Reinhold Moritsevich Glière |

Reinhold Gliere

Gliere. Prelude (orchestra yoyendetsedwa ndi T. Beecham)

Gliere! Marozi XNUMX a Perisiya wanga, Awiri odaliska a minda yanga, Ufiti mbuye wa Musikia, Wasanduka XNUMX nightingales. Vyach. Ivanov

Pamene Great October Socialist Revolution inachitika, Gliere, yemwe kale anali woimba, mphunzitsi, ndi wochititsa wodziwika panthawiyo, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kugwira nawo ntchito yomanga chikhalidwe cha Soviet Union. Woimira wamkulu wa sukulu ya ku Russia ya oimba nyimbo, wophunzira wa S. Taneyev, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana, adapanga mgwirizano wamoyo pakati pa nyimbo za Soviet ndi miyambo yolemera kwambiri komanso luso lakale. . "Sindinali wabwalo kapena sukulu," Glier analemba za iyemwini, koma ntchito yake mosasamala imakumbutsa mayina a M. Glinka, A. Borodin, A. Glazunov chifukwa cha kufanana kwa malingaliro a dziko lapansi, omwe zikuwoneka zowala mu Glier , zogwirizana, zonse. “Ndimaona kuti ndi mlandu kusonyeza kukhumudwa kwanga m’nyimbo,” anatero wolemba nyimboyo.

Cholowa cha Gliere ndi chokulirapo komanso chosiyanasiyana: ma opera 5, ma ballet 6, ma symphonies 3, ma concerto 4 oimbira, nyimbo za gulu la mkuwa, gulu la zida zoimbira, zida zapachipinda, zida zoimbira, piyano ndi nyimbo za ana, nyimbo zamasewera. ndi cinema.

Kuyambira kuphunzira nyimbo motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha makolo ake, Reinhold ndi khama anatsimikizira ufulu luso ankakonda ndipo patapita zaka zingapo kuphunzira pa Kiev Musical College mu 1894 analowa Moscow Conservatory mu kalasi ya violin, ndiyeno zikuchokera. "... Palibe amene wandigwirapo ntchito molimbika m'kalasi monga Gliere," Taneyev adalembera Arensky. Ndipo osati m’kalasi mokha. Gliere anaphunzira ntchito za olemba a ku Russia, mabuku a filosofi, maganizo, mbiri yakale, ndipo anali ndi chidwi ndi zomwe asayansi atulukira. Osakhutira ndi maphunzirowa, adaphunzira yekha nyimbo zachikale, adapezekapo madzulo a nyimbo, komwe anakumana ndi S. Rachmaninov, A. Goldenweiser ndi ziwerengero zina za nyimbo za ku Russia. “Ndinabadwira ku Kyiv, ku Moscow ndinaona kuunika kwauzimu ndi kuunika kwa mtima ...” analemba motero Gliere ponena za nthaŵi imeneyi ya moyo wake.

Ntchito yopanikizika kwambiri yoteroyo sinasiye nthawi yosangalala, ndipo Gliere sanayesere kuchita zimenezo. "Ndinkawoneka ngati wophwanyira ... osatha kusonkhana kwinakwake mu lesitilanti, malo ogulitsira, kudya zokhwasula-khwasula ..." Anadandaula kuwononga nthawi pazochitika zoterezi, ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ayenera kuyesetsa kukhala wangwiro, womwe umatheka kugwira ntchito molimbika, chifukwa chake muyenera "kulimba ndi kusandulika chitsulo. Komabe, Glier sanali "cracker". Iye anali ndi mtima wokoma mtima, wokoma mtima, wandakatulo.

Gliere anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatoire mu 1900 ndi Mendulo ya Golide, pokhala panthawiyo mlembi wa nyimbo zingapo za chipinda ndi First Symphony. M'zaka zotsatira, amalemba zambiri komanso m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chotsatira chofunika kwambiri ndi Third Symphony "Ilya Muromets" (1911), yomwe L. Stokowski adalembera wolembayo kuti: "Ndikuganiza kuti ndi symphony iyi mwapanga chipilala cha chikhalidwe cha Asilavo - nyimbo zomwe zimasonyeza mphamvu za Chirasha. anthu.” Atangomaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory, Gliere anayamba kuphunzitsa. Kuyambira 1900, adaphunzitsa kalasi yogwirizana ndi encyclopedia (limenelo linali dzina la maphunziro owonjezera pakuwunika mawonekedwe, omwe amaphatikizapo polyphony ndi mbiri ya nyimbo) ku sukulu ya nyimbo ya alongo a Gnessin; m'miyezi yachilimwe ya 1902 ndi 1903. anakonza Seryozha Prokofiev kuti alowe ku Conservatory, anaphunzira ndi N. Myaskovsky.

