Phunziro 3. Kugwirizana mu nyimbo

Chimodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu nyimbo ndi mgwirizano. Nyimbo ndi mgwirizano ndizogwirizana kwambiri. Ndiko kusakanikirana kogwirizana kwa mawu komwe kumapereka mwayi woti nyimboyo ikhale yomveka.

Muli ndi kale chidziwitso chonse chofunikira pa izi. Makamaka, mumadziwa toni, semitone ndi masitepe amtundu wanji, zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuthana ndi chinthu chofunikira chogwirizana monga ma intervals, komanso modes ndi tonality.

Mwachinsinsi, pakutha kwa phunziroli, mudzakhala mutaphunzira zina zofunika kuti mulembe nyimbo za pop ndi rock. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, tiyeni tiyambe kuphunzira!

Chigwirizano ndi chiyani

Mbali izi za mgwirizano zimagwirizana kwambiri. Nyimboyi imadziwika kuti imagwirizana ikapangidwa poganizira kaphatikizidwe ka mawu. Kuti timvetse machitidwewa, tiyenera kudziwa zinthu zogwirizana, mwachitsanzo, magulu, njira imodzi kapena ina yogwirizana ndi lingaliro la "mgwirizano".

Zidutswa

Cholinga chachikulu cha mgwirizano ndi nthawi. Nthawi ya nyimbo imatanthawuza mtunda wa semitones pakati pa phokoso la nyimbo ziwiri. Tinakumana ndi ma halftones m'maphunziro apitalo, kotero tsopano pasakhale zovuta.

Mitundu yanthawi zosavuta:

Choncho, mipata yosavuta imatanthawuza mipata pakati pa phokoso mkati mwa octave. Ngati nthawiyo ili yaikulu kuposa octave, nthawi yoteroyo imatchedwa interval yamagulu.

Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana:

Funso loyamba ndi lalikulu: momwe mungakumbukire? Kwenikweni sizovuta.

Momwe ndi chifukwa chake kukumbukira nthawi

Kuchokera pakukula kwachitukuko, mwinamwake mukudziwa kuti kukula kwa kukumbukira kumathandizidwa ndi maphunziro a zala zabwino zamagalimoto. Ngati muphunzitsa luso lamagalimoto pa kiyibodi ya piyano, simudzakhala kukumbukira kokha, komanso khutu la nyimbo. Timalimbikitsa pulogalamu yabwino ya piyano, yomwe ikhoza kutsitsidwa kuchokera ku Google Play:

Ndiye zimatsalira kuti muzisewera nthawi zonse zomwe zili pamwambapa ndikutchula mayina awo mokweza. Mutha kuyamba ndi kiyi iliyonse, pakadali pano zilibe kanthu. Ndikofunika kuwerengera molondola chiwerengero cha semitones. Ngati mumasewera kiyi imodzi ka 2 - iyi ndi nthawi ya 0 semitones, makiyi awiri oyandikana nawo - iyi ndi nthawi ya 1 semitone, pambuyo pa kiyi imodzi - 2 semitones, ndi zina zotero. makiyi pa zenera kuti ndi yabwino kwa inu panokha.

Funso lachiwiri komanso locheperako ndichifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa chiyani mukufunika kudziwa ndi kumva nthawi, kupatulapo kudziwa zoyambira za nyimbo? Koma pano si nkhani ya nthanthi monga zochita. Mukaphunzira kuzindikira nthawi zonse izi ndi makutu, mutha kuyimba mosavuta nyimbo iliyonse yomwe mumakonda poimbira, ya mawu komanso yoyimba. Kwenikweni, ambiri aife timanyamula gitala kapena violin, kukhala pansi pa piyano kapena zida za ng'oma kuti tingoimba nyimbo zomwe timakonda.

