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kuchokera ku Greek métron - muyeso kapena muyeso

Mu nyimbo ndi ndakatulo, dongosolo la rhythmic lozikidwa pa kusunga muyeso wakutiwakuti umene umatsimikizira kukula kwa kamangidwe ka rhythmic. Mogwirizana ndi muyeso uwu, mawu ndi nyimbo, kuwonjezera pa katchulidwe ka semantic (syntactic), amagawidwa kukhala metric. mayunitsi - mavesi ndi stanzas, miyeso, ndi zina zotero. Kutengera ndi zinthu zomwe zimatanthawuza mayunitsi (nthawi, chiwerengero cha kupsyinjika, etc.), machitidwe a zida zoimbira amasiyana (metric, syllabic, tonic, etc. - mu versification, mensural and wotchi - mu nyimbo), iliyonse yomwe ingaphatikizepo mamita angapo (machitidwe opangira ma metric unit) olumikizidwa ndi mfundo wamba (mwachitsanzo, mu wotchi, kukula kwake ndi 4/4, 3/2, 6/8, etc.). Mu metric dongosolo limangokhala ndi zizindikiro zovomerezeka za metric. mayunitsi, pamene ena rhythmic. zinthu zimakhala zaulere ndikupanga rhythmic. kusiyanasiyana mkati mwa mita. Kuyimba kopanda mita kumatheka—kuimba kwa prose, mosiyana ndi vesi (“kuyesa,” “kuyesa” kulankhula), kamvekedwe kaufulu ka nyimbo ya Gregorian, ndi zina zotero. M'nyimbo zamakono, pali dzina la nyimbo yaulere senza misura. Malingaliro amakono okhudza M. mu nyimbo amatanthauza. pamlingo wina zimadalira lingaliro la nyimbo zandakatulo, zomwe, komabe, zokha zinayambira pa siteji ya mgwirizano wosalekanitsidwa wa vesi ndi nyimbo ndipo poyamba inali nyimbo. Ndi kupasuka kwa mgwirizano wa nyimbo ndi nyimbo, machitidwe apadera a ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. M., mofanana ndi kuti M. mwa iwo amawongolera katchulidwe, osati kutalika kwa nthawi, monga mu metric yakale. versification kapena mu medieval mensural (kuchokera lat. mensura - measure) nyimbo. Kusagwirizana kochuluka pakumvetsetsa kwa M. ndi ubale wake ndi rhythm ndi chifukwa cha Ch. ayi. mfundo yakuti mawonekedwe a imodzi mwa machitidwewa amatchulidwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri padziko lonse (kwa R. Westphal, dongosolo loterolo ndi lakale, kwa X. Riemann - kugunda kwa nyimbo za nthawi yatsopano). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusiyana pakati pa machitidwe kumabisika, ndipo zomwe zimakhala zofala ku machitidwe onse siziwoneka: nyimbo ndi ndondomeko yowonongeka, yomwe imasandulika kukhala ndondomeko yokhazikika (nthawi zambiri yachikhalidwe ndi yofotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a malamulo) kutsimikiziridwa ndi Art. mwachizolowezi, koma osati psychophysiological. chibadwa cha anthu. Kusintha kwa luso. mavuto amachititsa kusinthika kwa machitidwe M. Pano tikhoza kusiyanitsa ziwiri zazikulu. mtundu.

