Phunziro 1

Kuti timvetsetse zoyambira za chiphunzitso cha nyimbo komanso luso lodziwa bwino nyimbo, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti mawu ndi chiyani. Kwenikweni, phokoso ndilo maziko a nyimbo, popanda nyimbo sizingatheke.

Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kudziwa za dongosolo la note-octave. Izi zonse zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu za mawu.

Monga momwe mukuonera, m’phunziro loyamba tiri ndi programu yaikulu imene ikutiyembekezera, ndipo tiri otsimikiza kuti mudzapirira nayo! Choncho tiyeni tiyambe.

Thupi katundu wa phokoso

Choyamba, tiyeni tiphunzire momwe mawu amamvekera pamalingaliro afizikiki:

kuwomba - Ichi ndi chodabwitsa chakuthupi, chomwe ndi kugwedezeka kwamagetsi komwe kumafalikira mwanjira inayake, nthawi zambiri mlengalenga.

Phokoso limakhala ndi mawonekedwe akuthupi: kukwera, mphamvu (kukweza), kumveka kwa mawu (timbre).

Zofunikira zenizeni zamawu:

Mawu akuti "overtone" amachokera ku mawu awiri a Chingerezi: pamwamba - "pamwamba", kamvekedwe - "tone". Kuphatikiza apo, mawu akuti "overtone" kapena "overtone" amapezeka. Kumva kwa anthu kumatha kuzindikira phokoso la 16-20 hertz (Hz) ndi voliyumu ya 000-10 dB.

Kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyenda, tiyeni tinene kuti 10 dB ndi rustle, ndipo 130 dB ndi phokoso la ndege yomwe ikunyamuka, ngati mukumva pafupi. 120-130 dB ndi mlingo wa ululu pakhomo, pamene zimakhala zovuta kale kuti khutu la munthu limve phokoso.

Pankhani ya kutalika, kuyambira 30 Hz mpaka 4000 Hz amaonedwa kuti ndi omasuka. Tidzabwereranso kumutuwu tikamalankhula za nyimbo ndi masikelo. Tsopano ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mamvekedwe ndi kukweza kwa mawu ndi zinthu zosiyana kwambiri. Pakali pano, tiyeni tikambirane za makhalidwe a nyimbo.

Music Sound Properties

Kodi mawu a nyimbo amasiyana bwanji ndi ena onse? Ili ndi phokoso lokhala ndi mafunde ofanana komanso obwerezabwereza (mwachitsanzo, periodic). Phokoso lokhala ndi kugwedezeka kosasinthasintha, mwachitsanzo, kugwedezeka kosafanana komanso kobwerezabwereza, sikukhala kwa oimba. Izi ndi phokoso, mluzu, kulira, phokoso, kubangula, kufuula ndi zina zambiri.

Mwanjira ina, mawu a nyimbo ali ndi zonse zofanana ndi zina, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi phula, mokweza, timbre, koma kuphatikiza kwina kwa zinthu izi kumatithandiza kuyika phokoso ngati nyimbo. Ndi chiyani chinanso, kuwonjezera pa periodicity, zimafunikira pakumveka kwa nyimbo?

Choyamba, si nyimbo zonse zomveka zomwe zimatengedwa ngati nyimbo, zomwe tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake. Kachiwiri, pakumveka kwa nyimbo, nthawi yake ndiyofunikira. Izi kapena nthawi yomveka pamtunda wina imakulolani kutsindika nyimbo kapena, mosiyana, kusiya phokoso losalala. Phokoso lalifupi pamapeto limakulolani kuti muyike mfundo yomveka mu nyimbo, ndi yaitali - kusiya kumverera kwachidziwitso kwa omvera.

Kwenikweni kutalika kwa phokoso kumadalira kutalika kwa mafunde a mafunde. Pamene kugwedezeka kwa mafunde kumapita nthawi yaitali, phokoso limamvekanso. Kuti mumvetse mgwirizano pakati pa nthawi ya phokoso la nyimbo ndi makhalidwe ake ena, ndi bwino kuganizira mbali monga gwero la phokoso la nyimbo.