Ndipo, potsiriza, podziwa mayina a intervals, mungathe kudziwa mosavuta zomwe zili ngati mukumva kuti nyimbo imamangidwa, mwachitsanzo, pamagulu achisanu. Izi, mwa njira, ndizofala mu nyimbo za rock. Mukungoyenera kukumbukira kuti gawo limodzi mwachisanu ndi 7 semitones. Chifukwa chake, ingowonjezerani ma semitone 7 pamawu aliwonse opangidwa ndi gitala la bass, ndipo mumapeza nyimbo zachisanu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito yomwe mumakonda. Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muziganizira kwambiri za bass, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomveka bwino, zomwe ndizofunikira kwa oyamba kumene.

Kuti mumve phokoso lalikulu (tonic), muyenera kugwira ntchito pakukula kwa khutu la nyimbo. Mwayamba kale kuchita izi ngati mudatsitsa Piyano Yangwiro ndikuyimba nthawi zina. Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyi kapena chida choimbira chenicheni kuyesa kumva kuti ndi mawu ati omwe amamveka limodzi ndi tonic (phokoso lalikulu) la nyimbo yomwe mukufuna. Kuti muchite izi, ingodinani makiyi motsatana. mkati mwa malire a octave yayikulu ndi yaying'ono, kapena sewerani zolemba zonse pagitala, kukanikiza zingwe za 6 ndi 5 (bass!) motsatizana pa fret iliyonse. Mudzawona kuti imodzi mwa zolembazo ikugwirizana bwino. Ngati kumva kwanu sikunakulepheretseni, iyi ndiye tonic. Kuti muwonetsetse kuti makutu anu ali olondola, pezani cholembera chimodzi kapena ziwiri pamwamba ndikusewera. Ngati ili tonic, mudzakhala mukugwirizananso ndi nyimboyo.

Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza mawonekedwe a intervals osati mu semitones, koma masitepe. Apa tikungoganizira masitepe akulu okha a sikelo, mwachitsanzo, “chita”, “re”, “mi”, “fa”, “sol”, “la”, “si”. Kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepetsedwa masitepe, mwachitsanzo, sharps ndi lathyathyathya sizikuphatikizidwa mu mawerengedwe, kotero chiwerengero cha masitepe imeneyi amasiyana ndi chiwerengero cha semitones. M'malo mwake, kuwerengera masitepe pamasitepe ndikwabwino kwa omwe ati aziimba piyano, chifukwa pa kiyibodi masitepe akuluakulu a sikelo amafanana ndi makiyi oyera, ndipo dongosololi likuwoneka bwino.

Ndikosavuta kuti wina aliyense aganizire zapakati pa semitones, chifukwa pazida zina zoimbira, masitepe akuluakulu a sikelo samasiyanitsidwa mwanjira iliyonse. Koma, mwachitsanzo, ma frets amawonekera pa gitala. Amachepetsedwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "mtedza" womwe uli pakhosi la gitala, pomwe zingwe zimatambasulidwa. Kuwerengera movutikira kukuchitika kuchokera kumutu:

Mwa njira, mawu akuti "chingwe" ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri ndipo amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mutu wa mgwirizano.

Kutuluka

Chinthu chachiwiri chapakati cha mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano. Pamene chiphunzitso cha nyimbo chimayamba, matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana amachitidwe adalamuliridwa. Zinamveka ngati njira yophatikizira ma toni, monga bungwe la ma toni pakulumikizana kwawo, ngati njira yolumikizira ma toni. Tsopano tanthawuzo la mode likuvomerezedwa kwambiri ngati dongosolo la kugwirizanitsa phula, logwirizana ndi chithandizo cha phokoso lapakati kapena consonance.

Ngati izi zikadali zovuta, tangoganizani, poyerekezera ndi dziko lakunja, kuti mgwirizano mu nyimbo ndi pamene phokoso likuwoneka kuti likugwirizana. Monga momwe mabanja ena anganenedwe kuti akukhala mogwirizana, chotero nyimbo zina za nyimbo zinganenedwe kukhala zogwirizana.

