezera imfa yake yomwe yatsala pang'ono kufa, akugwira ntchito yake yaposachedwa kwambiri - nyimbo yanyimbo yanthabwala ya Hoffmann (momasulira molondola, "nkhani"). Iye sanafunikire kupezeka nawo koyamba: popanda kumaliza mphambu, anamwalira pa October 4, 1880.

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Offenbach ndi mlembi wa zoimbaimba ndi zisudzo zopitilira zana. Malo akulu mu cholowa chake amakhala ndi ma interludes, farces, kasewero kakang'ono - ndemanga. Komabe, chiwerengero cha operettas awiri kapena atatu chilinso mu makumi.

Ziwembu za operettas ake ndi zosiyanasiyana: apa ndi zakale ("Orpheus ku Gahena", "Wokongola Elena"), ndi zithunzi za nthano zodziwika bwino ("Bluebeard"), ndi Middle Ages ("Genevieve wa Brabant"), ndi Peruvia. exoticism ("Pericola"), ndi zochitika zenizeni kuchokera ku mbiri yakale yaku France ya zaka za zana la XNUMX ("Madame Favard"), ndi moyo wa anthu amasiku ano ("Parisian life"), ndi zina zotere. - chithunzi cha zinthu zamakono.

Kaya ndi zakale, ziwembu zakale kapena zatsopano, zokamba za maiko ndi zochitika zopeka, kapena zenizeni zenizeni, anthu a m'nthawi ya Offenbach amachita kulikonse ndi kulikonse, akukhudzidwa ndi matenda omwe ali nawo - kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe, ziphuphu. Kuti awonetse katangale woterewu, Offenbach samalekerera mitundu ndipo nthawi zina amachitira chipongwe, kuwulula zilonda za dongosolo la bourgeois. Komabe, izi sizili choncho m'ntchito zonse za Offenbach. Ambiri amadzipereka ku zosangalatsa, zonyansa, nthawi za "cancan", ndipo kunyoza koyipa nthawi zambiri kumasinthidwa ndi nzeru zopanda pake. Kusakanikirana kotereku kofunikira pagulu ndi boulevard-anecdotal, kuseketsa ndi zopanda pake ndiye kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa zisudzo za Offenbach.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake, mwa cholowa chachikulu cha Offenbach, ndi ntchito zochepa zokha zomwe zidapulumuka m'masewero a zisudzo. Kuphatikiza apo, zolemba zawo zolembedwa, ngakhale zili ndi nzeru komanso zakuthwa kwawoko, zidazimiririka, popeza zonena zankhani zam'mutu ndi zochitika zomwe zili m'mawu ndi zachikale. (Chifukwa cha izi, m'malo owonetsera nyimbo zapakhomo, zolemba za Offenbach's operettas zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri, nthawi zina zimasinthidwa kwambiri.). Koma nyimbo sizinachedwe. Talente yopambana ya Offenbach idamuyika patsogolo pa akatswiri osavuta komanso osavuta kupeza komanso mtundu wanyimbo ndi kuvina.

Gwero lalikulu la nyimbo za Offenbach ndi nthano zamatawuni zaku France. Ndipo ngakhale olemba ambiri a comic opera a m'zaka za zana la XNUMX adatembenukira ku gwero ili, palibe amene adakwanitsa kuwulula zomwe zili munyimbo yatsiku ndi tsiku yadziko lonse komanso kuvina mokwanira komanso mwaluso.

Komabe, izi sizimangotengera ubwino wake. Offenbach sanangopanganso zomwe zidachitika m'matauni - komanso chizolowezi cha oyimba nyimbo za ku Parisi - komanso adawalemeretsa ndi luso laukadaulo waluso. Kupepuka ndi chisomo cha Mozart, nzeru ndi nzeru za Rossini, kupsa mtima kwa Weber, nyimbo za Boildieu ndi Herold, zochititsa chidwi, zomveka za Aubert - zonsezi ndi zina zambiri zili mu nyimbo za Offenbach. Komabe, zimadziŵika ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha munthu.

Melody ndi rhythm ndizomwe zimafotokozera nyimbo za Offenbach. Kuwolowa manja kwake kwanyimbo sikutha, ndipo luso lake lopanga nyimbo ndi losiyana kwambiri. Nyimbo zazikuluzikulu za nyimbo za peppy couplet zimasinthidwa ndi zovina mokoma pa 6/8, mzere wa madontho oguba - ndi kugwedezeka kwa barcarolles, temperament Spanish boleros ndi fandangos - ndi kuyenda kosavuta, kosavuta kwa waltz, ndi zina zotero. Udindo wa magule odziwika panthawiyo - quadrilles ndi gallop (onani zitsanzo 173 ndi BCDE ). Pazifukwa zawo, Offenbach amamanga mavesi oletsa mavesi - zotsalira zakwaya, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko chomwe chiri cha chikhalidwe cha vortex. Makanema omaliza omalizawa akuwonetsa momwe Offenbach adagwiritsira ntchito bwino zomwe zidachitika mu sewero lanthabwala.

Kupepuka, nzeru, chisomo komanso kutengeka mopupuluma - mikhalidwe iyi ya nyimbo za Offenbach imawonetsedwa mu zida zake. Amaphatikiza kuphweka ndi kuwonekera kwa phokoso la okhestra ndi khalidwe lowala komanso kukhudza kowoneka bwino komwe kumayenderana ndi chithunzi cha mawu.