Magwero a mawu a nyimbo

Ngati phokoso likupangidwa ndi chida choimbira, zizindikiro zake zoyambirira za thupi sizidalira nthawi ya phokoso. Phokoso pa phula lomwe mukufuna liziyenda ndendende bola mutagwira kiyi yomwe mukufuna ya synthesizer. Kumveka kwa voliyumu yokhazikitsidwa kumapitilirabe mpaka muchepetse kapena kukulitsa voliyumu pa synthesizer kapena gitala lamagetsi combo amplifier.

Ngati tikulankhula za mawu oimba, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe a nyimbo amalumikizana zovuta kwambiri. Ndi liti pamene kuli kosavuta kusunga phokoso pamtunda woyenera popanda kutaya mphamvu? Ndiye, pamene mukukoka phokoso kwa nthawi yaitali kapena pamene muyenera kupereka kwenikweni kwa sekondi? Kujambula phokoso la nyimbo kwa nthawi yaitali popanda kutaya khalidwe la mawu, kutalika kwake ndi mphamvu zake ndi luso lapadera. Ngati mukufuna kupeza mawu okongola ndikuphunzira kuyimba, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muphunzire maphunziro athu a pa intaneti "Kukula kwa Mawu ndi Kulankhula".

Music dongosolo ndi sikelo

Kuti timvetse mozama za kamvekedwe ka nyimbo, timafunikira mfundo zina zingapo. Makamaka, monga nyimbo ndi sikelo:

Nyimbo zamakono zamakono zimaphatikizapo phokoso la 88 la kutalika kosiyana. Atha kuphedwa mokwera kapena kutsika. Chiwonetsero chomveka bwino cha ubale pakati pa nyimbo ndi sikelo ndi kiyibodi ya piyano.

Makiyi a piyano 88 (36 akuda ndi 52 oyera - tifotokoza chifukwa chake pambuyo pake) amamveka kuchokera ku 27,5 Hz mpaka 4186 Hz. Mphamvu zamayimbidwe zotere ndizokwanira kuimba nyimbo iliyonse yomwe ili yabwino kwa khutu la munthu. Zomveka kunja kwa izi sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo zamakono.

Sikelo imamangidwa pazochitika zina. Zomveka zomwe ma frequency amasiyana ndi 2 nthawi (2 kumtunda kapena kutsika) zimazindikirika ndi khutu ngati zofanana. Kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyenda, mfundo monga masitepe, octave, tone ndi semitone zimayambitsidwa mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo.

Masitepe a sikelo, octave, toni ndi semitone

Lililonse phokoso la nyimbo la sikelo limatchedwa sitepe. Mtunda pakati pa mawu ofanana (masitepe) omwe amasiyana kutalika ndi nthawi ziwiri amatchedwa octave. Mtunda pakati pa mawu oyandikana (masitepe) ndi semitone. Semitones mkati mwa octave ndi ofanana (kumbukirani, izi ndizofunikira). Ma semitone awiri amapanga kamvekedwe.

Mayina aperekedwa ku masitepe akuluakulu a sikelo. Izi ndi “do”, “re”, “mi”, “fa”, “sol”, “la”, “si”. Monga mukumvetsetsa, awa ndi zolemba 7 zomwe takhala tikuzidziwa kuyambira ndili mwana. Pa kiyibodi ya piyano, angapezeke mwa kukanikiza makiyi oyera:

Musayang'ane manambala ndi zilembo zachilatini panobe. Yang'anani pa kiyibodi ndi masitepe osainidwa a sikelo, nawonso ndi zolemba. Mutha kuwona kuti pali makiyi oyera 52, ndi mayina 7 okha a masitepe. Izi zili choncho chifukwa masitepe omwe ali ndi mawu ofanana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa msinkhu ndi nthawi 2 ndendende amapatsidwa mayina omwewo.

