Johann Nepomuk Hummel |

Johann Nepomuk Hummel

Hummel anabadwa November 14, 1778 ku Pressburg, ndiye likulu la Hungary. Banja lake linkakhala ku Unterstinkenbrunn, parishi yaing'ono ku Lower Austria komwe agogo ake a Hummel ankayendetsa malo odyera. Bambo ake a mnyamatayo, Johannes, anabadwiranso ku parishi imeneyi.

Nepomuk Hummel kale anali ndi khutu lapadera la nyimbo ali ndi zaka zitatu, ndipo chifukwa cha chidwi chake chodabwitsa pa nyimbo zamtundu uliwonse, ali ndi zaka zisanu analandira piyano yaing'ono kuchokera kwa atate wake monga mphatso, yomwe iye, mwa njira. , anasungidwa mwaulemu mpaka imfa yake.

Kuyambira 1793 Nepomuk ankakhala ku Vienna. bambo ake pa nthawi imeneyo ankatumikira kuno monga wotsogolera nyimbo za zisudzo. M'zaka zoyambirira za kukhala kwake mu likulu, Nepomuk kawirikawiri anaonekera mu anthu, monga makamaka chinkhoswe mu nyimbo. Choyamba, abambo ake anamubweretsa kwa Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, mmodzi wa aphunzitsi a Beethoven, kuti aphunzire kutsutsa, ndipo pambuyo pake kwa woimba nyimbo wa khoti Antonio Salieri, amene anatengako maphunziro oimba ndi amene anakhala bwenzi lake lapamtima ndipo ngakhale anali mboni pa ukwatiwo. Ndipo mu August 1795 anakhala wophunzira wa Joseph Haydn, amene anamudziwitsa limba. Ngakhale m'zaka izi Hummel kawirikawiri ankaimba mabwalo payekha ngati woyimba piyano, iye kale ankaona mu 1799 mmodzi wa virtuosos wotchuka wa nthawi yake, limba wake, malinga ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, anali wapadera, ndipo ngakhale Beethoven sakanakhoza kuyerekeza ndi iye. Luso laluso lomasulira limeneli linabisidwa kuseri kwa kawonekedwe kosayenera. Anali wamfupi, wonenepa kwambiri, wokhala ndi nkhope yowumbidwa bwino, yokutidwa kwathunthu ndi zikwama, zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkagwedezeka mwamantha, zomwe zinkachititsa chidwi omvera.

M'zaka zomwezo, Hummel anayamba kuchita ndi nyimbo zake. Ndipo ngati ma fugues ndi zosiyana zake zimangokopa chidwi, ndiye kuti rondo adamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka kwambiri.

Mwachiwonekere, chifukwa cha Haydn, mu Januwale 1804, Hummel analoledwa ku Prince Esterhazy Chapel ku Eisenstadt monga woperekeza ndi malipiro apachaka a 1200 guilders.

Kwa iye, Hummel anali ndi ulemu wopanda malire kwa bwenzi lake komanso womuthandizira, zomwe adazifotokoza mu piano yake sonata Es-dur yoperekedwa kwa Haydn. Pamodzi ndi sonata ina, Alleluia, ndi fantasia ya piyano, zinapangitsa Hummel kutchuka ku France pambuyo pa concerto ya Cherubini ku Paris Conservatoire mu 1806.

Pamene mu 1805 Heinrich Schmidt, yemwe ankagwira ntchito ku Weimar ndi Goethe, adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa zisudzo ku Eisenstadt, moyo wa nyimbo pa khoti unatsitsimutsidwa; zisudzo zanthawi zonse zidayamba pa siteji yomangidwa kumene ya holo yayikulu ya nyumba yachifumu. Hummel adathandizira pakukula kwa pafupifupi mitundu yonse yomwe idalandiridwa panthawiyo - kuchokera ku masewero osiyanasiyana, nthano, ma ballet kupita ku zisudzo zazikulu. Izi zilandiridwenso nyimbo zinachitika makamaka pa nthawi imene anakhala mu Eisenstadt, mwachitsanzo, m'zaka 1804-1811. Popeza kuti ntchitozi zinalembedwa, mwachiwonekere, pokhapokha pa ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi malire a nthawi komanso malinga ndi zokonda za anthu a nthawiyo, masewera ake sakanatha kukhala opambana. Koma nyimbo zambiri zinali zotchuka kwambiri ndi omvera.

Kubwerera ku Vienna mu 1811, Hummel adadzipereka yekha kupanga ndi maphunziro a nyimbo ndipo kawirikawiri sanawonekere pamaso pa anthu ngati woyimba piyano.

Pa May 16, 1813, Hummel anakwatira Elisabeth Rekel, woimba ku Vienna Court Theatre, mlongo wa woimba wa opera Joseph August Rekel, yemwe adadziwika chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwake ndi Beethoven. Ukwati uwu unathandiza kuti Hummel nthawi yomweyo adziwe anthu a Viennese. Pamene m’ngululu ya 1816, pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondo, iye anapita paulendo wa konsati ku Prague, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin ndi Breslau, m’nkhani zonse zovutitsa zinalembedwa kuti “kuyambira m’nthaŵi ya Mozart, palibe woimba piyano amene wakondwera nawo. anthu ambiri monga Hummel."

