Leonard Bernstein |

Leonard Bernstein

Chabwino, kodi mulibe chinsinsi mmenemo? Wayatsidwa kwambiri pa siteji, kotero amapatsidwa nyimbo! Oimba nyimbo amakonda kwambiri. R. Celletti

Zochita za L. Bernstein ndizochititsa chidwi, choyamba, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwawo: wolemba waluso, wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati wolemba nyimbo za "West Side Story", wochititsa wamkulu kwambiri wazaka za zana la XNUMX. (amatchedwa pakati pa olowa m'malo oyenera kwambiri a G. Karayan), wolemba nyimbo wowala komanso mphunzitsi, wokhoza kupeza chinenero chodziwika ndi omvera ambiri, woimba piyano ndi mphunzitsi.

Kukhala woimba Bernstein anali choikidwiratu, ndipo mouma khosi anatsatira njira anasankha, ngakhale zopinga, nthawi zina kwambiri. Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 11, anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi adaganiza zokhala woimba. Koma atate, amene ankaona kuti nyimbo ndi zosangalatsa chabe, sanali kulipira maphunziro, ndipo mnyamatayo anayamba kupeza ndalama pa maphunziro ake.

Ali ndi zaka 17, Bernstein adalowa ku yunivesite ya Harvard, komwe adaphunzira luso lolemba nyimbo, kuimba piyano, kumvetsera nkhani za mbiri ya nyimbo, filosofi ndi filosofi. Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite ku 1939, anapitiriza maphunziro ake - tsopano ku Curtis Institute of Music ku Philadelphia (1939-41). Chochitika m'moyo wa Bernstein chinali msonkhano ndi kondakitala wamkulu, mbadwa ya Russia, S. Koussevitzky. Kuphunzitsidwa pansi pa utsogoleri wake ku Berkshire Music Center (Tanglewood) kunali chiyambi cha ubale wabwino pakati pawo. Bernstein anakhala wothandizira Koussevitzky ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala wothandizira wotsogolera New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1943-44). Izi zisanachitike, popeza alibe ndalama zokhazikika, ankakhala ndi ndalama kuchokera ku maphunziro achisawawa, zisudzo za konsati, ntchito za taper.

Ngozi yosangalatsa idayambitsa chiyambi cha ntchito ya kondakitala wanzeru Bernstein. B. Walter wotchuka padziko lonse, yemwe ankayenera kuti aziimba ndi gulu la New York Orchestra, anadwala mwadzidzidzi. Wotsogolera wokhazikika wa gulu la oimba, A. Rodzinsky, anali kupumula kunja kwa mzindawo (linali Lamlungu), ndipo panalibe china chotsalira koma kupereka konsatiyo kwa wothandizira novice. Atatha usiku wonse akuphunzira zovuta kwambiri, Bernstein tsiku lotsatira, popanda kubwereza kamodzi, adawonekera pamaso pa anthu. Chinali chipambano kwa wotsogolera wachinyamata komanso chidwi mu dziko la nyimbo.

Kuyambira tsopano, holo zazikulu kwambiri zochitira konsati ku America ndi ku Ulaya zinatsegulidwa kutsogolo kwa Bernstein. Mu 1945, analoŵa m’malo mwa L. Stokowski monga wotsogolera wamkulu wa New York City Symphony Orchestra, yochititsa oimba ku London, Vienna, ndi Milan. Bernstein adakopa omvera ndi chikhalidwe chake choyambirira, kudzoza kwachikondi, komanso kuzama kwa nyimbo. Luso la woimba sadziwa malire: iye anachita imodzi mwa ntchito zake zoseketsa ... "popanda manja", kulamulira oimba okha ndi nkhope ndi maso. Kwa zaka zoposa 10 (1958-69) Bernstein anatumikira monga wotsogolera wamkulu wa New York Philharmonic mpaka anaganiza zopatula nthawi ndi mphamvu zambiri popanga nyimbo.

Ntchito za Bernstein zinayamba kuchitidwa pafupifupi nthawi imodzi ndi kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake monga wotsogolera (kuzungulira kwa mawu akuti "Ndimadana ndi Nyimbo", symphony "Jeremiah" pa lemba la m'Baibulo la mawu ndi orchestra, ballet "Osakondedwa"). M'zaka zake zaunyamata, Bernstein amakonda nyimbo zamasewera. Ndiye mlembi wa opera Unrest ku Tahiti (1952), ma ballet awiri; koma kupambana kwake kwakukulu kunabwera ndi nyimbo zinayi zolembera zisudzo pa Broadway. Kuyamba koyamba kwa iwo ("Mu Mzinda") kunachitika mu 1944, ndipo ambiri mwa ziwerengero zake nthawi yomweyo adadziwika kuti "zigawenga". Mtundu wa nyimbo za Bernstein umabwerera ku chiyambi cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku America: nyimbo za cowboy ndi zakuda, kuvina kwa Mexico, nyimbo za jazz. Mu "Wonderful City" (1952), adalimbana ndi machitidwe oposa theka la chikwi mu nyengo imodzi, munthu akhoza kumva kudalira kugwedezeka - kalembedwe ka jazi ka 30s. Koma nyimboyo siwonetsero chabe wa zosangalatsa. Mu Candide (1956), wolembayo adatembenukira ku chiwembu cha Voltaire, ndi West Side Story (1957) sichina koma nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya Romeo ndi Juliet, yomwe inasamutsidwa ku America ndi mikangano yamitundu. Ndi sewero lake, nyimboyi imayandikira opera.