Antich. dongosolo lomwe linayambitsa mawu akuti "M". ali a mtundu khalidwe la siteji ya nyimbo ndi ndakatulo. umodzi. M. amachita mmenemo mu ntchito yake yaikulu, subordinating malankhulidwe ndi nyimbo zokongoletsa wamba. mfundo ya muyeso, yosonyezedwa mu commensurability ya nthawi. Kukhazikika komwe kumasiyanitsa vesi ndi malankhulidwe wamba kumatengera nyimbo, ndi malamulo a metrical, kapena kuchuluka, versification (kupatula zakale, komanso Indian, Arabic, etc.), zomwe zimatsimikizira kutsatizana kwa sillables zazitali ndi zazifupi popanda kutenga poganizira kutsindika kwa mawu, kwenikweni amathandiza kuika mawu m'ndandanda ya nyimbo, yomwe kamvekedwe kake kamakhala kosiyana kwambiri ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu a nyimbo zatsopano ndipo angatchedwe kuchuluka, kapena kuyeza nthawi. Commensurability amatanthauza kukhalapo kwa nthawi yoyambira (Chi Greek xronos protos - "chronos protos", Latin mora - mora) ngati gawo la kuyeza kwa main. nthawi zomveka (silabiki) zomwe ndi zochulukitsa za mtengo woyambirawu. Pali nthawi zochepa zotere (pali 5 mwazoimba zakale - kuyambira l mpaka 5 mora), ma ratioti awo amayesedwa mosavuta ndi malingaliro athu (mosiyana ndi kufananitsa zolemba zonse ndi masekondi makumi atatu, ndi zina zotero, zololedwa mu rhythmics yatsopano). Main metric unit - phazi - imapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa nthawi, yofanana komanso yosagwirizana. Kuphatikizika kwa maimidwe kukhala mavesi (mawu anyimbo) ndi mavesi kukhala ma stanza (nthawi zanyimbo) kumakhalanso ndi magawo ofanana, koma osati magawo ofanana. Monga dongosolo locholoŵana la milingo ya kanthaŵi, m’nyimbo yochulukirachulukira, kayimbidwe kake kamagonjetsera kayimbidwe kotero kuti ndi m’malingaliro akale kuti kusokonezeka kwake kofala ndi kayimbidwe kake kumazika mizu. Komabe, m’nthawi zakale mfundo zimenezi zinali zosiyana momveka bwino, ndipo munthu akhoza kufotokoza matanthauzo angapo a kusiyana kumeneku, omwe akadali ofunikabe mpaka pano:

1) Kusiyanitsa komveka bwino kwa masilabulo ndi longitude kuloledwa wok. nyimbo sizimawonetsa ubale wanthawi yochepa, womwe udafotokozedwa momveka bwino mu ndakatulo. Muse. rhythm, motero, akhoza kuyesedwa ndi malemba ("Kulankhula kumeneko ndi kuchuluka kwamveka bwino: pambuyo pake, kumayesedwa ndi syllable yaifupi ndi yaitali" - Aristotle, "Categories", M., 1939, p. 14), amene mwiniwake yekha adapereka metric. chiwembu chochokera kuzinthu zina za nyimbo. Izi zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kusankha ma metrics kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha nyimbo monga chiphunzitso cha vesi mamita. Chifukwa chake kutsutsana pakati pa nyimbo za ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zanyimbo zomwe zidakalipo (mwachitsanzo, muzolemba za nyimbo za B. Bartok ndi KV Kvitka). R. Westphal, amene analongosola M. kukhala chisonyezero cha nyimbo m’zinthu zolankhulira, koma anatsutsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa liwu lakuti “M.” nyimbo, koma ankakhulupirira kuti mu nkhani iyi amakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi rhythm.

2) Antich. rhetoric, yomwe inkafuna kuti pakhale rhythm mu prose, koma osati M., yemwe amaitembenuza kukhala vesi, ikuchitira umboni kusiyana pakati pa kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi. M. - rhythmic. dongosolo lomwe lili m'ndimeyi. Kutsutsa kotere kwa M. yolondola ndi nyimbo yaulere yakumana mobwerezabwereza masiku ano (mwachitsanzo, dzina lachijeremani la vesi laulere ndi freeie Rhythmen).

