Kutsutsa nyimbo |

kuchokera ku fr. kutsutsa kuchokera ku Chigriki chakale κριτική τέχνη "luso lofotokozera, chiweruzo"

Kuphunzira, kusanthula ndi kuwunika zochitika zaluso zanyimbo. M'lingaliro lalikulu, nyimbo zachikale ndi gawo la maphunziro aliwonse a nyimbo, popeza chinthu choyesa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kukongola. ziweruzo. Kutsutsa kwacholinga. kuwunika chowonadi cha kulenga sikutheka popanda kuganizira momwe zimachitikira, malo omwe amakhala munjira zambiri za nyimbo. chitukuko, m'magulu. ndi moyo wa chikhalidwe cha dziko lopatsidwa ndi anthu mu nthawi inayake ya mbiriyakale. nthawi. Kuti kukhale kozikidwa pa umboni ndi kukhutiritsa, kuunikaku kuyenera kuzikidwa pa mfundo zomveka bwino za njira. maziko ndi zotsatira zosonkhanitsa za mbiriyakale. ndi katswiri woimba nyimbo. kafukufuku (onani Kusanthula Nyimbo).

Palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa nyimbo zachikale ndi sayansi ya nyimbo, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuzisiyanitsa. Kugawikana kwa maderawa sikunakhazikitsidwe kwambiri pazomwe zili komanso zofunikira za ntchito zomwe akukumana nazo, koma pamitundu yowakhazikitsa. VG Belinsky, akutsutsa kugawidwa kwa lit. kutsutsa mbiri yakale, kusanthula ndi kukongola (ie evaluation), analemba kuti: "Kutsutsa kwa mbiri yakale popanda kukongola ndipo, mosiyana, kukongola kopanda mbiri yakale, kudzakhala kwa mbali imodzi, motero kumakhala kwabodza. Kutsutsa kuyenera kukhala kumodzi, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro kuyenera kuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi, kuchokera ku dongosolo limodzi, kuchokera ku lingaliro limodzi la luso ... -rye amapanga katundu wa kutsutsidwa kulikonse, zirizonse, mbiri kapena luso ”(VG Belinsky, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 6, 1955, p. 284). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Belinsky adavomereza kuti "kudzudzula kungathe kugawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi ubale wake wokha ..." (ibid., p. 325). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, adalola kugawidwa kwa chinthu chilichonse chotsutsa patsogolo ndi kufalikira kwake pa ena, malingana ndi ntchito yeniyeni, yomwe ikutsatiridwa pankhaniyi.

Dera la zaluso. kudzudzula kawirikawiri, kuphatikizapo. ndi K. m., amaonedwa kuti ndi Ch. ayi. kuwerengera zochitika zamasiku ano. Chifukwa chake zofunikira zina zapadera zomwe zimayikidwapo. Kutsutsidwa kuyenera kukhala kwamafoni, kuyankha mwachangu chilichonse chatsopano m'gawo lina lazaluso. Kusanthula mozama ndi kuwunika dep. luso. zochitika (kaya ndi chinthu chatsopano, sewero la woimba, opera kapena ballet premiere), monga lamulo, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitetezo cha zokongoletsa zina. maudindo. Izi zimapatsa K.m. mawonekedwe a kulengeza kochulukira kapena kuchepera. Kutsutsa mwachangu komanso mwachindunji kumachita nawo kulimbana ndi luso lamalingaliro. mayendedwe.

Mitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zowunikira zimakhala zosiyanasiyana - kuchokera m'nyuzipepala kapena m'magazini yachidule kupita ku nkhani yatsatanetsatane yokhala ndi kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane komanso kulungamitsidwa kwa malingaliro omwe aperekedwa. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya K.m. monga ndemanga, notographic. note, essay, review, polemic. chofanizira. Mitundu yosiyanasiyanayi imamupangitsa kuti alowererepo mwachangu muzochita zomwe zikuchitika mumsewu. moyo ndi zilandiridwenso, kukopa anthu. lingaliro, kuthandiza kutsimikizira zatsopano.