Bernstein amalemba nyimbo zopatulika za kwaya ndi orchestra (oratorio Kaddish, Chichester Psalms), ma symphonies (Wachiwiri, M'badwo wa Nkhawa - 1949; Chachitatu, choperekedwa ku chikumbutso cha 75th cha Boston Orchestra - 1957), Serenade wa zingwe za orchestra ndi zokambirana za Plato pa Plato. "Symposium" (1954, mndandanda wa zokometsera patebulo zotamanda chikondi), zambiri zamakanema.

Kuyambira 1951, pamene Koussevitzky anamwalira, Bernstein anatenga kalasi yake ku Tanglewood ndipo anayamba kuphunzitsa pa yunivesite ya Weltham (Massachusetts), kuphunzitsa ku Harvard. Mothandizidwa ndi televizioni, omvera a Bernstein - mphunzitsi ndi mphunzitsi - adadutsa malire a yunivesite iliyonse. Ponse paŵiri m’nkhani ndi m’mabuku ake The Joy of Music (1959) ndi The Infinite Variety of Music (1966), Bernstein amayesetsa kupatsira anthu chikondi chake cha nyimbo, chidwi chake chofuna kuzidziŵa.

Mu 1971, kutsegulira kwakukulu kwa Center for the Arts. J. Kennedy ku Washington Bernstein amalenga Misa, zomwe zinayambitsa ndemanga zosiyana kwambiri kuchokera kwa otsutsa. Ambiri anasokonezedwa ndi kusakanikirana kwa nyimbo zachipembedzo zamwambo zokhala ndi ziwonetsero zochititsa chidwi za Broadway (ovina amachita nawo mwambo wa Misa), nyimbo zamtundu wa jazi ndi nyimbo za rock. Njira imodzi kapena imzake, m'lifupi mwa zokonda nyimbo Bernstein, omnivorousness ake ndi kusowa kwathunthu kwa chiphunzitso anaonekera apa. Bernstein anapita ku USSR kangapo. Paulendo wa 1988 (madzulo a kubadwa kwake kwa 70) adayendetsa International Orchestra ya Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival (FRG), yopangidwa ndi oimba achichepere. "Nthawi zambiri, ndikofunikira kuti ndilankhule ndi mutu waunyamata ndikulankhula nawo," adatero wolemba nyimboyo. “Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamoyo wathu, chifukwa unyamata ndiye tsogolo lathu. Ndimakonda kuwafotokozera zomwe ndikudziwa komanso zakukhosi kwanga, kuwaphunzitsa. ”

K. Zenkin

Popanda kutsutsana ndi luso la Bernstein monga woimba, woyimba piyano, wophunzitsa, munthu akhoza kunena molimba mtima kuti ali ndi mbiri yodziwika makamaka chifukwa cha luso lotsogolera. Onse aku America ndi okonda nyimbo ku Europe adayitanitsa Bernstein, wotsogolera, choyamba. Izo zinachitika cha m'ma forties, pamene Bernstein anali asanakwanitse zaka makumi atatu, ndipo luso lake luso anali osafunika. Leonard Bernstein adalandira maphunziro aukadaulo komanso ozama. Ku yunivesite ya Harvard, adaphunzira nyimbo ndi piyano.

Ku Curtis Institute yotchuka, aphunzitsi ake anali R. Thompson wa orchestration ndi F. Reiner wotsogolera. Kuwonjezera pa izi, adasintha motsogoleredwa ndi S. Koussevitzky - ku Berkshire Summer School ku Tanglewood. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuti apeze zofunika pa moyo, Lenny, monga anzake ndi admirers akadali kumutcha iye, ganyu monga limba mu gulu choreographic. Koma posakhalitsa anathamangitsidwa, chifukwa m'malo motsagana ndi chikhalidwe ballet anakakamiza ovina kuchita nyimbo Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Copland ndi improvisations ake.

Mu 1943, Bernstein anakhala wothandizira B. Walter mu New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Posakhalitsa adalowa m'malo mwa mtsogoleri wake wodwala, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo adayamba kuchita bwino kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa 1E45, Bernstein anali atatsogolera kale New York City Symphony Orchestra.