3) Mu ndime yolondola, rhythm idasiyanitsidwanso ngati kachitidwe ka kayendedwe kake ndi kamvekedwe ngati kachitidwe komwe kamadzaza dongosololi. M'mavesi akale, kayendetsedwe kameneka kanali kamvekedwe ka mawu ndipo, mogwirizana ndi izi, mu kugawa kwa metric. mayunitsi mu magawo okwera (arsis) ndi kutsika (thesis) (kumvetsetsa kwa mphindi zamtunduwu kumalepheretsedwa kwambiri ndi chikhumbo chowafananiza ndi kumenyedwa kwamphamvu ndi kofooka); Katchulidwe ka mawu omveka samalumikizana ndi kutsindika kwa mawu ndipo sanafotokozedwe mwachindunji m'mawu, ngakhale kuyika kwawo mosakayika kumadalira miyeso. dongosolo.

4) Kulekanitsa pang'onopang'ono kwa ndakatulo kuchokera ku zolemba zake. mafomu amatsogolera kale kumapeto kwa cf. zaka zambiri mpaka kutuluka kwa mtundu watsopano wa ndakatulo, kumene silongitude imatengedwa, koma chiwerengero cha syllables ndi kuika maganizo. Mosiyana ndi "mamita" apamwamba, ndakatulo za mtundu watsopano zimatchedwa "rhythms". Kutanthauzira kwapakamwa kokhako, komwe kunafika pakukula kwathunthu masiku ano (pamene ndakatulo mu zilankhulo zatsopano za ku Europe, zolekanitsidwa ndi nyimbo), nthawi zina ngakhale pano (makamaka olemba achi French) zimatsutsana ndi metric ngati "rhythmic" (onani , mwachitsanzo, Zh. Maruso, Dictionary of linguistic terms, M., 1960, p. 253).

Kutsutsana kotsirizaku kumabweretsa matanthauzo omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa akatswiri a philologists: M. - kugawa kwa nthawi, rhythm - kugawa kwa mawu. Zolemba zoterezi zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku nyimbo, koma kuyambira nthawi ya M. Hauptmann ndi X. Riemann (ku Russia kwa nthawi yoyamba m'buku lachiphunzitso loyambirira la GE Konyus, 1892), kumvetsetsa kosiyana kwa mawu awa kwakhala kopambana, komwe. zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi rhythmic. Ndimapanga nyimbo ndi ndakatulo panthawi ya moyo wawo wosiyana. Ndakatulo za “rhythmic”, monga zina zilizonse, zimasiyana ndi ma prose m’njira ina yake. dongosolo, lomwe limalandiranso dzina la kukula kapena M. (mawuwa amapezeka kale mu G. de Machaux, m'zaka za zana la 14), ngakhale kuti samatanthawuza kuyeza kwa nthawi, koma kuwerengera kwa masilabulo kapena kutsindika - kulankhula kokha. kuchuluka komwe kulibe nthawi yeniyeni . Udindo wa M. suli mu zokongoletsa. nyimbo mokhazikika monga choncho, koma potsindika kayimbidwe kake ndi kukulitsa mphamvu zake. Kunyamula metric ntchito ntchito. ziwembu zimataya kukongola kwawo kodziyimira pawokha. chidwi ndi kukhala osauka ndi zambiri monotonous. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mosiyana ndi vesi la metric komanso mosiyana ndi tanthauzo lenileni la mawu oti "versification", vesi (mzere) silikhala ndi zigawo zing'onozing'ono, b.ch. zosafanana, koma zogawidwa m'magawo ofanana. Dzina lakuti "dolniki", lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mavesi omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chokhazikika cha kupsyinjika ndi chiwerengero chosiyana cha ma syllables osagwedezeka, akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku machitidwe ena: mu syllabic. syllable iliyonse ndi "dule" m'mavesi, ma syllabo-tonic mavesi, chifukwa cha kusintha kolondola kwa mawu otsindika ndi osatsindika, amagawidwa m'magulu ofanana a silabi - mapazi, omwe ayenera kuonedwa ngati magawo owerengera, osati monga mawu. Mayunitsi a metric amapangidwa ndi kubwerezabwereza, osati kuyerekeza ndi milingo yofananira. Accent M., mosiyana ndi kachulukidwe kake, sichimalamulira rhythm ndipo sichimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa mfundozi, koma kutsutsa kwawo, mpaka kupanga A. Bely: rhythm ndi kupatuka kwa M. (komwe ndi kugwirizana ndi zochitika za syllabic-tonic system, pamene, pansi pazifukwa zina, kutsindika kwenikweni kumapatuka kuchokera ku metric imodzi). Uniform metric chiwembu chimakhala ndi gawo lachiwiri mu vesi poyerekeza ndi rhythmic. zosiyanasiyana, monga umboni ndi zikamera wa m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. vesi laulere, pomwe dongosololi kulibe konse ndipo kusiyana ndi prose kumangojambula. kugawikana mu mizere, zomwe sizidalira syntax ndikupanga "kukhazikitsa pa M".

