Ludwig van Beethoven |

Ludwig van Beethoven

Kufunitsitsa kwanga kutumikira anthu osauka omwe akuvutika ndi luso langa sikunayambe, kuyambira ubwana wanga ... kunafunikira mphotho ina kupatula kukhutira kwamkati ... L. Beethoven

Nyimbo za ku Europe zinali zodzaza ndi mphekesera za mwana wozizwitsa wodabwitsa - WA Mozart, pomwe Ludwig van Beethoven anabadwira ku Bonn, m'banja la woimba nyimbo wa bwalo lamilandu. Iwo anamubatiza pa December 17, 1770, n’kumutcha dzina la agogo ake, mtsogoleri wa gulu lolemekezeka, wochokera ku Flanders. Beethoven adalandira chidziwitso chake choyamba cha nyimbo kuchokera kwa abambo ake ndi anzake. Bamboyo ankafuna kuti akhale "Mozart wachiwiri", ndipo anakakamiza mwana wake kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ngakhale usiku. Beethoven sanakhale mwana wodabwitsa, koma adapeza talente yake monga wolemba nyimbo molawirira kwambiri. K. Nefe, yemwe adamuphunzitsa kupanga ndi kusewera chiwalocho, adamukhudza kwambiri - munthu wokonda kukongola komanso zikhulupiriro zandale. Chifukwa cha umphawi wa m'banjamo, Beethoven anakakamizika kulowa mu utumiki mofulumira kwambiri: ali ndi zaka 13, adalembedwa mu chapel ngati wothandizira wothandizira; pambuyo pake adagwira ntchito yoperekeza ku Bonn National Theatre. Mu 1787 iye anapita ku Vienna ndipo anakumana ndi fano lake, Mozart, amene, pambuyo pa kumvetsera ku masinthidwe a mnyamatayo, anati: “Mverani iye; tsiku lina adzachititsa dziko kulankhula za iye.” Beethoven analephera kukhala wophunzira wa Mozart: matenda aakulu ndi imfa ya amayi ake zinamukakamiza kuti abwerere ku Bonn mwamsanga. Kumeneko, Beethoven adapeza chithandizo chamakhalidwe m'banja lowunikira la Breining ndipo adakhala pafupi ndi malo a yunivesite, omwe adagawana nawo malingaliro opita patsogolo kwambiri. Malingaliro a Revolution ya ku France adalandiridwa mwachidwi ndi abwenzi a Beethoven a Bonn ndipo adakhudza kwambiri kukhazikitsidwa kwa zikhulupiriro zake zademokalase.

Ku Bonn, Beethoven analemba ntchito zingapo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono: 2 cantatas kwa oimba solo, kwaya ndi orchestra, 3 piano quartets, angapo piano sonatas (tsopano amatchedwa sonatinas). Tikumbukenso kuti sonatas amadziwika onse novice limba mchere и F zazikulu kwa Beethoven, malinga ndi ofufuza, sizili, koma zimangotchulidwa, koma wina, moona Beethoven a Sonatina mu F yaikulu, anapeza ndi kufalitsidwa mu 1909, amakhala, titero, mu mithunzi ndipo si ankasewera ndi aliyense. Zambiri mwazopanga za Bonn zimapangidwanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwira kupanga nyimbo zamasewera. Zina mwa izo ndi nyimbo yodziwika bwino "Marmot", yogwira mtima "Elegy on the Death of a Poodle", chithunzi chopanduka "Free Man", loto la "Sigh of the unloved and happy love", yomwe ili ndi chitsanzo cha mutu wamtsogolo wa. chimwemwe kuchokera ku Ninth Symphony, "Nyimbo Yopereka Nsembe", yomwe Beethoven ankaikonda kwambiri moti anabwerera kwa nthawi 5 (kusindikiza komaliza - 1824). Ngakhale kutsitsimuka ndi kuwala kwa nyimbo achinyamata, Beethoven anazindikira kuti anafunika kuphunzira kwambiri.

Mu November 1792, pomalizira pake adachoka ku Bonn ndikupita ku Vienna, malo akuluakulu oimba nyimbo ku Ulaya. Apa adaphunzira zotsutsana ndi zolemba ndi J. Haydn, I. Schenck, I. Albrechtsberger ndi A. Salieri. Ngakhale kuti wophunzirayo anali wodziŵika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuuma mtima, anaphunzira mwakhama ndipo kenako analankhula moyamikira za aphunzitsi ake onse. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Beethoven anayamba kuchita ngati woyimba piyano ndipo posakhalitsa adadziwika kuti ndi wopambana kwambiri komanso wopambana kwambiri. Mu ulendo wake woyamba ndi wotsiriza yaitali (1796), iye anagonjetsa omvera Prague, Berlin, Dresden, Bratislava. Virtuoso wamng'onoyo adalimbikitsidwa ndi okonda nyimbo otchuka - K. Likhnovsky, F. Lobkowitz, F. Kinsky, kazembe waku Russia A. Razumovsky ndi ena, sonatas a Beethoven, trios, quartets, ndipo pambuyo pake ngakhale ma symphonies adamveka kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nyimbo zawo. salons. Mayina awo angapezeke mu kudzipereka kwa ntchito zambiri za wolemba. Komabe, njira ya Beethoven yochitira zinthu ndi omutsatira inali pafupifupi yosamveka panthawiyo. Pokhala wonyada ndi wodziimira payekha, sanakhululukire aliyense kaamba ka kuyesa kunyozetsa ulemu wake. Mawu opeka amene wolemba nyimboyo adam'khumudwitsa amadziwika kuti: "Pakhala ndipo padzakhala zikwi za akalonga, Beethoven ndi mmodzi yekha." Mwa ophunzira ambiri olemekezeka a Beethoven, Ertman, alongo T. ndi J. Bruns, ndi M. Erdedy anakhala mabwenzi ake okhazikika ndi ochirikiza nyimbo zake. Osakonda kuphunzitsa, Beethoven anali mphunzitsi wa K. Czerny ndi F. Ries pa piyano (onse awiri adapambana kutchuka ku Europe) ndi Archduke Rudolf waku Austria polemba.