Mu 1913, Gliere anaitanidwa kukhala pulofesa wa nyimbo ku Kyiv Conservatory, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi anakhala mtsogoleri wake. Olemba nyimbo otchuka a ku Ukraine L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky anaphunzitsidwa pansi pa utsogoleri wake. Glner anakwanitsa kukopa oimba monga F. Blumenfeld, G. Neuhaus, B. Yavorsky kuti azigwira ntchito kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Kuwonjezera pa kuphunzira ndi oimba, iye anachititsa wophunzira oimba, anatsogolera opera, oimba, makalasi m'chipinda, nawo makonsati a RMS, anakonza maulendo oimba ambiri otchuka mu Kyiv - S. Koussevitzky, J. Heifets, S. Rachmaninov, S. Prokofiev, A. Grechaninov. Mu 1920, Gliere anasamukira ku Moscow, kumene mpaka 1941 anaphunzitsa kalasi ya nyimbo pa Moscow Conservatory. Anaphunzitsa oimba ambiri aku Soviet ndi akatswiri oimba nyimbo, kuphatikizapo AN Aleksandrov, B. Aleksandrov, A. Davidenko, L. Knipper, A. Khachaturian… ziribe kanthu zomwe mungafunse, amakhala wophunzira wa Glier - kaya mwachindunji, kapena mdzukulu.

ku Moscow mu 20s. Zochita zamaphunziro za Glier zambiri zidachitika. Anatsogolera bungwe la zoimbaimba zapagulu, kutsogolera gulu la ana, kumene ankaphunzitsa ana kuimba nyimbo, kuchita nawo zisudzo, kapena kungonena nthano, kupititsa patsogolo piyano. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kwa zaka zingapo, Gliere anatsogolera mabwalo a kwaya a ophunzira pa yunivesite ya Communist ya Working People of the East, yomwe inam’bweretsera ziwonetsero zambiri zomveka bwino monga wolemba nyimbo.

Chothandizira cha Gliere popanga nyimbo zamaluso m'malipabuliki a Soviet - Ukraine, Azerbaijan, ndi Uzbekistan - ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kuyambira ali mwana, anasonyeza chidwi ndi nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana: “Zithunzi ndi katchulidwe ka mawu ameneŵa kwa ine zinali njira yachibadwa yosonyezera maganizo ndi malingaliro anga mwaluso.” Woyamba anali kudziwana ndi nyimbo Chiyukireniya, amene anaphunzira kwa zaka zambiri. Chotsatira cha ichi chinali symphonic kujambula The Cossacks (1921), symphonic ndakatulo Zapovit (1941), ndi ballet Taras Bulba (1952).

Mu 1923, Gliere anaitanidwa ndi People's Commissariat of Education ya AzSSR kuti abwere ku Baku ndi kulemba opera pamutu wa dziko. Chotsatira chopanga ulendowu chinali opera "Shahsenem", yomwe inachitikira ku Azerbaijan Opera ndi Ballet Theatre mu 1927. Kuphunzira kwa chikhalidwe cha Uzbek panthawi yokonzekera zaka khumi za luso la Uzbek ku Tashkent kunayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Tchuthi la Ferghana". ” (1940) komanso mogwirizana ndi T. Sadykov oimba "Leyli ndi Majnun" (1940) ndi "Gyulsara" (1949). Pogwira ntchito izi, Gliere adatsimikiza kwambiri kufunika kosunga chiyambi cha miyambo ya dziko, kufunafuna njira zowaphatikiza. Lingaliro ili linaphatikizidwa mu "Solemn Overture" (1937), yomangidwa pa nyimbo za Chirasha, Chiyukireniya, Azerbaijani, Chiuzbekistan, m'mawu akuti "Pa Mitu Yachiarabu" ndi "Ubwenzi wa Anthu" (1941).