Ngati tisindikiza makiyi a piyano 7 motsatizana, kiyi yachisanu ndi chitatu idzatchulidwa ndendende ndi yomwe tidasindikiza poyamba. Ndipo, molingana, kupanga phokoso lofanana, koma pawiri kutalika kapena kuchepera, malingana ndi kumene tikuyenda. Mayendedwe enieni a piyano amatha kupezeka patebulo lapadera.

Kufotokozeranso kwina kwa mawuwa ndikofunikira apa. Octave imatanthawuza mtunda wapakati pa mawu ofanana (masitepe akuluakulu), omwe amasiyana mu msinkhu ndi nthawi 2, komanso ma semitone 12 kuchokera pa cholemba "mpaka".

Mutha kupeza matanthauzo ena a mawu oti "octave" omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo. Koma, chifukwa cholinga cha maphunziro athu ndi kupereka maziko a luso loimba, sitidzapita mozama mu chiphunzitso, koma tidzichepetsera ku chidziwitso chothandiza chomwe muyenera kuphunzira nyimbo ndi mawu.

Kuti timveke bwino komanso kufotokozera matanthauzo a mawuwa, tidzagwiritsanso ntchito kiyibodi ya piyano ndikuwona kuti octave ndi makiyi 7 oyera ndi makiyi 5 akuda.

Chifukwa chiyani mukufunikira makiyi akuda pa piyano

Pano ife, monga talonjezedwa kale, tifotokoza chifukwa chake piyano ili ndi makiyi oyera 52 ndi 36 okha akuda. Izi zidzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa bwino masitepe a sikelo ndi semitones. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mtunda wa semitones pakati pa masitepe akuluakulu amasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa masitepe (zolemba) "to" ndi "re", "re" ndi "mi" timawona semitones 2, mwachitsanzo, kiyi wakuda pakati pa makiyi awiri oyera, ndipo pakati pa "mi" ndi "fa" pali 1 yokha semitone, mwachitsanzo, makiyi oyera amatsatizana. Mofananamo, pali semitone imodzi yokha pakati pa masitepe a "si" ndi "kuchita".

Pazonse, masitepe 5 (zolemba) ali ndi mtunda wa 2 semitones, ndipo masitepe awiri (zolemba) ali ndi mtunda wa 1 semitone. Zikukhalira masamu awa:

Chifukwa chake tili ndi ma semitone 12 mu octave. Kiyibodi ya piyano imakhala ndi ma octave 7 ndi ma semitone ena 4: 3 kumanzere (kumene kumamveka motsika kwambiri) ndi 1 kumanja (kumveka kwakukulu). Timawerengera zonse semitones ndi makiyiudindo kwa iwo:

Kotero ife tiri ndi chiwerengero chonse cha makiyi a piyano. Timamvetsetsanso mopitilira. Taphunzira kale kuti pali makiyi 7 oyera ndi makiyi 5 akuda mu octave iliyonse. Kupitilira ma octave 7 athunthu, tili ndi makiyi ena atatu oyera ndi amodzi akuda. Timawerengera poyamba makiyi oyera:

Tsopano tikuwerengera makiyi akuda:

Nawa makiyi athu akuda 36 ndi makiyi 52 oyera.

Zikuwoneka kuti mwazindikira masitepe a sikelo, ma octaves, toni ndi semitones. Kumbukirani zambiri izi, monga zidzathandiza m'phunziro lotsatira, pamene tikupita ku phunziro latsatanetsatane la zolemba za nyimbo. Ndipo chidziwitsochi chidzafunika mu phunziro lomaliza, pamene tiphunzira kuimba piyano.

Tiyeni tifotokoze mfundo ina. Zokhazikika pomanga sikelo ndizofanana pamawu onse anyimbo, kaya amachotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito piyano, gitala kapena mawu oyimba. Tidagwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi ya piyano pofotokoza zinthuzo chifukwa chomveka bwino.