M'lingaliro logwiritsiridwa ntchito, mawu oti "mode" amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ponena za zazing'ono ndi zazikulu. Mawu oti "wamng'ono" amachokera ku Chilatini mollis (lotanthauziridwa kuti "wofewa", "wodekha"), kotero kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta nyimbo timadziwika ngati nyimbo kapena zachisoni. Mawu oti "zazikulu" amachokera ku liwu Lachilatini lalikulu (lotanthauziridwa kuti "lalikulu", "wamkulu"), kotero kuti nyimbo zazikuluzikulu zimawonedwa ngati zolimbikitsa komanso zopatsa chiyembekezo.

Chifukwa chake, mitundu yayikulu yamitundu ndi yaying'ono komanso yayikulu. Zosindikizidwa zobiriwira kuti zimveke bwino masitepe (notes) frets, zomwe ndizosiyana zazing'ono ndi zazikulu:

Pa mlingo wa philistine, pali gradation wosavuta ndi khalidwe la wamng'ono monga "wachisoni", ndi chachikulu "mokondwera". Izi ndizokhazikika. Sikofunikira konse kuti chidutswa chaching'ono chizikhala chachisoni nthawi zonse, ndipo nyimbo yayikulu imamveka yosangalatsa nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zitha kutsatiridwa kuyambira zaka za zana la 18. Choncho, ntchito ya Mozart "Sonata No. 16 mu C Major" ikuwoneka yosokoneza kwambiri m'malo, ndipo nyimbo yowotcha "A Grasshopper Sat in the Grass" imalembedwa muchinsinsi chaching'ono.

Mitundu yonse yaying'ono ndi yayikulu imayamba ndi tonic - phokoso lalikulu kapena gawo lalikulu la mawonekedwe. Chotsatira pamabwera kuphatikiza kwa mawu okhazikika komanso osakhazikika motsatizana ndi kukhumudwa kulikonse. Pano mukhoza kujambula fanizo ndi kumanga khoma la njerwa. Pakhoma, njerwa zolimba komanso chophatikizira cha semi-liquid binder ndizofunikira, apo ayi mawonekedwewo sangatenge utali wofunikira ndipo sadzasungidwa m'malo operekedwa.

Zonse zazikulu ndi zazing'ono pali masitepe atatu okhazikika: 3st, 1rd, 3th. Masitepe otsalawo amaonedwa kuti ndi osakhazikika. M’mabuku oimba, munthu angakumane ndi mawu onga akuti “mphamvu yokoka” ya mawu, kapena “chikhumbo chofuna kumveka bwino.” Kunena mwachidule, nyimboyo siingathe kudulidwa ndi mawu osakhazikika, koma nthawi zonse iyenera kumalizidwa mokhazikika.

Pambuyo pake mu phunziroli, mupeza mawu oti "chord". Kuti tipewe chisokonezo, tiyeni tinene nthawi yomweyo kuti masitepe okhazikika komanso masitepe oyambira sali ofanana. Amene akufuna kuyamba mwamsanga kuyimba chida choimbira ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zala zomwe zakonzedwa kale, ndipo mfundo za zomangamanga zidzamveka bwino pamene mukudziŵa luso loimba ndi nyimbo zosavuta.

Kuphatikiza apo, m'mabuku apadera anyimbo, mutha kukumana ndi mayina monga Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian ndi Locrian. Awa ndi mitundu yomwe imamangidwa pamaziko a sikelo yayikulu, ndipo imodzi mwamadigiri a sikelo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tonic. Amatchedwanso zachilengedwe, diatonic kapena Greek.

Amatchedwa Agiriki chifukwa mayina awo amachokera ku mafuko ndi mayiko omwe ankakhala m’dera la Greece Yakale. M'malo mwake, miyambo yanyimbo yomwe ili pansi pamtundu uliwonse wa diatonic yakhala ikuwerengera kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Ngati mukufuna kulemba nyimbo m'tsogolomu, mungafune kubwereranso ku funsoli pambuyo pake, pamene mumvetsetsa momwe mungapangire sikelo yaikulu. Kuonjezera apo, ndi bwino kuphunzira nkhanizo "Diatonic Frets kwa Oyamba» ndi zitsanzo zomvera za phokoso la aliyense wa iwo [Shugaev, 2015]:

Pakalipano, tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule mfundo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, tikakumana ndi mawu oti "mamode akulu" kapena "mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono", timatanthawuza mitundu ya harmoniic tonality. Tiyeni tiwone kuti tonality ndi chiyani komanso ma harmonic tonality makamaka.