Chisinthiko chofananacho chikuchitika mu nyimbo. Miyendo yachimuna ya zaka za 11-13. (otchedwa modal), monga akale, amabwera molumikizana kwambiri ndi ndakatulo (troubadours ndi trouvers) ndipo amapangidwa ndi kubwereza nthawi zina (modus), zofanana ndi mapazi akale (zofala kwambiri ndi 3 modes, zoperekedwa apa. ndi zolemba zamakono: 1-th

,2 ndi

ndi 3rd

). Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 14, kutsatizana kwa nthawi mu nyimbo, kulekanitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi ndakatulo, kumakhala komasuka, ndipo kukula kwa polyphony kumabweretsa kutuluka kwa nthawi yaying'ono kwambiri, kotero kuti mtengo wochepa kwambiri wa semibrevis woyambirira wa rhythmic usandulika kukhala "cholemba chonse. ”, mogwirizana ndi zomwe pafupifupi zolemba zina zonse sizikhalanso zochulukitsa, koma zogawa. "Muyeso" wa nthawi yogwirizana ndi cholemba ichi, chodziwika ndi kukwapula kwa manja (Latin mensura), kapena "muyeso", amagawidwa ndi zikwapu za mphamvu zochepa, ndi zina zotero. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 17 pali muyeso wamakono, kumene kumenyedwa, mosiyana ndi magawo awiri a muyeso wakale, imodzi yomwe ingakhale yaikulu kawiri kuposa ina, ndi yofanana, ndipo ikhoza kukhala yoposa 2 (mu nkhani yabwino kwambiri - 2). Kusinthasintha kwanthawi zonse kwa zida zamphamvu ndi zofooka (zolemera ndi zopepuka, zochirikiza ndi zosachirikiza) m'nyimbo zamasiku ano kumapanga mita, kapena mita, yofanana ndi mita ya vesi-kugunda kovomerezeka. chiwembu, kudzaza khamu ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana zolemba kumapanga rhythmic. kujambula, kapena "chirendo" m'lingaliro lopapatiza.

