Theodor W. Adorno |

Theodor W. Adorno

Wafilosofi wa ku Germany, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu, woimba nyimbo ndi wolemba nyimbo. Anaphunzira nyimbo ndi B. Sekles ndi A. Berg, piyano ndi E. Jung ndi E. Steuermann, komanso mbiri yakale ndi chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ku yunivesite ya Vienna. Mu 1928-31 iye anali mkonzi wa Viennese nyimbo magazini "Anbruch", mu 1931-33 anali pulofesa wothandizira pa yunivesite ya Frankfurt. Atachotsedwa ku yunivesite ndi chipani cha Nazi, adasamukira ku England (pambuyo pa 1933), kuchokera ku 1938 ankakhala ku USA, mu 1941-49 - ku Los Angeles (wogwira ntchito ku Institute of Social Sciences). Kenako anabwerera ku Frankfurt, kumene anali pulofesa pa yunivesite, mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Institute for Sociological Research.

Adorno ndi katswiri wodziwa zambiri komanso wofalitsa nkhani. Ntchito zake za filosofi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zina zimakhalanso maphunziro a nyimbo. Kale mu zolemba zoyambirira za Adorno (mochedwa 20s) chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chinafotokozedwa momveka bwino, chomwe chinali chovuta, komabe, ndi mawonetseredwe a vulgar sociologism. M'zaka za kusamuka kwa America, kukhwima kwauzimu komaliza kwa Adorno kunadza, mfundo zake zokongoletsa zinapangidwa.

Pa ntchito ya wolemba T. Mann pa buku lakuti Doctor Faustus, Adorno anali wothandizira komanso wothandizira. Mafotokozedwe a dongosolo la nyimbo zambirimbiri ndi kutsutsa kwake mu chaputala cha 22 cha bukuli, komanso mawu okhudza chinenero cha L. Beethoven, amachokera ku kusanthula kwa Adorno.

Lingaliro lachitukuko cha luso loimba loperekedwa ndi Adorno, kusanthula chikhalidwe cha Western Europe kumaperekedwa ku mabuku angapo ndi zolemba: "Essay on Wagner" (1952), "Prisms" (1955), "Dissonances" (1956), "Introduction to Musical Sociology" (1962) ndi etc. Mwa iwo, Adorno akuwoneka ngati wasayansi wakuthwa mu kafukufuku wake, amene, komabe, afika poganiza mopanda chiyembekezo za tsogolo la Western European nyimbo chikhalidwe.

Kuzungulira kwa mayina olenga mu ntchito za Adorno ndi kochepa. Amayang'ana kwambiri ntchito ya A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern, osatchula kawirikawiri olemba ofunika mofanana. Kukana kwake kumafikira kwa olemba onse mwanjira iliyonse yolumikizidwa ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe. Iye amakana kupereka kuwunika kwabwino kwa zilandiridwenso ngakhale kwa oimba akuluakulu monga SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith, A. Honegger. Kudzudzula kwake kumayendetsedwanso ndi pambuyo pa nkhondo ya avant-gardists, omwe Adorno amawaimba mlandu chifukwa cha kutayika kwa chilengedwe cha chinenero cha nyimbo ndi chikhalidwe cha organic cha mawonekedwe a luso, kugwirizana kwa masamu kuwerengera, komwe kumayambitsa chisokonezo chomveka.

Ndi kusasinthika kwakukulu, Adorno akuukira zomwe zimatchedwa "misa", zomwe, m'malingaliro ake, zimatumikira ukapolo wauzimu wa munthu. Adorno amakhulupirira kuti luso loona liyenera kutsutsana nthawi zonse ndi unyinji wa ogula ndi zida za mphamvu za boma zomwe zimayendetsa ndikuwongolera chikhalidwe cha boma. Komabe, zojambulajambula, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ka Adorno kukhala olemekezeka mwapang'onopang'ono, mwatsoka amadzipatula, kupha magwero ofunikira a kulenga mwa iwo okha.

Zotsutsa izi zimawulula kutsekeka ndi kupanda chiyembekezo kwa malingaliro a Adorno okongoletsa komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Lingaliro lake la chikhalidwe limagwirizana motsatizana ndi filosofi ya F. Nietzsche, O. Spengler, X. Ortega y Gasset. Zina mwazinthu zake zidapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi "ndondomeko yachikhalidwe" ya National Socialists. The schematism ndi paradoxical chikhalidwe cha lingaliro Adorno zinaonekera bwino m'buku lake The Philosophy of New Music (1949), anamanga pa kuyerekeza ntchito ya A. Schoenberg ndi I. Stravinsky.

Kufotokozera kwa Schoenberg, malinga ndi Adorno, kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa mawonekedwe a nyimbo, kukana kwa woimbayo kupanga "opus yomaliza". Ntchito yotsekedwa kwathunthu, malinga ndi Adorno, imasokoneza kale zenizeni ndi dongosolo lake. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, Adorno amadzudzula Stravinsky's neoclassicism, yomwe amati ikuwonetsa chinyengo cha kuyanjanitsa kwamunthu payekha komanso anthu, kutembenuza luso kukhala malingaliro onyenga.

Adorno ankaona kuti luso lopanda nzeru ndi lachilengedwe, kulungamitsa kukhalapo kwake ndi nkhanza za anthu omwe adachokera. Ntchito yeniyeni yaluso mu zenizeni zamakono, malinga ndi Adorno, ikhoza kukhalabe "seismogram" yotseguka ya mantha amanjenje, zikhumbo zosadziwika bwino ndi kayendetsedwe kosadziwika bwino kwa moyo.

Adorno ndi wolamulira wamkulu mu nyimbo zamakono zaku Western aesthetics ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, wotsutsa kwambiri komanso wotsutsa chikhalidwe cha bourgeois. Koma, podzudzula chenicheni cha bourgeois, Adorno sanavomereze malingaliro a socialism, iwo anakhalabe achilendo kwa iye. Maganizo odana ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha USSR ndi mayiko ena a Socialist adadziwonetsera muzochita zingapo za Adorno.

Kutsutsa kwake kotsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi malonda a moyo wauzimu kumamveka bwino, koma chiyambi chabwino cha Adorno's aesthetic and sociological concept ndi chochepa kwambiri, chochepa kwambiri kuposa chiyambi chovuta. Pokana malingaliro amakono a bourgeois ndi malingaliro a sosholisti, Adorno sanawone njira yeniyeni yotulutsira chisokonezo chauzimu ndi chikhalidwe cha zenizeni zamakono za bourgeois ndipo, kwenikweni, adakhalabe m'manja mwa malingaliro ongoganizira za "njira yachitatu", ponena za mtundu wina wa njira. "zina" chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Adorno ndi mlembi wa ntchito zoimbira: zachikondi ndi kwaya (ku malemba ndi S. George, G. Trakl, T. Deubler), zidutswa kwa oimba, makonzedwe a French wowerengeka nyimbo, zida za piyano zidutswa ndi R. Schumann, etc.