Martha Mödl (Martha Mödl) |

Martha Mödl

"N'chifukwa chiyani ndikufunika mtengo wina pa siteji, ngati ndili ndi Mayi X! ", - mawu oterowo ochokera pamilomo ya wotsogolera pokhudzana ndi debutante sangalimbikitse omaliza. Koma m’nkhani yathu, yomwe inachitika mu 1951, wotsogolera anali Wieland Wagner, ndipo Mayi X anali kupeza mwayi wake, Martha Mödl. Kuteteza kuvomerezeka kwa kalembedwe ka Bayreuth yatsopano, yozikidwa pa kuganizanso ndi "deromanticization" ya nthano, ndi kutopa ndi mawu osatha a "Old Man" * ("Kinder, schafft Neues!"), W. Wagner anayambitsa kukangana ndi "mtengo", kuwonetsa njira yake yatsopano yopangira siteji ya opera.

Nyengo yoyamba ya pambuyo pa nkhondo inatsegulidwa ndi gawo lopanda kanthu la Parsifal, loyeretsedwa ndi zikopa za nyama, zisoti za nyanga ndi zinthu zina zachinyengo, zomwe, kuphatikizapo, zingayambitse mayanjano osafunika a mbiriyakale. Anadzazidwa ndi kuwala ndi gulu la luso achinyamata oimba-zisudzo (Mödl, Weber, Windgassen, Uhde, London). M'mwezi wa Marichi Mödl, Wieland Wagner adapeza wokwatirana naye. Chifaniziro cha Kundry adalenga, "mu chithumwa cha umunthu wake (mu njira ya Nabokov) panali kukonzanso momveka bwino kwa chikhalidwe chake chosakhala cha padziko lapansi," anakhala mtundu wa manifesto wa kusintha kwake, ndipo Mödl anakhala chitsanzo cha mbadwo watsopano wa oimba. .

Ndi chidwi chonse komanso kulemekeza kulondola kwa mawu, nthawi zonse amagogomezera kufunikira kwake kwa kuwulula kuthekera kwakukulu kwa gawo la opereshoni. Wobadwa wochita zisudzo ("Northern Callas"), wokonda komanso wamphamvu, nthawi zina samasunga mawu ake, koma kutanthauzira kwake kochititsa chidwi kunamupangitsa kuiwala zaukadaulo kwathunthu ndikusangalatsa ngakhale otsutsa okonda kwambiri. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti Furtwängler adamutcha kuti "Zauberkasten". "Wamatsenga", tinganene. Ndipo ngati si wamatsenga, ndiye kuti mkazi wodabwitsa uyu akanakhalabe wofunidwa ndi nyumba za opera padziko lapansi, ngakhale pamphepete mwa zaka chikwi chachitatu? ..

Iye anabadwira ku Nuremberg mu 1912. Anaphunzira pa sukulu ya English maids of honor, ankaimba piyano, anali wophunzira woyamba m'kalasi ya ballet komanso mwiniwake wa viola wokongola, wopangidwa mwachilengedwe. Posakhalitsa, komabe, zonsezi zinayenera kuyiwalika. Abambo ake a Marita - wojambula wa ku Bohemian, munthu wamphatso komanso wokondedwa kwambiri ndi iye - tsiku lina labwino adasowa kosadziwika, kusiya mkazi wake ndi mwana wawo wamkazi akusowa komanso kusungulumwa. Kulimbana ndi kupulumuka kwayamba. Nditamaliza sukulu, Marta anayamba ntchito - poyamba monga mlembi, ndiye wowerengera ndalama, kusonkhanitsa mphamvu ndi ndalama kuti osachepera tsiku lina kupeza mwayi kuimba. Pafupifupi samakumbukira nthawi ya Nuremberg ya moyo wake. M'misewu ya mzinda wodziwika bwino wa Albrecht Dürer ndi wolemba ndakatulo Hans Sachs, pafupi ndi nyumba ya amonke ya St. Catherine, kumene mpikisano wotchuka wa Meistersinger unachitika kale, m'zaka zaunyamata wa Martha Mödl, moto woyamba unayatsidwa. momwemo mabuku a Heine, Tolstoy, Rolland ndi Feuchtwanger anaponyedwa. "New Meistersingers" inasandutsa Nuremberg kukhala "Mecca" ya Nazi, akugwira maulendo awo, maulendo, "sitima zamoto" ndi "Reichspartertags" mmenemo, pomwe malamulo a Nuremberg "amitundu" ndi ena openga adakhazikitsidwa ...

Tsopano tiyeni timvetsere kwa Kundry koyambirira kwa 2nd act (kujambula kwa 1951) - Ach! — Ah! Tiefe Nacht! - Wahnsin! -O! -Uwu!-Ach!- Jammer! - Schlaf-Schlaf - tiefer Schlaf! – Todi! .. Mulungu akudziwa zomwe zidachitika ndi mawu oyimba owopsawa ...