Bernstein akuyamba ku Europe kunachitika nkhondo itatha - ku Prague Spring mu 1946, komwe makonsati ake adakopa chidwi chambiri. M'zaka zomwezo, omvera adadziwanso nyimbo zoyamba za Bernstein. Nyimbo yake ya symphony "Jeremiah" idadziwika ndi otsutsa ngati ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya 1945 ku United States. Zaka zotsatirazi zinadziwika kwa Bernstein ndi mazana a makonsati, maulendo opita ku makontinenti osiyanasiyana, masewero oyambirira a nyimbo zake zatsopano ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa kutchuka. Anali woyamba pakati pa okonda ku America kuyimirira ku La Scala mu 1953, kenako amaimba ndi oimba abwino kwambiri ku Europe, ndipo mu 1958 amatsogolera New York Philharmonic Orchestra ndipo posakhalitsa apanga naye ulendo wopambana ku Europe, pomwe adakhala naye limodzi. ntchito mu USSR; Pomaliza, patapita nthawi, iye anakhala wochititsa kutsogolera Metropolitan Opera. Maulendo ku Vienna State Opera, komwe Bernstein adachita chidwi kwambiri mu 1966 ndi kutanthauzira kwake kwa Verdi's Falstaff, pamapeto pake adapeza kuti wojambulayo adziwika padziko lonse lapansi.

Ndi zifukwa ziti zomwe zamupangitsa kuti apambane? Aliyense amene wamva Bernstein kamodzi kamodzi adzayankha funso ili mosavuta. Bernstein ndi wojambula modzidzimutsa, wa kuphulika kwa mapiri amene amakopa omvera, amawapangitsa kumvetsera nyimbo ndi mpweya wabwino, ngakhale pamene kutanthauzira kwake kungawoneke kwachilendo kapena kotsutsana kwa inu. Oimba omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi iye amasewera nyimbo momasuka, mwachibadwa komanso nthawi yomweyo mwamphamvu kwambiri - zonse zomwe zimachitika zimawoneka ngati zatsopano. Mayendedwe a kondakitala ndi ofotokozera kwambiri, okwiya, koma nthawi yomweyo molondola kwathunthu - zikuwoneka kuti chithunzi chake, manja ake ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope, titero, zimatulutsa nyimbo zomwe zimabadwa pamaso panu. Mmodzi mwa oimba omwe adayendera ntchito ya Falstaff yochitidwa ndi Bernstein adavomereza kuti patatha mphindi khumi atangoyamba kumene adasiya kuyang'ana pa siteji ndipo sanachotse maso ake kwa woyendetsa - zonse zomwe zili mu operayo zinawonetsedwa momwemo. molondola. Zoonadi, mawu osalamulirikawa, kuphulika kwakukulu kumeneku sikungathe kulamuliridwa - kumakwaniritsa cholinga chake kokha chifukwa kumaphatikizapo kuzama kwa luntha lomwe limalola woyendetsa kulowa mkati mwa cholinga cha woimbayo, kuti afotokoze ndi kukhulupirika kwambiri ndi zowona, ndi mphamvu yaikulu. wa zochitika.

Bernstein amakhalabe ndi makhalidwe amenewa ngakhale pamene akuchita nthawi imodzi monga wotsogolera ndi woyimba piyano, akuimba makonsati a Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. Repertoire ya Bernstein ndi yayikulu. Pokhapokha monga mutu wa New York Philharmonic, adachita pafupifupi nyimbo zonse zamakono ndi zamakono, kuchokera ku Bach kupita ku Mahler ndi R. Strauss, Stravinsky ndi Schoenberg.

Pakati pa nyimbo zake pali pafupifupi nyimbo zonse zoimbira za Beethoven, Schumann, Mahler, Brahms, ndi zolemba zina zambiri zazikulu. N'zovuta kutchula nyimbo zotere za ku America zomwe Bernstein sakanakhoza kuchita ndi oimba ake: kwa zaka zingapo iye, monga lamulo, anaphatikizapo ntchito imodzi ya ku America mu pulogalamu yake iliyonse. Bernstein ndi womasulira kwambiri wa nyimbo Soviet, makamaka symphonies Shostakovich, amene kondakitala amaona "wotsiriza symphonist wamkulu".

Peru Bernstein-wopeka ali ndi ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo pali ma symphonies atatu, zisudzo, sewero lanthabwala, nyimbo "West Side Story", yomwe idazungulira dziko lonse lapansi. Posachedwapa, Bernstein wakhala akuyesetsa kuthera nthawi yochulukirapo pakujambula. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, mu 1969 anasiya udindo wake monga mutu wa New York Philharmonic. Koma akuyembekeza kupitiliza kuchita nawo nthawi ndi nthawi ndi gululo, lomwe, pokondwerera zomwe wachita bwino, adapatsa Bernstein mutu wa "Lifetime Conductor Laureate of the New York Philharmonic."

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969