M'zaka khumi zoyambirira za Viennese, Beethoven analemba makamaka nyimbo za piyano ndi chipinda. Mu 1792-1802. Ma concerto 3 a piyano ndi ma sonata 2 khumi ndi awiri adapangidwa. Mwa awa, Sonata No. 8 yekha ("Wachisoni") ali ndi mutu wa wolemba. Sonata No. 14, yotchedwa sonata-fantasy, amatchedwa "Lunar" ndi wolemba ndakatulo wachikondi L. Relshtab. Mayina okhazikika adalimbikitsidwanso kumbuyo kwa sonatas No. 12 ("Ndi Maliro March"), No. 17 ("Ndi Recitatives") ndipo kenako: No. Kuwonjezera pa piano, 21 (pa 23) violin sonatas ndi ya nthawi yoyamba ya Viennese (kuphatikizapo No. 9 - "Spring", No. 10 - "Kreutzer"; mayina onsewa ndi osakhala olemba); 5 cello sonatas, 9 zingwe quartets, angapo ensembles kwa zida zosiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza mwachimwemwe gallant Septet).

Ndi chiyambi cha XIX atumwi. Beethoven nayenso anayamba ngati symphonist: mu 1800 anamaliza Symphony yake yoyamba, ndipo mu 1802 wake Wachiwiri. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nkhani yake yokhayo yakuti “Kristu pa Phiri la Azitona” inalembedwa. Zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda osachiritsika omwe adawonekera mu 1797 - kugontha kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kuzindikira kwakusowa chiyembekezo kwa zoyesayesa zonse zochizira matendawa kunapangitsa Beethoven ku vuto lauzimu mu 1802, lomwe lidawonetsedwa mu chikalata chodziwika bwino - Chipangano cha Heiligenstadt. Kupanga zinthu kunali njira yotulutsira vutolo: “…Sizinali kokwanira kuti ndidziphe,” wolemba nyimboyo analemba. - "Zokhazo, luso, zidandisunga."

1802-12 - nthawi ya maluwa okongola a katswiri wa Beethoven. Malingaliro ogonjetsa kuzunzika ndi mphamvu ya mzimu ndi chigonjetso cha kuwala pamdima, wozunzika kwambiri ndi iye, pambuyo pa kumenyana koopsa, adakhala ogwirizana ndi malingaliro akuluakulu a French Revolution ndi magulu omasulidwa a chiyambi cha 23th. zaka zana. Malingaliro awa adaphatikizidwa mu Chachitatu ("Heroic") ndi Fifth Symphonies, mu opera yankhanza "Fidelio", mu nyimbo za tsoka "Egmont" lolemba JW Goethe, mu Sonata No. 21 ("Appassionata"). Wopeka nyimboyo anasonkhezeredwanso ndi malingaliro afilosofi ndi akhalidwe abwino a Chidziŵitso, amene anatengera ali wachinyamata. Dziko lachirengedwe likuwoneka lodzaza ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu mu Sixth ("Pastoral") Symphony, mu Violin Concerto, mu Piano (No. 10) ndi Violin (No. 7) Sonatas. Nyimbo zamtundu kapena zamtundu wamtundu zimamveka mu Seventh Symphony ndi quartets Nos. 9-8 (omwe amatchedwa "Russian" - amaperekedwa kwa A. Razumovsky; Quartet No. 2 ili ndi nyimbo XNUMX za nyimbo zachi Russia: zogwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pake komanso ndi N. Rimsky-Korsakov "Ulemerero" ndi "Ah, ndi luso langa, talente"). The Fourth Symphony ili ndi chiyembekezo champhamvu, Yachisanu ndi chitatu imakhala ndi nthabwala komanso malingaliro odabwitsa pang'ono anthawi ya Haydn ndi Mozart. Mtundu wa virtuoso umachitidwa modabwitsa komanso mochititsa chidwi kwambiri mu Concerto ya Piano Yachinayi ndi Yachisanu, komanso mu Triple Concerto ya Violin, Cello ndi Piano ndi Orchestra. M'zolemba zonsezi, kalembedwe ka Viennese classicism adapeza mawonekedwe ake omaliza komanso omaliza ndi chikhulupiriro chake chotsimikizira moyo mu kulingalira, ubwino ndi chilungamo, zomwe zimafotokozedwa pamlingo wamalingaliro ngati kayendetsedwe ka "kupyolera mu masautso kupita ku chisangalalo" (kuchokera kalata ya Beethoven kwa M. . Erdedy), komanso pamlingo wophatikizika - monga kulinganiza pakati pa mgwirizano ndi kusiyanasiyana ndi kusunga magawo okhwima pamlingo waukulu kwambiri wa zolembazo.