Moyo ukuwoneka kuti ukuyambiranso ku Remscheid, komwe Martha, atakhala ndi nthawi yoti ayambe kuphunzira kwa nthawi yayitali ku Nuremberg Conservatory, akufika kuti akafufuzidwe mu 1942. "Iwo ankafuna mezzo m'bwalo la zisudzo ... wa aria wa Eboli ndipo adalandiridwa! Ndimakumbukira momwe ndinakhalira mu cafe pafupi ndi opera, kuyang'ana pawindo lalikulu la odutsa akudutsa ... Zinkawoneka kwa ine kuti Remscheid anali Met, ndipo tsopano ndinagwira ntchito kumeneko ... chinali chisangalalo chotani nanga!

Mödl (wazaka 31) atangoyamba kumene kukhala Hansel mu opera ya Humperdinck, nyumba yochitira masewero inaphulitsidwa ndi bomba. Adapitilizabe kuyeserera mu masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe adasinthidwa kwakanthawi, Cherubino, Azucena ndi Mignon adawonekera muzolemba zake. Zowonetsera tsopano sizinaperekedwe madzulo aliwonse, chifukwa choopa kuwukira. Masana, ojambula zisudzo adakakamizika kugwira ntchito kutsogolo - apo ayi ndalamazo sizinalipire. Mödl anakumbukira kuti: “Iwo anabwera kudzapeza ntchito ku Alexanderwerk, fakitale imene inkapanga ziwiya za m’khichini nkhondo isanayambe, ndipo tsopano zida zankhondo. Mlembi, amene anadindapo mapasipoti athu, atadziŵa kuti tinali akatswiri a zisudzo, ananena mokhutiritsidwa kuti: “Chabwino, tikuthokoza Mulungu, pomalizira pake anapangitsa aulesi kugwira ntchito!” Fakitale iyi idayenera kugwira ntchito kwa miyezi 7. Zowukira zidayamba kuchulukirachulukira tsiku lililonse, nthawi iliyonse chilichonse chikhoza kuwuluka mlengalenga. Akaidi a ku Russia anabweretsedwanso kuno ... Mayi wina wa ku Russia ndi ana ake asanu ankagwira ntchito nane ... - Matron adadzitengera yekha chakudya ndipo adadya ndi asilikali achijeremani madzulo. Sindidzaiwala zimenezi.”

Nkhondoyo inali kutha, ndipo Martha anapita “kukagonjetsa” Düsseldorf. M'manja mwake munali mgwirizano wa malo a mezzo woyamba, womwe unatha ndi woyang'anira Düsseldorf Opera pambuyo pa imodzi mwa machitidwe a Mignon mu masewera olimbitsa thupi a Remscheid. Koma pamene woimba wamng'ono anafika mumzinda wapansi, pa mlatho wautali kwambiri ku Ulaya - Müngstener Brücke - "Reich wazaka chikwi" anasiya kukhalapo, ndipo mu zisudzo, pafupifupi kuwonongedwa pansi, anakumana ndi watsopano wa quartermaster - anali wodziwika bwino wa chikominisi ndi wotsutsa-fascist Wolfgang Langoff, mlembi wa Moorsoldaten, yemwe anali atangobwera kumene kuchokera ku Switzerland. Marita adamupatsa contract yomwe idapangidwa kale ndipo mwamantha adafunsa ngati inali yovomerezeka. "Zowona zimagwira ntchito!" Langoff anayankha.

Ntchito yeniyeni inayamba ndi kufika kwa Gustav Grundens mu zisudzo. Wotsogolera waluso wa zisudzo, iye ankakonda ndi mtima wonse opera, ndiye anachita Ukwati wa Figaro, Gulugufe ndi Carmen - udindo waukulu womaliza anapatsidwa Mödl. Ku Grundens, adadutsa sukulu yabwino kwambiri yochita masewera. "Anagwira ntchito ngati wosewera, ndipo Le Figaro ayenera kuti anali ndi Beaumarchais wochuluka kuposa Mozart (Cherubino wanga anali wopambana kwambiri!), Koma ankakonda nyimbo monga palibe wotsogolera wamakono - ndi kumene zolakwa zawo zonse zimachokera."

Kuchokera mu 1945 mpaka 1947, woimbayo anaimba ku Düsseldorf mbali za Dorabella, Octavian ndi Wopeka (Ariadne auf Naxos), pambuyo pake mbali zochititsa chidwi zinawonekera mu repertoire, monga Eboli, Clytemnestra ndi Maria (Wozzeck). Mu 49-50s. adaitanidwa ku Covent Garden, komwe adasewera Carmen mugulu lalikulu lachingerezi. Ndemanga yomwe woyimba amakonda kwambiri pamasewerawa anali awa - "tangoganizani - mzimayi waku Germany adapirira kutanthauzira nyalugwe wa Andalusi muchilankhulo cha Shakespeare!"