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Ngakhale ndizofanana, pali zosiyana mu ma operetta a Offenbach. Mitundu itatu ya iwo imatha kufotokozedwa (ife timasiya mitundu ina yonse ya anthu ang'onoang'ono): awa ndi operetta-parodies, nthabwala zamakhalidwe ndi nyimbo zanyimbo zoseketsa. Zitsanzo za mitundu iyi zitha kukhala monga: "Helena wokongola", "Parisian Life" ndi "Perichole".

Ponena za ziwembu zakale, Offenbach adawaseka monyoza: mwachitsanzo, woyimba wanthano Orpheus adawoneka ngati mphunzitsi wanyimbo wachikondi, Eurydice wodzisunga ngati dona wa demimonde, pomwe milungu yamphamvu yonse ya Olympus idasandulika kukhala akulu opanda thandizo komanso odzipereka. Mosavuta momwemo, Offenbach "anakonzanso" nthano zongopeka komanso zodziwika bwino zamabuku achikondi ndi masewero amakono. Choncho adaulula akale nkhani zofunikira okhutira, koma nthawi yomweyo parodied mwachizolowezi zisudzo njira ndi kalembedwe ka opera, akunyoza awo ossified machiritso.

Zoseketsa zamakhalidwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ziwembu zoyambira, momwe maubale amakono a ma bourgeois adawonekera molunjika komanso momveka bwino, owonetsedwa mwanjira yoyipa kwambiri ("The Duchess: Gerolsteinskaya"), kapena mu mzimu wowunikiranso ("Paris Life").

Pomaliza, m'ntchito zingapo za Offenbach, kuyambira ndi Fortunio's Song (1861), mtsinje wanyimbo unkamveka bwino - adachotsa mzere womwe umalekanitsa operetta ku sewero lamasewera. Ndipo kunyozedwa mwachizolowezi kunasiya woimbayo: mu chithunzi cha chikondi ndi chisoni cha Pericola kapena Justine Favard, adawonetsa kuwona mtima kwenikweni, kuwona mtima. Mtsinjewu unakula kwambiri mzaka zomaliza za moyo wa Offenbach ndipo unamalizidwa mu The Tales of Hoffmann. Mutu wachikondi wokhudza kusatheka kwabwino, zachinyengo za kukhalapo kwapadziko lapansi ukufotokozedwa pano mu mawonekedwe aulere-rhapsody - chochitika chilichonse cha opera chili ndi chiwembu chake, chimapanga "chithunzithunzi" china chake malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi. zochita.

Kwa zaka zambiri, Offenbach anali ndi nkhawa ndi lingaliro ili. Kalelo mu 1851, sewero la magawo asanu la The Tales of Hoffmann linawonetsedwa m'bwalo la sewero la ku Paris. Pamaziko a nkhani zazifupi zingapo za wolemba wachikondi waku Germany, olemba masewerawa, Jules Barbier ndi Michel Carré, adapanga Hoffmann mwiniwake kukhala ngwazi ya zochitika zitatu zachikondi; omwe akutenga nawo gawo ndi chidole chopanda mzimu cha Olympia, woyimba yemwe amafa Antonia, Juliet wonyenga. Ulendo uliwonse umatha ndi tsoka lalikulu: panjira yopita ku chisangalalo, mlangizi wodabwitsa Lindorf nthawi zonse amadzuka, akusintha mawonekedwe ake. Ndipo chithunzi cha wokondedwa akuthawa wolemba ndakatulo ndikusintha… (Maziko a zochitikazo ndi nkhani yachidule ya ETA Hoffmann "Don Juan", yomwe wolembayo akunena za msonkhano wake ndi woimba wotchuka. Zithunzi zina zonse zabwerekedwa kuchokera ku nkhani zina zazifupi ("Golden Pot" , "Sandman", "Advisor", etc.))

Offenbach, yemwe wakhala akuyesera kulemba sewero lamasewera moyo wake wonse, adachita chidwi ndi chiwembu cha seweroli, pomwe sewero latsiku ndi tsiku ndi zongopeka zinali zolumikizana mwapadera. Koma patatha zaka makumi atatu, pamene mtsinje wanyimbo mu ntchito yake unali wamphamvu, iye anatha kuzindikira maloto ake, ndipo ngakhale osati kwathunthu: imfa inamulepheretsa kumaliza ntchito - clavier Ernest Guiraud. Kuyambira pamenepo - kuwonekera koyamba kugulu kunachitika mu 1881 - The Tales of Hoffmann adalowa mwamphamvu m'gulu la zisudzo zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso manambala abwino kwambiri oimba (kuphatikiza barcarolle yotchuka - onani chitsanzo 173). в) zinadziwika kwambiri. (M'zaka zotsatira, sewero lamasewera lokha la Offenbach linasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana: mawu a prose adafupikitsidwa, omwe adalowedwa m'malo ndi mawu obwereza, manambala amunthu adasinthidwanso, ngakhale machitidwe (chiwerengero chawo chinachepetsedwa kuchoka pa asanu mpaka atatu). M. Gregor (1905).

Katswiri wanyimbo za Offenbach zidamupangitsa kutchuka kwanthawi yayitali, kosasunthika - amamveka m'bwalo la zisudzo komanso m'makonsati.

Katswiri wodabwitsa wamtundu wanyimbo zanthabwala, koma nthawi yomweyo woyimba nyimbo mochenjera, Offenbach ndi m'modzi mwa olemba otchuka achi France azaka za m'ma XNUMX.

M. Druskin

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