1812-15 - kusintha kwa ndale ndi moyo wauzimu ku Europe. Nthawi ya nkhondo za Napoleon ndi kuwuka kwa gulu lachiwombolo idatsatiridwa ndi Congress of Vienna (1814-15), pambuyo pake zizolowezi za reactionary-monarchist zidakulirakulira mu mfundo zapakhomo ndi zakunja zamayiko aku Europe. Kalembedwe ka ngwazi zachikale, kuwonetsa mzimu wakusinthanso kwazaka za m'ma 1813. ndi maganizo okonda dziko la kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 17, anayenera mosapeŵeka mwina kutembenukira ku kudzitukumula theka-ovomerezeka luso, kapena kupereka njira kwa romanticism, amene anakhala azimuth kutsogolera mabuku ndipo anatha kudzidziwitsa yekha mu nyimbo (F. Schubert). Beethoven nayenso anafunika kuthetsa mavuto auzimu ovutawa. Iye anapereka msonkho kwa chisangalalo wopambana, kupanga chidwi symphonic zongopeka "Battle of Vittoria" ndi cantata "Happy Moment", masewero omwe adakonzedwa kuti agwirizane ndi Congress ya Vienna ndipo anabweretsa Beethoven bwino kwambiri. Komabe, m'malemba ena a 4-5. zimasonyeza kulimbikira ndi nthawi zina zowawa kufunafuna njira zatsopano. Panthawiyi, cello (Nos. 27, 28) ndi piano (Nos. 1815, XNUMX) sonatas adalembedwa, makonzedwe angapo a nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti amveke ndi gulu, kuyimba koyamba m'mbiri yamtunduwu " Kwa Wokondedwa Wakutali ”(XNUMX). Mawonekedwe a zolemba izi, titero, zoyesera, zopezeka mwanzeru zambiri, koma osati nthawi zonse zolimba monga munthawi ya "revolutionary classicism."

Zaka khumi zapitazi za moyo wa Beethoven zidaphimbidwa ndi chikhalidwe chopondereza cha ndale komanso chauzimu ku Metternich's Austria, komanso ndi zovuta komanso zovuta. Kugontha kwa wolemba nyimboyo kunakhala kotheratu; kuyambira 1818, adakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito "mabuku ochezera" momwe oyankhulana adalemba mafunso operekedwa kwa iye. Atataya chiyembekezo cha chimwemwe chaumwini (dzina la "wokondedwa wosakhoza kufa", kwa amene kalata yotsanzikana ya Beethoven ya July 6-7, 1812 ikupita, sichidziwika; ofufuza ena amamuganizira J. Brunswick-Deym, ena - A. Brentano) , Beethoven anayamba kusamalira kulera mwana wa mphwake Karl, mwana wa mng’ono wake yemwe anamwalira mu 1815. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale mkangano wanthaŵi yaitali (1815-20) ndi amayi a mnyamatayo ponena za ufulu wopeza mwana yekhayo. Mwana wa mphwake wokhoza koma wopanda nzeru adampatsa Beethoven chisoni chachikulu. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa moyo wachisoni komanso nthawi zina womvetsa chisoni komanso kukongola koyenera kwa ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa ndikuwonetsetsa kwauzimu komwe kunapangitsa Beethoven kukhala m'modzi mwa ngwazi zachikhalidwe cha ku Europe masiku ano.

Creativity 1817-26 adawonetsa kuwuka kwatsopano kwa luso la Beethoven ndipo nthawi yomweyo idakhala chiyambi cha nthawi ya classicism ya nyimbo. Mpaka masiku otsiriza, pokhalabe wokhulupirika ku malingaliro akale, wolembayo adapeza mitundu yatsopano ndi njira zowonetsera, zomwe zimadutsana ndi chikondi, koma osadutsamo. Mawonekedwe a Beethoven mochedwa ndi chodabwitsa chapadera. Lingaliro lapakati la Beethoven la ubale wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kulimbana pakati pa kuwala ndi mdima, limapeza mawu omveka bwino mu ntchito yake yamtsogolo. Kupambana pa zowawa sikuperekedwanso kudzera mu machitidwe a ngwazi, koma kudzera mu kayendedwe ka mzimu ndi maganizo. Mbuye wamkulu wa mawonekedwe a sonata, momwe mikangano yodabwitsa idayambika kale, Beethoven muzolemba zake zapambuyo pake nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mawonekedwe a fugue, omwe ali oyenera kwambiri kuphatikiza kupangidwa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa lingaliro lodziwika bwino la filosofi. Otsiriza 5 piano sonatas (Nos. 28-32) ndi otsiriza 5 quartets (Nos. 12-16) amasiyanitsidwa ndi makamaka zovuta ndi woyengedwa nyimbo chinenero chimene chimafuna luso lalikulu kwa oimba, ndi maganizo ozama kwa omvera. 33 kusiyanasiyana pa waltz ndi Diabelli ndi Bagatelli, op. 126 ndi zaluso zenizeni, ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu. Ntchito yochedwa Beethoven inali yotsutsana kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwa anthu a m’nthaŵi yake, ndi oŵerengeka okha amene anatha kumvetsetsa ndi kuyamikira zolemba zake zomalizira. M’modzi wa anthuwa anali N. Golitsyn, amene ma quartets ake a nambala 12, 13 ndi 15 analembedwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa iwo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa The Consecration of the House (1822) kudaperekedwanso kwa iye.