Momwemonso, tidzagwiritsa ntchito piyano kuti timvetsetse dongosolo la note-octave mwatsatanetsatane. Izi ziyenera kuchitika mu phunziro la lero, chifukwa. Chotsatira tidzapita ku zolemba za nyimbo ndi zolemba pamtengowo.

Note-octave system

Nthawi zambiri, mamvekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kumveka m'makutu a munthu amakhala pafupifupi ma octave 11. Chifukwa maphunziro athu ndi odzipereka pa luso loimba, timangofuna kumva nyimbo, mwachitsanzo pafupifupi 9 octave. Kuti zikhale zosavuta kukumbukira ma octave ndi mamvekedwe ake ofanana, timalimbikitsa kuchoka pamwamba mpaka pansi, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba mpaka pansi. Kukweza kwa hertz kwa octave iliyonse kudzawonetsedwa mu dongosolo la binary kuti mukumbukire mosavuta.

Octaves (mayina) ndi magawo:

Palibe zomveka kulingalira ma octave ena pamayendedwe a nyimbo. Chifukwa chake, cholemba chachikulu kwambiri cha amuna ndi F sharp of the 5th octave (5989 Hz), ndipo mbiriyi idakhazikitsidwa ndi Amirhossein Molai pa Julayi 31, 2019 ku Tehran (Iran) [Guinness World Records, 2019]. Woyimba Dimash waku Kazakhstan adafika pamutu wakuti "re" mu 5th octave (4698 Hz). Ndipo zomveka zokhala ndi utali wochepera 16 Hz sizingamveke ndi khutu la munthu. Mutha kuphunzira mndandanda wathunthu wamakalata olembera ma frequency ndi ma octave pa chithunzi chotsatira:

Cholemba choyamba cha octave yoyamba chimawonetsedwa ndi chibakuwa, mwachitsanzo, "chita", ndi chobiriwira - cholemba "la" cha octave yoyamba. Zinali pa iye, mwachitsanzo, kufupipafupi kwa 1 Hz, mwachisawawa ma tuner onse oyezera kukwera kwake amayikidwatu.

Zolemba mu octave: zosankha zamatchulidwe

Masiku ano, njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza kukhala kwa noti (phula) ku ma octave osiyanasiyana. Njira yosavuta ndiyo kulemba mayina a zolembazo monga momwe zilili: “chita”, “re”, “mi”, “fa”, “sol”, “la”, “si”.

Njira yachiwiri ndiyotchedwa "Helmholtz notation". Njirayi imaphatikizapo kutchulidwa kwa zolemba mu zilembo za Chilatini, ndi za octave - mu manambala. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zolemba.

Nyimbo za Helmholtz:

Ndikofunikanso kuzindikira kuti cholembacho "si" nthawi zina chimayimiridwa osati ndi chilembo B, koma ndi chilembo H. Chilembo H ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zachikale, pamene chilembo B chimatengedwa ngati njira yamakono. M'maphunziro athu, mupeza mitundu yonse iwiri, kotero kumbukirani kuti onse B ndi H amayimira "si".

Tsopano ku octaves. Zolemba mu octave yoyamba mpaka yachisanu zimalembedwa m'zilembo zing'onozing'ono za Chilatini ndipo zimasonyezedwa ndi manambala kuyambira 1 mpaka 5. Zolemba za octave yaing'ono zili m'malembo ang'onoang'ono Achilatini opanda manambala. Kumbukirani mayanjano: octave yaying'ono - zilembo zazing'ono. Zolemba za octave yayikulu zimalembedwa ndi zilembo zazikulu zachilatini. Kumbukirani: octave wamkulu - zilembo zazikulu. Zolemba za contra-octave ndi sub-contra-octave zimalembedwa mu zilembo zazikulu ndi manambala 1 ndi 2, motsatana.