Popeza kuti nyimbo za m’chipindacho zinali zofanana ndi nyimbo zapanyumba panthaŵiyo, anayenera kudzisintha kuti azigwirizana ndi anthu ambiri ngati akufuna kuti apambane. Wolembayo akulemba septet yotchuka, yomwe idayamba kuchita bwino kwambiri pa Januware 28, 1816 ndi woimba wachipinda chachifumu cha Bavarian Rauch pamsonkhano wapanyumba. Pambuyo pake idatchedwa ntchito yabwino kwambiri komanso yabwino kwambiri ya Hummel. Malinga ndi kunena kwa wolemba nyimbo Wachijeremani Hans von Bulow, ichi ndicho “chitsanzo chabwino koposa cha kusakaniza masitayelo aŵiri a nyimbo, konsati ndi chipinda, zimene zimapezeka m’mabuku a nyimbo.” Ndi septet iyi idayamba nthawi yomaliza ya ntchito ya Hummel. Kuchulukirachulukira, iye kukonzedwa ntchito zake kwa nyimbo zosiyanasiyana oimba, chifukwa, monga Beethoven, iye sanali kukhulupirira nkhani imeneyi kwa ena.

Mwa njira, Hummel anali paubwenzi ndi Beethoven. Ngakhale kuti panthaŵi zosiyanasiyana panali mikangano yaikulu pakati pawo. Pamene Hummel anachoka ku Vienna, Beethoven anapereka mabuku ovomerezeka kwa iye pokumbukira nthaŵi imene anakhala pamodzi ku Vienna ndi mawu akuti: “Ulendo wosangalatsa, wokondedwa Hummel, nthaŵi zina umakumbukira bwenzi lako Ludwig van Beethoven.”

Atakhala zaka zisanu ku Vienna monga mphunzitsi wanyimbo, pa September 16, 1816, adaitanidwa ku Stuttgart monga mtsogoleri wa gulu lamilandu, kumene adayimba zisudzo za Mozart, Beethoven, Cherubini ndi Salieri ku nyumba ya opera ndipo adayimba piyano.

Patapita zaka zitatu, wolemba anasamukira ku Weimar. Mzindawu, pamodzi ndi mfumu yosadziwika ya ndakatulo Goethe, inalandira nyenyezi yatsopano mwa munthu wa Hummel wotchuka. Wolemba mbiri ya Hummel, Beniowski, analemba za nthaŵi imeneyo kuti: “Kukacheza ku Weimar ndi kusamvera Hummel n’chimodzimodzi ndi kupita ku Roma ndi kusaonana ndi Papa. Ophunzira ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anayamba kubwera kwa iye. Kutchuka kwake monga mphunzitsi wanyimbo kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kotero kuti kukhala wophunzira wake kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito yamtsogolo ya woimba wachinyamata.

Ku Weimar, Hummel adafika pachimake cha kutchuka kwake ku Europe. Apa adachita bwino kwambiri pambuyo pa zaka zopanda phindu ku Stuttgart. Chiyambi chinayikidwa ndi nyimbo ya sonata yotchuka ya fis-moll, yomwe, malinga ndi Robert Schumann, ikanakhala yokwanira kuti iwononge dzina la Hummel. M'mawu ongopeka, "ndipo mwachikondi kwambiri, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri kuti nthawi yake ifike ndipo amayembekezera zomveka zomwe zimachitika akamacheza mochedwa." Koma atatu a piano atatu a nthawi yake yomaliza ya kulenga, makamaka opus 83, ali ndi mawonekedwe atsopano; podutsa omwe adatsogolera Haydn ndi Mozart, akutembenukira kuno kumasewera "wanzeru".

Chodziwika kwambiri ndi es-moll piyano quintet, yomwe inamalizidwa mwina mu 1820, momwe mfundo yayikulu ya mawu oimba sizinthu zokometsera kapena zokongoletsa, koma zimagwira ntchito pamutu ndi nyimbo. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zamtundu wa Chihangare, kukonda kwambiri piyanoforte, komanso kuyimba bwino ndi zina mwa nyimbo zomwe zimasiyanitsa kalembedwe ka Hummel mochedwa.

Monga wotsogolera ku khoti la Weimar, Hummel adatenga kale tchuthi chake choyamba mu March 1820 kuti apite ku Prague ndikupita ku Vienna. Pobwerera, adachita konsati ku Munich, yomwe inali yopambana kwambiri. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake anapita ku Russia, mu 1823 ku Paris, kumene, pambuyo pa konsati pa May 23, anatchedwa “Mozart wamakono wa Germany.” Mu 1828, imodzi mwa masewera ake ku Warsaw adapezeka ndi Chopin wamng'ono, yemwe adakopeka kwenikweni ndi kusewera kwa mbuye wake. Ulendo wake womaliza wa konsati - ku Vienna - adapanga ndi mkazi wake mu February 1834.

Anakhala masabata omaliza a moyo wake kukonza zida za piano za Beethoven, zomwe adatumidwa ku London, komwe adafuna kuzisindikiza. Matendawa anatopetsa wolemba nyimboyo, mphamvu zake zinamuthera pang’onopang’ono, ndipo analephera kukwaniritsa zolinga zake.

Pafupifupi sabata imodzi asanamwalire, mwa njira, panali kukambirana za Goethe ndi zochitika za imfa yake. Hummel ankafuna kudziwa pamene Goethe anamwalira - usana kapena usiku. Iwo anamuyankha kuti: “Madzulo.” “Inde,” anatero Hummel, “ngati ndifa, ndingakonde kuti zichitike masana.” Chokhumba chake chomalizachi chinakwaniritsidwa: pa October 17, 1837, 7 koloko m'mawa, m'bandakucha, anamwalira.