Mu 1823, Beethoven anamaliza Misa Yaikulu, yomwe iye mwiniyo ankaona kuti ntchito yake yaikulu kwambiri. Unyinji uwu, wopangidwa mochuluka kuti ukhale konsati kusiyana ndi zochitika zachipembedzo, unakhala chimodzi mwa zochitika zazikulu kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha German oratorio (G. Schütz, JS Bach, GF Handel, WA ​​Mozart, J. Haydn). Misa yoyamba (1807) siinali yotsika kwa anthu ambiri a Haydn ndi Mozart, koma sinakhale mawu atsopano m'mbiri ya mtunduwo, monga "Solemn", momwe luso lonse la Beethoven monga symphonist ndi sewero linali. anazindikira. Potembenukira ku zolemba zachilatini zovomerezeka, Beethoven adatchulamo lingaliro la kudzimana m'dzina la chisangalalo cha anthu ndikulowetsa pempho lomaliza la mtendere njira zokanira nkhondo ngati choyipa chachikulu. Mothandizidwa ndi Golitsyn, Misa Yaikulu idachitika koyamba pa Epulo 7, 1824 ku St. Patatha mwezi umodzi, konsati yomaliza ya Beethoven yopindula inachitika ku Vienna, momwe, kuwonjezera pa zigawo za Misa, yake yomaliza, Ninth Symphony inachitidwa ndi nyimbo yomaliza ku mawu a F. Schiller a "Ode to Joy". Lingaliro la kugonjetsa kuvutika ndi kupambana kwa kuwala limayendetsedwa mosalekeza mu symphony yonse ndipo imafotokozedwa momveka bwino pamapeto pake chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa ndakatulo yomwe Beethoven ankafuna kuyiyika nyimbo ku Bonn. The Ninth Symphony ndi kuyimba kwake komaliza - "Hug, mamiliyoni!" - idakhala umboni wamalingaliro a Beethoven kwa anthu ndipo idakhudza kwambiri nyimbo zazaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX.

G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich adavomereza ndikupitiriza miyambo ya Beethoven mwanjira ina. Monga mphunzitsi wawo, Beethoven adalemekezedwanso ndi olemba a sukulu ya Novovensk - "bambo wa dodecaphony" A. Schoenberg, wokonda anthu waumunthu A. Berg, woyambitsa ndi woimba nyimbo A. Webern. Mu December 1911, Webern analembera Berg kuti: “Pali zinthu zochepa zodabwitsa monga phwando la Khirisimasi. … Kodi tsiku lobadwa la Beethoven lisamakondwererenso motere?”. Oimba ambiri ndi okonda nyimbo angagwirizane ndi lingaliro ili, chifukwa kwa zikwi (mwina mamiliyoni) a anthu, Beethoven sakhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri nthawi zonse komanso anthu, komanso umunthu wa malingaliro osatha, wolimbikitsa anthu. woponderezedwa, wotonthoza wa zowawa, bwenzi lokhulupirika m’chisoni ndi m’chimwemwe.

L. Kirillina

• Moyo ndi njira yolenga →
• Kupanga kwa Symphonic →
• Konsati →
• Kupanga piyano →
• Piano sonatas →
• Violin sonatas →
• Zosiyanasiyana →
• Kupanga kwa zida zoimbira →
• Kupanga kwamawu →
• Beethoven-pianist →
• Beethoven Music Academy →
• Zotsatira →
• Mndandanda wa ntchito →
• Chikoka cha Beethoven pa nyimbo zamtsogolo →

Beethoven ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha dziko. ntchito yake ikuchitika pa ndime ndi luso la titans wa maganizo luso monga Tolstoy, Rembrandt, Shakespeare. Pankhani yakuzama kwa filosofi, kutsata demokalase, kulimba mtima kwatsopano, Beethoven alibe wofanana ndi luso lanyimbo la ku Europe lazaka mazana apitawa.

Ntchito ya Beethoven inagwira kudzutsidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu, ngwazi ndi sewero la nyengo yachisinthiko. Polankhula ndi anthu onse otsogola, nyimbo zake zinali zovuta zolimba mtima ku zokongola za feudal aristocracy.

Mawonekedwe adziko lapansi a Beethoven adapangidwa motengera kusintha komwe kudafalikira m'magulu otsogola chazaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX. Monga kuwunikira kwake koyambirira pa nthaka yaku Germany, Kuwunikira kwa demokalase ya bourgeois-demokalase kudayamba ku Germany. Kutsutsa kuponderezedwa kwa anthu ndi nkhanza kunatsimikizira mayendedwe anzeru zaku Germany, zolemba, ndakatulo, zisudzo ndi nyimbo.

Lessing adakweza mbendera yolimbana ndi malingaliro aumunthu, kulingalira ndi ufulu. Ntchito za Schiller ndi Goethe wachichepere zidadzazidwa ndi malingaliro a anthu. Olemba masewero a gulu la Sturm und Drang anapandukira makhalidwe ang'onoang'ono a gulu la feudal-bourgeois. Olemekezeka amatsutsidwa mu Lessing's Nathan the Wise, Goethe's Goetz von Berlichingen, Schiller's The Robbers and Insidiousness and Love. Malingaliro omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amakhudza Don Carlos ndi William Tell a Schiller. Kusagwirizana kwa kutsutsana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kunawonekeranso mu chithunzi cha Goethe's Werther, "wofera chikhulupiriro wopanduka", m'mawu a Pushkin. Mzimu wotsutsa udawonetsa ntchito zonse zaluso zanthawi imeneyo, zomwe zidapangidwa ku Germany. Ntchito ya Beethoven inali yodziwika bwino kwambiri komanso mwaluso kwambiri pazamasewera otchuka ku Germany chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX.

Kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ku France kunali ndi zotsatira zachindunji ndi zamphamvu pa Beethoven. Woyimba wanzeru uyu, wamasiku ano akusintha, adabadwa mu nthawi yomwe imagwirizana bwino ndi malo osungiramo talente yake, chikhalidwe chake chachikulu. Ndi mphamvu zosowa kulenga ndi acuity maganizo, Beethoven anaimba ukulu ndi mphamvu ya nthawi yake, masewero ake namondwe, chisangalalo ndi chisoni cha khamu lalikulu la anthu. Mpaka lero, luso la Beethoven silinapambanidwe ngati chiwonetsero chazojambula zachitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Mutu wachisinthiko suthetsa cholowa cha Beethoven. Mosakayikira, ntchito zabwino kwambiri za Beethoven ndizojambula za dongosolo la ngwazi-zochititsa chidwi. The mbali zazikulu za aesthetics ake kwambiri momveka bwino ophatikizidwa mu ntchito zimene zimasonyeza mutu wa kulimbana ndi chigonjetso, kulemekeza chilengedwe chonse demokalase chiyambi cha moyo, chikhumbo cha ufulu. The Heroic, Fifth and Ninth symphonies, the overtures Coriolanus, Egmont, Leonora, Pathetique Sonata ndi Appassionata - inali bwalo la ntchito zomwe pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo zidapambana Beethoven kuzindikirika kwakukulu padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo kwenikweni, nyimbo za Beethoven zimasiyana ndi kaganizidwe ndi kachitidwe ka mafotokozedwe a oyambirira ake makamaka mu mphamvu zake, mphamvu zomvetsa chisoni, ndi kukula kwakukulu. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti luso lake mu gawo la ngwazi-zomvetsa chisoni, kale kuposa ena, linakopa chidwi; makamaka pamaziko a ntchito zochititsa chidwi za Beethoven, onse a m'nthaŵi yake ndi mibadwo yotsatira pambuyo pake anapanga chigamulo cha ntchito yake yonse.

Komabe, dziko la nyimbo za Beethoven ndizosiyana modabwitsa. Palinso mbali zina zofunika kwambiri mu luso lake, kunja kwa izo malingaliro ake adzakhala a mbali imodzi, opapatiza, kotero kuti asokonezedwe. Ndipo koposa zonse, uku ndiko kuya ndi kucholowana kwa mfundo yaluntha yomwe ili mmenemo.

Psychology ya munthu watsopano, womasulidwa ku maunyolo a feudal, amawululidwa ndi Beethoven osati mu ndondomeko yatsoka-tsoka, komanso kupyolera mu gawo la malingaliro apamwamba olimbikitsa. Ngwazi yake, yokhala ndi kulimba mtima kosasunthika ndi chilakolako, imapatsidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi luntha lolemera, lotukuka bwino. Iye sali chabe wankhondo, komanso woganiza; pamodzi ndi zochita, amakhala ndi chizoloŵezi cholingalira molunjika. Palibe wolemba nyimbo wadziko mmodzi Beethoven asanakwanitse kuzama kwa filosofi ndi kukula kwa malingaliro. Ku Beethoven, kulemekezedwa kwa moyo weniweni m'mbali zake zambiri kunalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la ukulu wa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe. Mphindi za kusinkhasinkha kouziridwa mu nyimbo zake zimakhala ndi zithunzi za ngwazi-zomvetsa chisoni, zowaunikira m'njira yachilendo. Kupyolera mu kuzama kwa luntha lapamwamba komanso lakuya, moyo m'mitundu yonse yosiyanasiyana umasinthidwa mu nyimbo za Beethoven - zilakolako za namondwe ndi maloto osadziwika, njira zochititsa chidwi komanso kuvomereza kwanyimbo, zithunzi za chilengedwe ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku ...

Pomaliza, motsutsana ndi maziko a ntchito za omwe adatsogolera, nyimbo za Beethoven zimadziwikiratu kuti chithunzicho chikugwirizana ndi mfundo zamaganizidwe muzojambula.

Osati monga woimira malo, koma monga munthu yemwe ali ndi dziko lake lamkati lachuma, munthu wa gulu latsopano, pambuyo pa kusintha kwasintha. Munali mu mzimu uwu momwe Beethoven anatanthauzira ngwazi yake. Nthawi zonse amakhala wofunikira komanso wapadera, tsamba lililonse la moyo wake ndi lodziyimira pawokha lauzimu. Ngakhale ma motifs omwe ali ogwirizana wina ndi mzake mumtundu wa Beethoven amapeza mithunzi yochuluka kwambiri pakuwonetsa maganizo omwe aliyense amawoneka ngati wapadera. Pokhala ndi malingaliro ofanana mopanda malire omwe amalowa m'ntchito yake yonse, ndi chizindikiro chakuya cha kulenga kwamphamvu komwe kumakhala pa ntchito zonse za Beethoven, chilichonse mwazinthu zake ndizodabwitsa mwaluso.