Mtundu wina wa nyimbo wanyimbo ndi wanzeru, womwe udapangidwa ngati nyimbo zolekanitsidwa ndi zaluso zofananira. Zofooka zazikulu za malingaliro ochiritsira okhudza nyimbo. M. imachokera ku mfundo yakuti mawonekedwe a mbiri yakalewa amadziwika kuti ndi obadwa nawo mu nyimbo "mwa chilengedwe". Kusinthasintha kwanthawi zonse kwa nthawi zolemetsa komanso zopepuka kumabwera chifukwa cha nyimbo zakale, zamakedzana, nthano, ndi zina. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kumvetsetsa osati nyimbo za nthawi zakale ndi zolemba zakale. nthano, komanso malingaliro awo mu nyimbo zamakono. Mu Russian nar. nyimbo pl. folklorists amagwiritsa ntchito barline kuti atchule osati ma beats amphamvu (omwe palibe), koma malire pakati pa mawu; "kumenyedwa kwa anthu" (mawu a PP Sokalsky) nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu Chirasha. Prof. nyimbo, osati mawonekedwe achilendo mamita (mwachitsanzo, 11/4 ndi Rimsky-Korsakov), komanso mu mawonekedwe a magawo awiri. maulendo atatu, ndi zina zotero. Iyi ndi mitu yamasewera omaliza a 1st fp. concerto ndi Tchaikovsky's 2nd symphony, kumene kukhazikitsidwa kwa barline monga kutchulidwa kwa kugunda kwamphamvu kumabweretsa kusokoneza kwathunthu kwa rhythmic. zomangamanga. Bar notation imayika kamvekedwe kosiyana. bungwe ndi magule ambiri a West Slavic, Hungarian, Spanish, ndi chiyambi china (polonaise, mazurka, polka, bolero, habanera, etc.). Zovina izi zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa ma formula - kutsatizana kwina kwa nthawi (kulola kusinthasintha mkati mwa malire ena), m'mphepete siyenera kuonedwa ngati mongomveka. ndondomeko yomwe imadzaza muyeso, koma ngati M. ya mtundu wochuluka. Njirayi ikufanana ndi phazi la metric. versification. Mu kuvina koyera. East music. Mafotokozedwe a anthu akhoza kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuposa ndime (onani Uswuul), koma mfundoyi imakhalabe chimodzimodzi.

Kusiyanitsa melodic (kawunidwe ka mawu) ndi rhythm (kutalika koyerekeza—Riemann), komwe sikungagwirizane ndi kachulukidwe kanyimbo, kumafunanso kusintha kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu amasiku ano. Kutalika kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu kokha kumakhala njira yolankhulirana, yomwe imadziwonetsera muzolemba zakale komanso mumayendedwe. chithunzi, phunziro lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi Riemann. Mwayi wovuta. kamvekedwe ka mawu kamachokera pa mfundo yakuti powerengera zikwapu (zomwe zinalowa m'malo mwa kuyeza kwa nthawi monga M.), nthawi zapakati pa mantha, zomwe zimatengedwa ngati zofanana, zimatha kutambasula ndi kuchepa mkati mwa malire aakulu kwambiri. Muyezo monga gulu lina la zovuta, zosiyana ndi mphamvu, sizidalira tempo ndi kusintha kwake (kuthamanga, kutsika, fermat), zonse zomwe zasonyezedwa m'zolemba ndi zosasonyezedwa, ndipo malire a tempo ufulu sangathe kukhazikitsidwa. Formative rhythmic. kutalika kwa zolemba, zoyezedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo pa metric. grid mosasamala kanthu za zowona. Kutalika kumafanananso ndi kusinthasintha kwa kupsinjika: monga lamulo, nthawi yayitali imagwera pazitsulo zolimba, zazing'ono pazitsulo zofooka za muyeso, ndipo zopatuka kuchokera ku dongosololi zimawonedwa ngati ma syncopations. Palibe chikhalidwe choterocho mu kachulukidwe kanyimbo; Mosiyana, mafomu okhala ndi mawu achidule amtunduwo

(antique iambic, 2nd mode of mensural music),

(anapaest wakale), ndi zina zotero.