Mfungulo

Ndiye toni ndi chiyani? Mofanana ndi mawu ena ambiri oimba, pali matanthauzo osiyanasiyana achinsinsi. Liwu lokhalo limachokera ku liwu lachilatini tone. Mu anatomy ndi physiology, izi zikutanthauza kukondoweza kwa nthawi yayitali kwa dongosolo lamanjenje ndi kupsinjika kwa ulusi wa minofu popanda kubweretsa kutopa.

Aliyense amadziwa bwino tanthauzo la mawu akuti "kukhala bwino". Mu nyimbo, zinthu zimakhala zofanana. Nyimbo ndi mgwirizano, kunena kwake, zimakhala bwino pa nthawi yonse ya nyimbo.

Tikudziwa kale kuti njira iliyonse - yaying'ono kapena yayikulu - imayamba ndi tonic. Zonse zazing'ono ndi zazikuluzikulu zimatha kusinthidwa kuchokera ku phokoso lililonse lomwe lidzatengedwa ngati phokoso lalikulu, mwachitsanzo, tonic ya ntchitoyo. Malo okwera a fret ndi kutchulidwa kwake kwa kutalika kwa tonic amatchedwa tonality. Choncho, mapangidwe a tonality akhoza kuchepetsedwa kukhala njira yosavuta.

Toni formula:

Key = tonic + nkhawa

Ndicho chifukwa chake tanthawuzo la tonality nthawi zambiri limaperekedwa ngati mfundo ya mode, gulu lalikulu lomwe ndi tonic. Tsopano tiyeni tibwereze.

Mitundu yayikulu ya makiyi:

Kodi tonality formula ndi mitundu iyi ya tonality zikutanthauza chiyani muzochita? Tiyerekeze kuti tamva nyimbo yaying'ono, pomwe sikelo yaying'ono imapangidwa kuchokera pa cholemba "la". Izi zikutanthauza kuti fungulo la ntchitoyi ndi "Wamng'ono" (Am). Tinene nthawi yomweyo kuti kusankha kiyi yaing'ono, Latin m imawonjezeredwa ku tonic. M'mawu ena, ngati muwona dzina Cm, ndi "C wamng'ono", ngati Dm ndi "D wamng'ono", Em - motero, "E wamng'ono", etc.

Ngati muwona mugawo la "tonality" zilembo zazikulu zomwe zikuwonetsa cholemba china - C, D, E, F ndi ena - izi zikutanthauza kuti mukuchita ndi kiyi yayikulu, ndipo muli ndi ntchito mu kiyi ya "C major. ", "D yaikulu", "E yaikulu", "F yaikulu", ndi zina zotero.

Kuchepa kapena kuchulukirachulukira kutengera gawo lalikulu la sikelo, tonality imawonetsedwa ndi zithunzi zakuthwa komanso zosalala zomwe mukudziwa. Ngati muwona cholowa mumtundu, mwachitsanzo, F♯m kapena G♯m, izi zikutanthauza kuti muli ndi kachidutswa mu kiyi ya F yakuthwa yaying'ono kapena G yakuthwa yaying'ono. Kiyi yochepetsedwa idzakhala ndi chizindikiro chathyathyathya, mwachitsanzo, A♭m (A-flat wamng'ono"), B♭m ("B-flat wamng'ono"), ndi zina zotero.

Pakiyi yayikulu, padzakhala chizindikiro chakuthwa kapena chosalala pafupi ndi dzina la tonic popanda zilembo zowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, C♯ (“C-sharp major”), D♯ (“D-sharp major”), A♭ (“A-flat major”), B♭ (“B-flat major”), ndi zina zotero. Inu mukhoza kupeza mayina ena a makiyi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mawu akuti chachikulu kapena chaching’ono awonjezeredwa pacholembacho, ndipo m’malo mwa chikwangwani chakuthwa kapena chafulati, amawonjezedwa mawu akuti kuthwa kapena kufulati.