Chofunikira kwambiri chinali mgwirizano ndi director Rennert ku Hamburg. Kumeneko, woimbayo adayimba Leonora kwa nthawi yoyamba, ndipo atatha kuchita nawo gawo la Lady Macbeth monga gawo la Opera ya Hamburg, Marthe Mödl adakambidwa ngati soprano yochititsa chidwi, yomwe panthawiyo inali itasowa kale. Kwa Marita mwiniwake, ichi chinali chitsimikiziro chabe cha zomwe mphunzitsi wake wa Conservatory, Frau Klink-Schneider, adaziwonapo kale. Nthawi zonse ankanena kuti mawu a mtsikanayu anali osadziwika kwa iye, "ali ndi mitundu yambiri kuposa utawaleza, tsiku lililonse amamveka mosiyana, ndipo sindingathe kuliyika m'gulu lililonse!" Choncho kusinthako kukanatha kuchitika pang'onopang'ono. “Ndinaona kuti “chochita” changa ndi ndime zolembedwa m’kaundula wapamwamba zikukhala zamphamvu ndi kudzidalira… Mosiyana ndi oimba ena omwe nthawi zonse ankapuma, kuchoka ku mezzo kupita ku soprano, sindinasiye …” Consule” Menotti (Magda Sorel), ndipo pambuyo pake monga Kundry - woyamba ku Berlin ndi Keilbert, kenako ku La Scala ndi Furtwängler. Panatsala sitepe imodzi yokha msonkhano wa mbiri yakale ndi Wieland Wagner ndi Bayreuth usanachitike.

Wieland Wagner ndiye anali kufunafuna mwachangu woyimba udindo wa Kundry pamwambo woyamba wankhondo. Anakumana ndi dzina la Martha Mödl m'manyuzipepala ponena za maonekedwe ake ku Carmen ndi Consul, koma adawona kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Hamburg. Mu Venus (Tannhäuser) woonda kwambiri, wamaso amphaka, wojambula modabwitsa komanso wozizira kwambiri, yemwe adameza chakumwa chotentha cha mandimu, wotsogolera adawona ndendende Kundry yemwe amamufuna - wapadziko lapansi komanso waumunthu. Martha adavomera kubwera ku Bayreuth kuti adzawonedwe. "Sindinkada nkhawa konse - ndinali nditasewera kale, ndinali ndi mawu onse, sindimaganizira za kupambana m'zaka zoyambirira izi ndipo panalibe chilichonse chodetsa nkhawa. Inde, ndipo sindimadziwa chilichonse chokhudza Bayreuth, kupatula kuti chinali chikondwerero chodziwika bwino ... Ndikukumbukira kuti inali nyengo yozizira ndipo nyumbayo sinatenthedwe, kunali kozizira kwambiri ... ndekha kuti ngakhale izo sizinandivutitse ine…Wagner anali atakhala mu holo. Nditamaliza, ananena mawu amodzi okha - "Mwalandiridwa."

“Kundry ananditsegulira zitseko zonse,” anatero Martha Mödl pambuyo pake. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri zotsatira, moyo wake unali wogwirizana kwambiri ndi Bayreuth, yomwe inakhala nyumba yake yachilimwe. Mu 1952 adayimba ngati Isolde ndi Karajan ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi monga Brunnhilde. Martha Mödl adawonetsanso kutanthauzira kwatsopano komanso koyenera kwa ngwazi za Wagnerian kupitilira Bayreuth - ku Italy ndi England, Austria ndi America, pomaliza kuwamasula ku sitampu ya "Third Reich". Amatchedwa "kazembe wapadziko lonse" wa Richard Wagner (pamlingo wina, njira zoyambilira za Wieland Wagner zidathandiziranso izi - zopanga zonse zatsopano "zidayesedwa" ndi oimba panthawi yamasewera - mwachitsanzo, San Carlo Theatre ku San Carlo Theatre. Naples inakhala “chipinda choyenerera” cha Brünnhilde.)

Kuphatikiza pa Wagner, imodzi mwamaudindo ofunikira kwambiri a nthawi ya soprano ndi Leonora ku Fidelio. Kuyambana ndi Rennert ku Hamburg, pambuyo pake adayimba ndi Karajan ku La Scala komanso mu 1953 ndi Furtwängler ku Vienna, koma nyimbo zake zosaiŵalika komanso zochititsa chidwi zinali pakutsegulidwa kwa mbiri yakale kwa Opera ya Vienna State Opera pa November 5, 1955.