Zolemba mu octave malinga ndi Helmholtz:

Ngati wina akudabwa chifukwa chake cholemba choyamba cha octave sichinasonyezedwe ndi chilembo choyamba cha zilembo za Chilatini, tidzakuuzani kuti kamodzi pa nthawi yowerengera inayamba ndi cholemba "la", kumbuyo komwe dzina la A lidakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, kenaka adaganiza zoyambitsa kuwerengera kwa octave kuchokera pacholemba "mpaka" , chomwe chapatsidwa kale dzina la C. Pofuna kupewa chisokonezo muzolemba za nyimbo, tinaganiza zosunga zilembo za zolemba monga momwe zilili.

Mutha kupeza zambiri za zolemba za Helmholtz ndi malingaliro ena m'ntchito yake, yomwe ikupezeka mu Chirasha pamutu wakuti "Chiphunzitso cha zomverera ngati maziko achilengedwe a chiphunzitso cha nyimbo" [G. Helmholtz, 2013].

Ndipo potsiriza, zolemba zasayansi, zomwe zinapangidwa ndi American Acoustic Society mu 1939 komanso zomwe zimagwiranso ntchito mpaka lero. Zolemba zimawonetsedwa ndi zilembo zazikulu zachilatini, ndipo za octave - ndi manambala kuyambira 0 mpaka 8.

Malingaliro asayansi:

Chonde dziwani kuti manambalawa sagwirizana ndi mayina a octave kuyambira woyamba mpaka wachisanu. Mkhalidwe umenewu nthawi zambiri umasocheretsa ngakhale opanga mapulogalamu apadera a oimba. Chifukwa chake, ngati mukukayikira, nthawi zonse yang'anani kamvekedwe ndi kamvekedwe ka cholembacho ndi chochunira. Kuti muchite izi, tsitsani pulogalamu yam'manja ya Pano Tuner ndikuilola kuti ipeze maikolofoni.

Ndizowonjezeranso kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba dongosolo la zolemba za sayansi linasindikizidwa mu July magazini ya Journal of the Aoustical Society of America (Journal of the Aoustical Society of America) [ Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1939] .

Tsopano tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule machitidwe onse omwe amavomerezedwa panopo pa octave iliyonse. Kuti tichite izi, tidzabwerezanso chithunzi chomwe mukuchidziwa kale ndi kiyibodi ya piyano ndi masitepe a sikelo (noti), koma ndi malingaliro kuti mumvetsere. manambala ndi zilembo:

Ndipo, potsirizira pake, kuti timvetsetse bwino kwambiri chidziwitso choyambirira cha chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, tiyenera kumvetsetsa mitundu ya ma toni ndi ma semitones.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma toni ndi semitones

Tinene nthawi yomweyo kuti kuchokera kumalingaliro ogwiritsidwa ntchito, chidziwitsochi sichingakhale chofunikira kwa inu pakuyimba zida zoimbira kapena mawu ophunzitsira. Komabe, mawu osonyeza mitundu ya ma toni ndi ma semitone amapezeka m'mabuku apadera. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro la iwo kuti musakhale ndi nthawi zosamvetsetseka mukamawerenga mabuku kapena kuphunzira mozama za nyimbo.

Toni (mitundu):

Halftone (mitundu):

Monga mukuonera, mayina amabwerezedwa, choncho sizidzakhala zovuta kukumbukira. Kotero, tiyeni tiganizire!

Diatonic semitone (mitundu):

Zitsanzo zina mukhoza kuziwona pachithunzichi:

Chromatic semitone (mitundu):

Diatonic tone (mitundu):

Kamvekedwe kachromatic (mitundu):

Tiyeni tifotokoze kuti zitsanzo zatengedwa kuchokera m'buku la Varfolomey Vakhromeev "Elementary Theory of Music" ndipo akuwonetsedwa pa kiyibodi ya piyano kuti amveke bwino, chifukwa. tiphunzira ndodo mu phunziro lotsatira, ndipo tifunika mfundo za kamvekedwe ndi semitone kale tsopano [V. Vakhromeev, 1961. Nthawi zambiri, tidzanena mobwerezabwereza ntchito za mphunzitsi wamkulu waku Russia ndi katswiri wanyimbo pamaphunziro athu onse.