Izi ndi njira zowonetsera. makiyi ang'onoang'ono:

Zosankha zina zolembera makiyi akuluakulu:

Makiyi onse omwe ali pamwambawa ndi ogwirizana, mwachitsanzo, kudziwa kugwirizana kwa nyimbo.

Chifukwa chake, tonality ya harmonic ndi dongosolo laling'ono la ma tonal.

Palinso mitundu ina ya malankhulidwe. Tiyeni tilembe onsewo.

Mitundu yamitundu:

M'mitundu yomaliza, tidapeza mawu oti "tertia". M'mbuyomu tidapeza kuti yachitatu ikhoza kukhala yaying'ono (3 semitones) kapena yayikulu (4 semitones). Apa tikufika ku lingaliro loti "gamma", lomwe liyenera kuthana nalo kuti timvetsetse kuti ndi mitundu yanji, makiyi ndi zigawo zina za mgwirizano.

Mamba

Aliyense anamva za mamba kamodzi kamodzi, amene mmodzi wa anzawo anapita ku sukulu nyimbo. Ndipo, monga lamulo, ndinamva molakwika - amati, otopetsa, otopetsa. Ndipo, kawirikawiri, sizikudziwika chifukwa chake amaphunzira. Poyamba, tiyeni tinene kuti sikelo ndi kutsatizana kwa mawu mu kiyi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati mupanga motsatizana mawu onse a tonality, kuyambira ndi tonic, izi zidzakhala mulingo.

Makiyi aliwonse - ang'onoang'ono ndi akulu - amamangidwa molingana ndi machitidwe ake. Apa tiyeneranso kukumbukira zomwe semitone ndi toni zili. Kumbukirani, kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi 2 semitones. Tsopano inu mukhoza kupita kupanga gamma:

Kumbukirani kutsatizana kwa masikelo akulu: toni-toni-semitone-tone-tone-semitone. Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe tingapangire sikelo yayikulu pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo "C major":

Mukudziwa kale zolembazo, kotero mutha kuwona pachithunzichi kuti sikelo yayikulu ya C imaphatikizapo zolemba C (do), D (re), E (mi), F (fa), G (sol), A (la) , B (si), C (ku). Tiyeni tipitirire mamba ang'onoang'ono:

Kumbukirani ndondomeko yopangira masikelo ang'onoang'ono: toni-semitone-tone-semitone-tone-toni. Tiyeni tiwone momwe tingapangire sikelo yayikulu pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo "La Minor":

Kuti zikhale zosavuta kukumbukira, chonde dziwani kuti pamlingo waukulu, choyamba chimabwera chachitatu (4 semitones kapena 2 toni), ndiyeno chaching'ono (3 semitones kapena semitone + tone). Pachiwerengero chaching'ono, choyamba chimabwera chaching'ono chachitatu (3 semitones kapena tone + semitone), ndiyeno chachitatu chachikulu (4 semitones kapena 2 toni).

Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kuwona kuti sikelo "A yaying'ono" imaphatikizapo zolemba zofanana ndi "C yayikulu", zimangoyamba ndi cholemba "A": A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A. A. m'mbuyomo, tidatchula makiyi awa ngati chitsanzo cha ofanana. Zikuwoneka kuti ino ndiyo nthawi yabwino kwambiri yoti mukhale ndi mafungulo ofanana mwatsatanetsatane.

Tidapeza kuti makiyi ofanana ndi makiyi okhala ndi zolemba zofananira kwathunthu ndipo kusiyana pakati pa makiyi ang'onoang'ono ndi makiyi akulu ndi ma semitones atatu (lachitatu laling'ono). Chifukwa chakuti zolembazo zimagwirizana kwathunthu, makiyi ofanana ali ndi nambala yofanana ndi mtundu wa zizindikiro (zakuthwa kapena flats) pa kiyi.