Pafupifupi zaka 20 zoperekedwa ku maudindo akuluakulu a Wagnerian sizikanatha kukhudza mawu a Martha. M'zaka za m'ma 60s, kusamvana mu kaundula wapamwamba kunayamba kuonekera, ndipo ndi machitidwe a Namwino pa filimu yoyamba ya Munich ya "Women Without Shadow" (1963), adayamba kubwerera pang'onopang'ono ku chipatala. repertoire ya mezzo ndi contralto. Uku kunali kubwereranso osati pansi pa chizindikiro cha "malo ogonja". Ndi kupambana kopambana adayimba Clytemnestra ndi Karajan pa Chikondwerero cha Salzburg mu 1964-65. M'kutanthauzira kwake, Clytemnestra akuwoneka mosayembekezereka osati ngati woipa, koma ngati mkazi wofooka, wosimidwa komanso wovutika kwambiri. Namwino ndi Clytemnestra ali molimba mu repertoire yake, ndipo mu 70s adawachita ku Covent Garden ndi Bavarian Opera.

Mu 1966-67, Martha Mödl anatsanzikana ndi Bayreuth, akuimba Waltrauta ndi Frikka (ndizokayikitsa kuti padzakhala woyimba m'mbiri ya Ring yemwe anachita 3 Brunhilde, Sieglinde, Waltrauta ndi Frikka!). Komabe, kuchoka m’bwalo la zisudzo kunali kosatheka kwa iye. Anatsanzikana kwamuyaya kwa Wagner ndi Strauss, koma panali ntchito ina yosangalatsa yomwe inali patsogolo pake yomwe inali yomuyenera kuposa wina aliyense malinga ndi msinkhu, zochitika, komanso khalidwe. Mu "nthawi yokhwima" ya zilandiridwenso, talente ya Martha Mödl, woimba nyimbo, imawululidwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano m'magawo ochititsa chidwi komanso odziwika. Maudindo a "mwambo" ndi Agogo a Buryya mu Enufa ya Janacek (otsutsa adawona mawu omveka bwino, ngakhale amvekere mwamphamvu!), Leokadiya Begbik mu The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny ya Weil, Gertrud mu Hans Heiling ya Marschner.

Chifukwa cha luso ndi chidwi cha wojambula uyu, ambiri oimba ndi oimba amakono akhala otchuka ndi repertoire - "Elizabeth Tudor" ndi V. Fortner (1972, Berlin, kuyamba koyamba), "Chinyengo ndi Chikondi" ndi G. Einem (1976, Vienna) , sewero loyamba), "Baal" F. Cherhi (1981, Salzburg, premiere), "Ghost Sonata" ya A. Reimann (1984, Berlin, premiere) ndi ena angapo. Ngakhale zigawo zing'onozing'ono zomwe zidaperekedwa ku Mödl zidakhala zofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwake kwamatsenga. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mu 2000, zisudzo za "Sonata of Ghosts", kumene adayimba udindo wa Amayi, sizinathe ndi kuyimirira - omvera adathamangira ku siteji, kukumbatira ndi kupsompsona nthano iyi yamoyo. Mu 1992, monga gawo la Countess ("Mfumukazi ya Spades") Mödl, anatsanzikana mwaulemu ku Vienna Opera. Mu 1997, atamva kuti E. Söderström, ali ndi zaka 70, anaganiza zomulepheretsa kupuma kwake komwe ankamuyenerera n’kuimba nyimbo ya Countess ku Met, Mödl moseka anati: “Söderström? Ndi wamng'ono kwambiri pa udindo umenewu! ”, Ndipo mu Meyi 1999, adatsitsimutsidwa mosayembekezereka chifukwa cha opaleshoni yopambana yomwe idapangitsa kuti ndiiwale za myopia yosatha, Countess-Mödl, ali ndi zaka 87, adayambiranso ku Mannheim! Panthawi imeneyo, nyimbo yake yogwira ntchito inaphatikizapo "anamwali" awiri - "Boris Godunov" ("Komishe Oper") ndi "Alongo Atatu" ndi Eötvös (Düsseldorf kuyamba), komanso gawo la "Anatevka".

M'mafunso ena omwe adafunsidwa pambuyo pake, woimbayo adati: "Nthawi ina abambo a Wolfgang Windgassen, woimba nyimbo wotchuka, anandiuza kuti: "Martha, ngati 50 peresenti ya anthu amakukondani, ganizirani kuti mwachitika. Ndipo iye anali mwamtheradi kulondola. Chilichonse chomwe ndapeza pazaka zapitazi, ndili ndi ngongole chifukwa cha chikondi cha omvera anga. Chonde lembani. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti mwalemba kuti chikondi ichi ndi chapakati! ”…

Marina Demina

Zindikirani: * "The Old Man" - Richard Wagner.