"Metrical quality" yotchulidwa ndi Riemann ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi awo okha chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chokhazikika. Barline samasonyeza katchulidwe ka mawu, koma malo abwinoko a mawuwo ndipo motero chikhalidwe cha mawu enieni, amasonyeza ngati ali abwino kapena osinthika (syncope). "Zolondola" metric. katchulidwe ka mawu amafotokozedwa mophweka pobwereza muyeso. Koma kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti kufanana kwa miyeso mu nthawi sikulemekezedwa, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusintha kwa kukula. Kotero, mu ndakatulo ya Scriabin op. 52 No l kwa 49 kuzungulira kwa kusintha koteroko 42. M'zaka za zana la 20. "Mipiringidzo yaulere" ikuwonekera, pomwe palibe siginecha ya nthawi ndi mizere ya bar imagawaniza nyimbo kukhala magawo osagwirizana. Komano, mwina periodic. kubwereza nonmetric. mawu, omwe samataya mawonekedwe a "rhythmic dissonances" (onani zomanga zazikulu za Beethoven zokhala ndi mawu omveka pa kugunda kofooka kumapeto kwa symphony yachisanu ndi chiwiri, "kuwoloka" nyimbo ziwiri zomenyedwa mu mipiringidzo itatu mu gawo loyamba la nyimbo. 7 symphony ndi etc.). Pakupatuka kwa M. mu hl. m'mawu, nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa motsagana, koma nthawi zina zimasandulika kukhala zododometsa zongoyerekeza, kulumikizana komwe kumapangitsa kuti phokoso lenileni likhale losamutsidwa.

"Kuperekeza kongoyerekeza" kumatha kuthandizidwa ndi rhythmic inertia, koma kumayambiriro kwa kusintha kwa Schumann "Manfred", kumakhala kosiyana ndi ubale uliwonse ndi wakale ndi wotsatira:

Kulumikizana koyambira kumathekanso m'mipiringidzo yaulere:

SV Rakhmaninov. Romance "Usiku m'munda wanga", op. 38 n1.

Kugawikana mu miyeso muzolemba zanyimbo kumasonyeza rhythmic. cholinga cha wolemba, ndi zoyesayesa za Riemann ndi otsatira ake kuti "akonze" makonzedwe a wolembayo mogwirizana ndi kutsindika kwenikweni, zimasonyeza kusamvetsetsa kwenikweni kwa M., chisakanizo cha muyeso wopatsidwa ndi rhythm weniweni.

Kusintha kumeneku kunapangitsanso (osati popanda chikoka cha mafananidwe ndi vesi) kukulitsa lingaliro la M. ku mapangidwe a mawu, nthawi, ndi zina. ndendende pakalibe ma metrics. mawu. Mu vesi, kuchuluka kwa kutsindika kumatsimikizira malo a malire a mavesi, kusagwirizana kwa to-rykh ndi syntactic (enjambements) kumapanga vesi lakuti "rhythmic. dissonances." Mu nyimbo, kumene M. amalamulira kokha accentuation (malo anakonzeratu mapeto a nthawi mu zovina zina, mwachitsanzo, mu polonaise, ndi cholowa cha kuchuluka M.), enjambements sizingatheke, koma ntchito imeneyi ikuchitika ndi syncopations, zosaganizirika m'ndime (pomwe palibe kutsagana, zenizeni kapena zongopeka, zomwe zingatsutsane ndi kutsindika kwa mawu akuluakulu). Kusiyana pakati pa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. M. ikuwonekera momveka bwino m'njira zolembedwa zowafotokozera: nthawi imodzi, kugawanika kukhala mizere ndi magulu awo (stanzas), kutanthauza metric. kuyima, kwina - kugawikana m'mizere, kutanthauza metric. malankhulidwe. Kulumikizana pakati pa nyimbo za nyimbo ndi kutsagana ndi chifukwa chakuti mphindi yamphamvu imatengedwa ngati chiyambi cha metric. mayunitsi, chifukwa ndi malo abwinoko osinthira mgwirizano, kapangidwe kake, ndi zina zotero. Tanthauzo la mizere ya mipiringidzo ngati malire a "chigoba" kapena "zomangamanga" adayikidwa patsogolo (mwanjira ina mokokomeza) ndi Konus monga chotsutsana ndi syntactic, " kuphimba" mawu, omwe adalandira dzina "metric" pasukulu ya Riemann. Catoire amalolanso kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa malire a mawu (chitsanzo) ndi "zomanga" kuyambira mu nthawi yamphamvu ("trocheus of the 2nd kind" m'mawu ake). Kugawikana kwa miyeso muzomangamanga nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi chizolowezi cha "squareness" komanso kusinthana koyenera kwa miyeso yamphamvu ndi yofooka, kukumbukira kusinthana kwa kumenyedwa muyeso, koma chizolowezi ichi (psychophysiologically conditioned) sichiri metric. wamba, wokhoza kutsutsa muses. syntax yomwe pamapeto pake imatsimikizira kukula kwa zomanga. Komabe, nthawi zina zing'onozing'ono zimayikidwa m'magulu enieni. mgwirizano - "mipiringidzo yapamwamba", monga umboni wa kuthekera kwa syncope. amatsindika pa zofooka:

L. Beethoven Sonata wa piyano, op. 110, gawo II.

Nthawi zina olemba amasonyeza mwachindunji magulu a mipiringidzo; pamenepa, si magulu a square okha (ritmo di quattro battute) omwe angatheke, komanso mipiringidzo itatu (ritmo di tre battute mu 9th symphony ya Beethoven, rythme ternaire mu Duke's The Sorcerer's Apprentice). Kujambula miyeso yopanda kanthu kumapeto kwa ntchitoyo, kutha pamlingo wokulirapo, ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo a miyeso yapamwamba, yomwe imapezeka pafupipafupi pakati pa akale a Viennese, koma idapezekanso pambuyo pake (F. Liszt, "Mephisto Waltz ” No1, PI Tchaikovsky, mapeto a symphony 1) , komanso chiwerengero cha miyeso mkati mwa gulu (Liszt, "Mephisto Waltz"), ndipo kuwerengera kwawo kumayamba ndi muyeso wamphamvu, osati ndi syntactic. malire. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nyimbo zandakatulo. M. amachotsa kugwirizana mwachindunji pakati pawo mu wok. nyimbo za m'badwo watsopano. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, onsewa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa M.: chikhalidwe cha mawu, gawo lothandizira ndi ntchito yowonjezera, makamaka yodziwika bwino mu nyimbo, kumene wotchi yopitirira M. (yomwe inawuka nthawi imodzi ndi "bass yopitirira". ", basso continuo) sichimachotsa , koma, mosiyana, imapanga "zomangira ziwiri" zomwe sizilola kuti nyimbo ziwonongeke mu zolinga, mawu, ndi zina zotero.

Zothandizira: Sokalsky PP, nyimbo zamtundu wa Chirasha, Chirasha Chachikulu ndi Chirasha Chaching'ono, mumayendedwe ake omveka komanso omveka komanso kusiyana kwake ndi maziko a nyimbo zamakono zamakono, Kharkov, 1888; Konyus G., Zowonjezera pakutolera ntchito, masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi mafunso (1001) pakuphunzira kwaukadaulo wa nyimbo zoyambira, M., 1896; chimodzimodzi, M.-P., 1924; wake, Kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe m'munda wa mawonekedwe oimba, M., 1932; Yavorsky B., Kapangidwe ka mawu oimba Zida ndi zolemba, gawo 2, M., 1908; zake, The Basic Elements of Music, "Art", 1923, No l (pali kusindikiza kosiyana); Sabaneev L., Music of speech Aesthetic Research, M., 1923; Rinagin A., Systematics ya chidziwitso cha nyimbo ndi chiphunzitso, m'buku. De musica Sat. Art., ed. I. Glebova, P., 1923; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Analysis of musical work. Zinthu za muchyka ndi njira zowunikira mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, M., 1967; Agarkov O., Pakukwanira kwa kuzindikira kwa mita ya nyimbo, mu Sat. Art ndi Sayansi Yanyimbo, vol. 1, Moscow, 1970; Kholopova V., Mafunso a rhythm mu ntchito ya olemba theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1971, M., 1; Harlap M., Rhythm of Beethoven, m'buku. Beethoven Sat. st., vuto. 1971, M., XNUMX. Onaninso kuwala. ku Art. Metrics.

MG Harlap