Timayang'ana pa izi chifukwa m'mabuku apadera munthu angapeze tanthauzo la mafungulo ofanana ndi omwe ali ndi nambala yofanana ndi zizindikiro zamtundu pa fungulo. Monga mukuonera, izi ndi zinthu zosavuta komanso zomveka, koma zotchulidwa m'chinenero cha sayansi. Mndandanda wathunthu wa malankhulidwe otere zoperekedwa pansipa:

Kodi nchifukwa ninji timafunikira chidziŵitso chimenechi popanga nyimbo zothandiza? Choyamba, muzochitika zilizonse zosamvetsetseka, mutha kuyimba tonic ya kiyi yofananira ndikusinthira nyimbo. Kachiwiri, motere mudzakhala kosavuta kuti musankhe nyimbo ndi nyimbo, ngati simunasiyanitse ndi khutu ma nuances onse a phokoso la nyimbo. Podziwa chinsinsicho, mungochepetsa kusaka kwanu kwa ma chord oyenera kwa omwe akukwanira kiyi iyi. Kodi mumatanthauzira bwanji? Apa muyenera kuchita mafotokozedwe awiri:

Dongosololi limatchedwa bwalo lachisanu la magawo anayi chifukwa mozungulira mozungulira mafungulo akulu amasiyanitsidwa ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu (7 semitones), ndi kubwereza koloko - ndi chachinayi (5 semitones). 7 + 5 = 12 semitones, mwachitsanzo, bwalo loyipa amapanga octave:

Mwa njira, njira yotere monga kukonza nyimbo zoyandikana zingathandize olemba nyimbo omwe adzutsa chidwi cholemba, koma kuphunzira kwa chiphunzitso cha nyimbo kudakali koyambirira. Ndipo olemba nyimbo omwe apeza kutchuka amachitanso izi. Kuti zimveke, timapereka zitsanzo zingapo.

Kusankha chords kwa nyimbo “Nyenyezi Yotchedwa Dzuwa” Gulu la Kino:

Ndipo nazi zitsanzo za nyimbo zamakono za pop:

kusankha nyimbo za "Disarmed" Wolemba Polina Gagarina:

Ndipo chiwonetsero chaposachedwa cha 2020 chikuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti zomwe zikuchitikazi ndi zamoyo:

Kusankha chords kwa nyimbo "Naked King" yolembedwa ndi Alina Grosu:

Kwa iwo omwe akufulumira kuyamba kusewera, titha kulangiza mavidiyo pa frets ndi mamba kuchokera kwa woyimba ndi mphunzitsi wodziwa Alexander Zilkov:

Ndipo kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuzama mu chiphunzitsocho ndikuphunzira zambiri za mgwirizano mu nyimbo, tikupangira buku lakuti "Essays on Modern Harmony", lomwe linalembedwa zaka zambiri zapitazo ndi wotsutsa zaluso, mphunzitsi wa Moscow Conservatory Yuri Kholopov, ndi zomwe zidakali zofunika [Yu. Kholopov, 1974.

Tikupangira kuti mwamtheradi aliyense ayese mayeso otsimikizira ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, lembani mipata mu chidziwitso musanapitirire ku phunziro lotsatira. Kudziwa izi kudzathandizadi, kotero tikukufunirani zabwino!

Chiyeso cha kumvetsetsa kwa phunziro

Ngati mukufuna kuyesa chidziwitso chanu pamutu waphunziroli, mutha kuyesa mayeso achidule okhala ndi mafunso angapo. Njira imodzi yokha yomwe ingakhale yolondola pafunso lililonse. Mukasankha chimodzi mwazosankha, dongosololi limasunthira ku funso lotsatira. Mfundo zomwe mumalandira zimakhudzidwa ndi kulondola kwa mayankho anu komanso nthawi yomwe mumadutsa. Chonde dziwani kuti mafunso amasiyana nthawi iliyonse, ndipo zosankha zimasokonekera.

Tsopano tiyeni tipite ku polyphony ndi kusakaniza.