Chofunika kwambiri ndi zabwino za Gliere pakupanga gulu la Soviet ballet. Chochitika chapadera mu luso Soviet anali ballet "Red Poppy". ("Red Flower"), yomwe inachitikira ku Bolshoi Theatre mu 1927. Inali yoyamba ya Soviet ballet pamutu wamakono, kunena za ubwenzi pakati pa anthu a Soviet ndi China. Ntchito ina yofunika kwambiri mu mtundu uwu inali nyimbo ya ballet "Bronze Horseman" yochokera ku ndakatulo ya A. Pushkin, yomwe inachitikira ku Leningrad mu 1949. "Hymn to the Great City", yomwe imamaliza ballet iyi, nthawi yomweyo idadziwika kwambiri.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 30s. Gliere adatembenukira ku mtundu wa concerto. M'makonsati ake a zeze (1938), cello (1946), nyanga (1951), mwayi wamayimbidwe a soloist amatanthauziridwa mofala ndipo nthawi yomweyo amasungidwa ukoma ndi chikondwerero chomwe chili mumtundu wamtunduwu. Koma mbambande yowona ndi Concerto for voice (coloratura soprano) ndi orchestra (1943) - ntchito yowona mtima komanso yosangalatsa ya wolembayo. Mbali ya konsati ambiri anali mwachibadwa kwambiri kwa Gliere, amene kwa zaka zambiri mwachangu anapereka zoimbaimba monga wochititsa ndi limba. Zochita zinapitirira mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake (wotsiriza unachitika masiku 24 asanamwalire), pamene Glier ankakonda kupita kumadera akutali kwambiri a dziko, powona kuti ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya maphunziro. "... Wolembayo amayenera kuphunzira mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, kuwongolera luso lake, kukulitsa ndi kukulitsa malingaliro ake adziko lapansi, kupita patsogolo ndi mtsogolo." Mawu awa Glier analemba kumapeto kwa ntchito yake. Iwo ankatsogolera moyo wake.

O. Averyanova

Zolemba:

machitidwe - opera-oratorio Earth ndi Sky (pambuyo pa J. Byron, 1900), Shahsenem (1923-25, 1927 mu Russian, Baku; kope lachiwiri 2, mu Azerbaijani, Azerbaijan Opera Theatre ndi ballet, Baku), Leyli ndi Majnun (zochokera pa ndakatulo ya A. Navoi, wolemba nawo T. Sadykov, 1934, Uzbek Opera ndi Ballet Theatre, Tashkent), Gyulsara (wolemba nawo T. Sadykov, anachita 1940, ibid), Rachel ( pambuyo pa H. Maupassant, Baibulo lomaliza 1949, ojambula a Opera ndi Dramatic Theatre yotchedwa K. Stanislavsky, Moscow); sewero lanyimbo - Gulsara (zolemba za K. Yashen ndi M. Mukhamedov, nyimbo zolembedwa ndi T. Jalilov, zolembedwa ndi T. Sadykov, zokonzedwa ndi kukonzedwa ndi G., positi. 1936, Tashkent); ballet - Chrysis (1912, International Theatre, Moscow), Cleopatra (Egyptian Nights, pambuyo AS Pushkin, 1926, Musical Studio ya Art Theatre, Moscow), Red Poppy (kuyambira 1957 - Red Flower, post. 1927, Bolshoi Theatre , Moscow; 2nd ed., post. 1949, Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theatre), Oseketsa (Mwana wamkazi wa Anthu, kutengera sewero la "Fuente Ovehuna" lolemba Lope de Vega, 1931, Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow; 2nd ed. pansi pa mutu Mwana wamkazi wa Castile, 1955, Stanislavsky ndi Nemirovich-Danchenko Musical Theatre, Moscow), The Bronze Horseman (yochokera pa ndakatulo ya AS Pushkin, 1949, Leningrad Opera ndi Ballet Theatre; USSR State Pr., 1950), Taras Bulba (yochokera m'bukuli. ndi NV Gogol, op. 1951-52); cantata Ulemerero kwa Soviet Army (1953); za orchestra - 3 symphonies (1899-1900; 2 - 1907; 3 - Ilya Muromets, 1909-11); ndakatulo za symphonic - Sirens (1908; Glinkinskaya pr., 1908), Zapovit (pokumbukira TG Shevchenko, 1939-41); zosokoneza - Kuwongolera kwakukulu (Pa tsiku la 20th la Okutobala, 1937), tchuthi cha Fergana (1940), Overture on Slavic Folk themes (1941), Ubwenzi wa Anthu (1941), Kupambana (1944-45); chizindikiro. chithunzi cha Cossacks (1921); zoimbaimba ndi orchestra - Zeze (1938), mawu (1943; State Prospect of the USSR, 1946), kwa wrc. (1947), kwa horn (1951); za brass band - Pa tchuthi cha Comintern (zongopeka, 1924), Marichi a Red Army (1924), zaka 25 za Red Army (kuwongolera, 1943); za orc. nar. zida - Fantasy Symphony (1943); chida cha chipinda orc. kupanga - 3 sextets (1898, 1904, 1905 - Glinkinskaya pr., 1905); 4 quartets (1899, 1905, 1928, 1946 - No 4, USSR State Pr., 1948); za piyano - Masewero 150, kuphatikiza. Masewero 12 a ana ovuta (1907), masewero 24 a achinyamata (mabuku 4, 1908), masewero 8 osavuta (1909), ndi zina zotero; za violin, kuphatikizapo. 12 duets kwa 2 skr. (1909); za cello - masewero opitilira 70, kuphatikiza. Masamba 12 a Album (1910); zachikondi ndi nyimbo - CHABWINO. 150; nyimbo za sewero ndi mafilimu.