Mwina ndi chikhumbo chosatha ichi chofuna kuwulula zapadera za chithunzi chilichonse chomwe chimapangitsa vuto la kalembedwe ka Beethoven kukhala lovuta kwambiri.

Beethoven nthawi zambiri amanenedwa ngati wolemba nyimbo yemwe, kumbali imodzi, amamaliza classicist (M'maphunziro a zisudzo zapanyumba ndi zolemba zakunja za nyimbo zakunja, mawu akuti "classicist" akhazikitsidwa pokhudzana ndi luso la classicism. Chifukwa chake, pomaliza, chisokonezo chomwe chimachitika mosapeŵeka pamene liwu limodzi loti "classical" limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikiritsa pachimake, " zosatha" zaukadaulo uliwonse, komanso kutanthauzira gulu limodzi la masitayelo, koma tikupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "classical" ndi inertia pokhudzana ndi nyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX komanso zitsanzo zamakedzana mu nyimbo zamitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, chikondi , baroque, impressionism, etc.). Nthawi ya nyimbo, kumbali ina, imatsegula njira ya "zaka zachikondi". M'mawu ambiri a mbiri yakale, kupangidwa koteroko sikumatsutsa. Komabe, sizimamvetsetsa tanthauzo la kalembedwe ka Beethoven palokha. Chifukwa, pokhudza mbali zina pamagawo ena achisinthiko ndi ntchito ya akatswiri azaka za zana la XNUMX ndi okondana a m'badwo wotsatira, nyimbo za Beethoven sizigwirizana muzinthu zina zofunika, zotsimikizika ndi zofunikira zamtundu uliwonse. Komanso, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuzifotokoza mothandizidwa ndi malingaliro a stylistic omwe apangidwa pamaziko a kuphunzira ntchito za ojambula ena. Beethoven ndi munthu payekha. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imakhala ndi mbali zambiri komanso zambiri moti palibe magulu odziwika bwino a stylistic omwe amaphimba mitundu yonse ya maonekedwe ake.

Ndi kutsimikizika kwakukulu kapena kocheperako, titha kungolankhula za kutsatizana kwina kwa magawo muzofuna za wolembayo. Panthawi yonse ya ntchito yake, Beethoven anapitirizabe kukulitsa malire omveka a luso lake, akusiya osasiya okhawo omwe analipo kale komanso a m'nthawi yake, komanso zomwe adachita kale. Masiku ano, ndi chizolowezi kudabwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya Stravinsky kapena Picasso, powona izi ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu yapadera ya kusinthika kwa malingaliro aluso, omwe ali m'zaka za zana la 59. Koma Beethoven m’lingaliro limeneli sali wotsikirapo kwa zounikira zotchulidwa pamwambapa. Ndikokwanira kufananiza pafupifupi ntchito zilizonse zosankhidwa mwachisawawa za Beethoven kuti mutsimikizire kusinthasintha kodabwitsa kwa kalembedwe kake. Kodi ndizosavuta kukhulupirira kuti septet yokongola mumayendedwe a Viennese divertissement, zochititsa chidwi kwambiri "Heroic Symphony" komanso ma quartets ozama afilosofi op. XNUMX ndi a cholembera chomwecho? Komanso, onse analengedwa mkati mwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zofanana.

Palibe sonata ya Beethoven yomwe ingasiyanitsidwe ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wa wopeka m'munda wa nyimbo za piyano. Palibe ntchito imodzi yomwe imayimira zofufuza zake mu symphonic sphere. Nthawi zina, m'chaka chomwecho, Beethoven amasindikiza ntchito zosiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake kuti poyang'ana koyamba zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira zofanana pakati pawo. Tiyeni tikumbukire osachepera nyimbo zodziwika bwino za Fifth ndi Sixth. Chilichonse cha thematism, njira iliyonse yopangidwira mwa iwo ndi yotsutsana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mzake monga momwe malingaliro aluso a ma symphonieswa samagwirizana - Fifth yowopsa kwambiri komanso yachisanu ndi chimodzi yaubusa. Ngati tifanizira ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, motalikirana ndi magawo ena a njira yolenga - mwachitsanzo, Symphony Yoyamba ndi Misa Yaikulu, ma quartets op. 18 ndi ma quartets otsiriza, chisanu ndi chimodzi ndi makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zinayi Piano Sonatas, etc., etc., ndiye tiwona zolengedwa mochititsa chidwi osiyana wina ndi mzake kuti poyamba kuganiza iwo mopanda malire amaona ngati mankhwala osati nzeru zosiyana, koma komanso kuchokera muzaka zosiyanasiyana zamaluso. Komanso, aliyense wa opus otchulidwa kwambiri khalidwe Beethoven, aliyense ndi chozizwitsa cha stylistic kukwanira.

Munthu akhoza kuyankhula za mfundo imodzi yaluso yomwe imadziwika ndi ntchito za Beethoven m'mawu ambiri: mu njira yonse yolenga, kalembedwe ka wolembayo adapangidwa chifukwa cha kufunafuna moyo weniweni. Kuphimba kwamphamvu kwa zenizeni, kulemera ndi mphamvu pakufalitsa malingaliro ndi malingaliro, potsiriza kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa kukongola poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyo mwake, kunatsogolera ku mitundu yambiri yowonetserako yoyambirira komanso mwaluso yomwe ingathe kufotokozedwa ndi lingaliro la wapadera "kalembedwe ka Beethoven".