Mwa njira, mu 1984, miyezi ingapo asanamwalire, Varfolomey Vakhromeev anapatsidwa Order of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir wa digiri yachiwiri ya "Textbook of Church Singing" yomwe adalemba kusukulu zaumulungu. wa Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox. Bukulo linadutsanso maulendo angapo pambuyo pa imfa yake [V. Vakhromeev, 2].

Kuwonjezeka kwa 2 semitones kumasonyezedwa ndi kuwirikiza kawiri kapena kuwirikiza kawiri, kuchepa kwa ma semitones a 2 kumasonyezedwa ndi mapiri awiri kapena awiri. Pakuthwa kawiri pali chithunzi chapadera, chofanana ndi mtanda, koma, chifukwa ndizovuta kuchitola pa kiyibodi, zolemba ♯♯ kapena zizindikiro ziwiri zokha ## zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndizosavuta ndi ma flat-awiri, amalemba mwina 2 ♭♭ zizindikiro kapena zilembo zachilatini bb.

Ndipo potsiriza, chinthu chomaliza muyenera kulankhula za "katundu phokoso" - ndi anharmonicity wa phokoso. Mudaphunzira kale kuti ma semitone mkati mwa octave ndi ofanana. Choncho, phokoso lotsitsidwa ndi semitone wokhudzana ndi sitepe yaikulu lidzakhala lofanana ndi phokoso ndi phokoso lokwezedwa ndi semitone yokhudzana ndi sitepe yomwe ili ndi ma semitone awiri kutsika.

Mwachidule, A-flat (A♭) ndi G-sharp (G♯‎) amamvekedwe amtundu wofanana. Mofananamo, mkati mwa octave, G-flat (G♭) ndi F-sharp (F♯), E-flat (E♭) ndi D-sharp (D♯), D-flat (D♭) mpaka -charp (С♯‎), ndi zina zotero. Zomwe zimachitika pamene phokoso lautali wofanana limakhala ndi mayina osiyanasiyana ndipo limasonyezedwa ndi zizindikiro zosiyana limatchedwa kusamvana kwa mawu.

Kuti tizindikire mosavuta, tawonetsa chodabwitsa ichi pa chitsanzo cha masitepe (zolemba), pakati pawo pali 2 semitones. Nthawi zina, pakakhala semitone imodzi yokha pakati pa masitepe akuluakulu, izi siziwoneka bwino. Mwachitsanzo, F-flat (F♭) ndi E (E), ndipo E-sharp (E♯‎) ndi F (F) yeniyeni. Komabe, m'mabuku apadera a chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, mayina monga F-flat (F♭) ndi E-sharp (E♯‎) atha kupezekanso. Inu tsopano mukudziwa chimene iwo akutanthauza.

Lero mwaphunzira zakuthupi zomveka za mawu ambiri komanso momwe nyimbo zimamvekera makamaka. Mwalimbana ndi nyimbo ndi masikelo, masitepe, ma octave, toni ndi semitones. Mwamvetsetsanso dongosolo la note-octave ndipo tsopano mwakonzeka kuyesa zinthu za phunziroli, momwe taphatikiza mafunso ofunikira kwambiri kuchokera pamalingaliro othandiza.

Chiyeso cha kumvetsetsa kwa phunziro

Ngati mukufuna kuyesa chidziwitso chanu pamutu waphunziroli, mutha kuyesa mayeso achidule okhala ndi mafunso angapo. Njira imodzi yokha yomwe ingakhale yolondola pafunso lililonse. Mukasankha chimodzi mwazosankha, dongosololi limasunthira ku funso lotsatira. Mfundo zomwe mumalandira zimakhudzidwa ndi kulondola kwa mayankho anu komanso nthawi yomwe mumadutsa. Chonde dziwani kuti mafunso amasiyana nthawi iliyonse, ndipo zosankha zimasokonekera.

Ndipo tsopano ife titembenukira ku kusanthula nyimbo notation.