Mwa kutanthauzira kwa Serov, Beethoven anamvetsetsa kukongola ngati chisonyezero cha zomwe zili m'malingaliro apamwamba. Mbali ya hedonistic, yosangalatsa yosiyanitsa nyimbo zoyimba idagonjetsedwa mwachidwi mu ntchito yokhwima ya Beethoven.

Monga momwe Lessing amayimira mawu omveka bwino komanso osasunthika motsutsana ndi ndakatulo zopanga, zokongoletsedwa za ndakatulo za salon, zodzaza ndi mafanizo okongola komanso nthano, momwemonso Beethoven adakana chilichonse chokongoletsa komanso chowoneka bwino.

Munyimbo zake, osati kukongoletsa kokongola kokha, kosiyana ndi mawonekedwe azaka za zana la XNUMX, kudasowa. Kulinganiza ndi kufananiza kwa chilankhulo cha nyimbo, kusalala kwa kamvekedwe, kamvekedwe ka chipinda kamvekedwe - mawonekedwe a stylistic awa, omwe amatsata akale a Beethoven a Viennese popanda kupatula, nawonso adachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono pakulankhula kwake. Lingaliro la Beethoven la kukongola lidafuna maliseche amalingaliro. Anali kufunafuna ma tonations ena - amphamvu komanso osakhazikika, akuthwa komanso amakani. Phokoso la nyimbo zake linakhala lodzaza, wandiweyani, wosiyana kwambiri; mpaka pano mitu yake idakhala yachidule, yophweka kwambiri. Kwa anthu omwe adaleredwa ndi nyimbo zachikalekale zazaka za zana la XNUMX, kafotokozedwe ka Beethoven kumawoneka ngati kwachilendo, "osasunthika", nthawi zina ngakhale konyansa, kotero kuti wolembayo amadzudzulidwa mobwerezabwereza chifukwa chofuna kukhala woyambirira, adawona munjira zake zatsopano zofotokozera. fufuzani maphokoso achilendo, osamveka mwadala omwe amadula khutu.

Ndipo, komabe, ndi chiyambi chonse, kulimba mtima ndi zachilendo, nyimbo za Beethoven zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cham'mbuyo komanso ndi malingaliro a classicist.

Masukulu apamwamba azaka za zana la XNUMX, okhudza mibadwo ingapo yaukadaulo, adakonza ntchito ya Beethoven. Ena a iwo analandira generalization ndi mawonekedwe omaliza mmenemo; zisonkhezero za ena zimavumbulutsidwa mu refraction yatsopano yoyambirira.

Ntchito ya Beethoven imagwirizana kwambiri ndi luso la Germany ndi Austria.

Choyamba, pali kupitiliza kowoneka bwino ndi Viennese classicism yazaka za zana la XNUMX. Sizodabwitsa kuti Beethoven adalowa m'mbiri ya Culture monga nthumwi yomaliza ya sukuluyi. Anayamba panjira yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi omwe adatsogolera omwe analipo kale Haydn ndi Mozart. Beethoven anazindikiranso mozama mmene zithunzithunzi zomvetsa chisoni za sewero la nyimbo za Gluck zinapangidwira, mwa zina kudzera m’mabuku a Mozart, amene m’njira yawoyawo anatsutsa chiyambi chophiphiritsa chimenechi, makamaka kuchokera ku masoka a m’nyimbo a Gluck. Beethoven amadziwika bwino kuti ndi wolowa m'malo wauzimu wa Handel. Zithunzi zopambana, zopepuka za oratorios za Handel zinayamba moyo watsopano pamaziko a Beethoven's sonatas ndi ma symphonies. Potsirizira pake, ulusi womveka bwino umagwirizanitsa Beethoven ndi mzere wafilosofi ndi kulingalira mu luso la nyimbo, lomwe lakhala likupangidwa m'masukulu a kwaya ndi oimba ku Germany, kukhala chiyambi cha dziko lonse ndikufika pachimake pa luso la Bach. Chikoka cha mawu anzeru a Bach pamapangidwe onse a nyimbo za Beethoven ndi zakuya komanso zosatsutsika ndipo zitha kutsatiridwa kuchokera ku Piano Yoyamba Sonata mpaka Ninth Symphony ndi ma quartets omaliza omwe adapangidwa atatsala pang'ono kufa.

Kwaya yachipulotesitanti komanso nyimbo zachijeremani za tsiku ndi tsiku, nyimbo za demokalase ndi serenade zamsewu za Viennese - izi ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya zojambulajambula zapadziko lonse lapansi zilinso mwapadera m'ntchito za Beethoven. Imazindikira mitundu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kale yolemba nyimbo za anthu wamba komanso katchulidwe ka nthano zamakono zamatawuni. M'malo mwake, chilichonse mwachikhalidwe cha Germany ndi Austria chidawonetsedwa mu ntchito ya Beethoven ya sonata-symphony.

Luso la mayiko ena, makamaka France, adathandiziranso kuti apange luso lake lamitundumitundu. Nyimbo za Beethoven zikufanana ndi zolemba za Rousseauist zomwe zidapangidwa mu zisudzo zaku France m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, kuyambira ndi Rousseau's The Village Sorcerer ndikutha ndi zolemba zakale za Gretry zamtundu uwu. Chojambulachi, chodziwika bwino chamitundu yosinthira anthu ambiri ku France chasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika, ndikupumula ndi zaluso zapachipinda chazaka za zana la XNUMX. Masewero a Cherubini adabweretsa njira zakuthwa, zodziwikiratu komanso kusinthasintha kwa zilakolako, pafupi ndi mawonekedwe amalingaliro a kalembedwe ka Beethoven.

Monga momwe ntchito ya Bach idatengera ndikusintha mwaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri m'masukulu onse ofunikira akale, momwemonso mawonedwe a woyimba wanzeru wazaka za zana la XNUMX adakumbatira nyimbo zonse zomveka zazaka zapitazi. Koma kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa Beethoven za kukongola kwa nyimbo kunakonzanso magwerowa kukhala mawonekedwe oyambirira kotero kuti muzochitika za ntchito zake sizidziwika nthawi zonse.

Momwemonso, mawonekedwe a classicist amaganiziridwanso mu ntchito ya Beethoven mu mawonekedwe atsopano, kutali ndi kalembedwe ka Gluck, Haydn, Mozart. Ichi ndi chapadera, mwangwiro Beethovenian zosiyanasiyana classicism, amene alibe prototypes aliyense wojambula. Olemba a m'zaka za zana la XNUMX sanaganize za kuthekera kwa zomanga zazikulu zotere zomwe zidakhala zamtundu wa Beethoven, monga ufulu wachitukuko mkati mwa mapangidwe a sonata, zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yanyimbo, komanso zovuta komanso zolemera za nyimbo zomwe zidapangidwa. Maonekedwe a nyimbo za Beethoven amayenera kuwonedwa ndi iwo ngati njira yobwerera kumayendedwe okanidwa a m'badwo wa Bach. Komabe, Beethoven yemwe ali m'gulu lachikale la malingaliro amawonekera momveka bwino motsutsana ndi maziko a mfundo zokongoletsa zatsopano zomwe zidayamba kulamulira mopanda malire nyimbo zanthawi ya Beethoven.

Kuyambira ntchito yoyamba mpaka yomaliza, nyimbo za Beethoven nthawi zonse zimadziwika ndi kumveka bwino komanso kumveka kwa kuganiza, kukhazikika komanso mgwirizano wa mawonekedwe, kulinganiza kwakukulu pakati pa mbali zonse, zomwe ndi mawonekedwe a classicism mu luso lonse, makamaka nyimbo. . M'lingaliro limeneli, Beethoven akhoza kutchedwa wolowa m'malo mwachindunji osati Gluck, Haydn ndi Mozart, komanso woyambitsa wa classicist kalembedwe nyimbo, French Lully, amene anagwira ntchito zaka zana Beethoven asanabadwe. Beethoven adadziwonetsa yekha mokwanira m'mapangidwe amitundu ya sonata-symphonic yomwe idapangidwa ndi omwe adayambitsa Chidziwitso ndipo adafika pamlingo wapamwamba pantchito ya Haydn ndi Mozart. Ndiwolemba womaliza wazaka za zana la XNUMX, yemwe sonata wa classicist anali woganiza bwino kwambiri, womaliza yemwe malingaliro amkati a nyimbo amamuyang'anira kunja, kokongola koyambira. Imawonedwa ngati kutsanulidwa kwachindunji, nyimbo za Beethoven zimakhazikika pa virtuoso yokhazikitsidwa, yomangidwa mwamphamvu.

Pali, potsiriza, mfundo ina yofunikira kwambiri yolumikiza Beethoven ndi dongosolo la kulingalira lachikale. Izi ndizogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa muzojambula zake.

Zoonadi, kapangidwe ka malingaliro mu nyimbo za Beethoven ndi zosiyana ndi za olemba a Chidziwitso. Mphindi zamtendere wamalingaliro, mtendere, mtendere zili kutali. Kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwa luso la Beethoven, kuchulukira kwa malingaliro, mphamvu zamphamvu zimakankhira kumbuyo nthawi zaubusa. Ndipo komabe, monga olemba akale azaka za zana la XNUMX, kulumikizana ndi dziko lapansi ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazokongoletsa za Beethoven. Koma imabadwa pafupifupi nthawi zonse chifukwa cha nkhondo ya titanic, kuyesetsa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zauzimu kugonjetsa zopinga zazikulu. Monga chitsimikiziro cholimba cha moyo, monga chigonjetso cha chigonjetso chopambana, Beethoven ali ndi malingaliro ogwirizana ndi umunthu ndi chilengedwe. Zojambula zake zimadzazidwa ndi chikhulupiriro chimenecho, mphamvu, kuledzera ndi chisangalalo cha moyo, chomwe chinatha mu nyimbo ndi kubwera kwa "zaka zachikondi".

Pomaliza nthawi ya nyimbo zapamwamba, Beethoven nthawi yomweyo adatsegula njira yazaka zana zikubwerazi. Nyimbo zake zimakwera pamwamba pa zonse zomwe zidapangidwa ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake komanso m'badwo wotsatira, nthawi zina zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake. Malingaliro a Beethoven zamtsogolo ndi odabwitsa. Mpaka pano, malingaliro ndi zithunzi zanyimbo za luso lanzeru la Beethoven sizinathe.

V. Konen

• Moyo ndi njira yolenga →
• Chikoka cha Beethoven pa nyimbo zamtsogolo →