Osati nthawi zonse komanso osati m'mitundu yonse yotsutsa. ntchito, zigamulo zomwe zafotokozedwa zimakhazikitsidwa ndi zoyambira bwino. luso. kusanthula. Chifukwa chake, ndemanga nthawi zina zimalembedwa motengera kumvetsera kumodzi ku ntchito yomwe idachitika koyamba. kapena kudziwana mwachidule ndi nyimbo. Pambuyo pake, kuphunzira mozama za izo kungakakamize kupanga zosintha zina ndi kuwonjezera pa choyambirira. kuwunika. Pakadali pano, kutsutsa kotereku kumagwira ntchito zazikulu kwambiri komanso zoperekera njira. chikoka pa mapangidwe zokonda za anthu ndi maganizo ake ntchito zaluso. Kuti apewe zolakwika, wowunikira yemwe amapereka magiredi "poyamba kuwonekera" ayenera kukhala ndi luso labwino, lotukuka kwambiri. luso, khutu lotchera khutu, kutha kugwira ndi kuwunikira chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pachigawo chilichonse, ndipo pomaliza, kutha kufotokoza malingaliro ake momveka bwino, mokhutiritsa.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya K.m., yolumikizidwa ndi decomp. kumvetsetsa ntchito zake. Pa 19 ndi koyambirira. 20th century subjective criticism inali yofala, yomwe inakana mfundo zonse za kukongola. kuwunika ndipo adafuna kuwonetsa malingaliro amunthu pazantchito za art-va. Mu Russian K.m. VG Karatygin anaima pa udindo wotero, ngakhale mu ntchito yake. nyimbo zovuta ntchito, iye nthawi zambiri anagonjetsa zofooka zake. malingaliro amalingaliro. "Kwa ine, ndi kwa woimba wina aliyense," analemba Karatygin, "palibe njira ina yomaliza, kupatula zokonda zaumwini ... Kumasulidwa kwa malingaliro kuchokera ku zokonda ndi ntchito yaikulu ya aesthetics othandiza" (Karatygin VG, Life, ntchito, zolemba. ndi zipangizo, 1927, p. 122).

Zopanda malire "zolamulira mwankhanza za kukoma", zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kutsutsidwa, zimatsutsidwa ndi kutsutsidwa kokhazikika kapena kokhazikika, komwe kumachokera ku malamulo okhwima ovomerezeka, omwe kufunikira kwa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chonse kumatchedwa. Chikhulupiriro choterechi sichimangokhala m'maphunziro okhazikika. kutsutsa, komanso kuzinthu zina za nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 20, zomwe zimagwira ntchito pansi pa mawu olimbikitsa kukonzanso kwa nyimbo. art-va ndi kupanga makina atsopano omveka. Mwachiwonekere chakuthwa komanso chamagulu, kufikira kukhazikika kwamagulu, chizolowezichi chimawonekera mwa othandizira ndi opepesa amakono. nyimbo avant-garde.

M'mayiko a capitalist mulinso mtundu wamalonda. kudzudzula pazifukwa zotsatsira. Kutsutsa koteroko, zomwe zimadalira conc. mabizinesi ndi oyang'anira, ndithudi, alibe kwambiri maganizo ndi luso. makhalidwe abwino.

Kuti zikhale zokhutiritsa ndi zobala zipatso, kutsutsa kuyenera kuphatikiza mfundo zapamwamba ndi kuzama kwa sayansi. kusanthula ndi utolankhani wankhondo. chilakolako ndi zofuna zokongoletsa. mavoti. Makhalidwe amenewa anali obadwa mu zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za Chirasha. K. m., yemwe adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pomenyera kuzindikirika kwamayiko a makolo. kuimba mlandu, kuti avomereze mfundo zopita patsogolo za zenizeni ndi dziko. Kutsatira Russian zapamwamba. kuyatsa. kutsutsa (VG Belinsky, NG Chernyshevsky, NA Dobrolyubov), adafuna kupitiliza kuwunika kwake kuchokera pazofunikira zenizeni zenizeni. Kukongola kwapamwamba kwambiri muyeso wake kunali nyonga, kunena zoona, kutsata kwake zofuna za anthu ambiri.

Njira zokhazikika zotsutsira, kuwunika zaluso. amagwira ntchito mokwanira, mu umodzi wa chikhalidwe chawo ndi kukongola. ntchito, amapereka chiphunzitso cha Marxism-Leninism. Marxist K. m., kutengera mfundo za dialectical. ndi chuma chambiri, chinayamba kukula ngakhale panthawi yokonzekera Great Oct. socialist. kusintha. Mfundo zimenezi zakhala zofunika kwambiri kwa akadzidzi. K.m., komanso otsutsa ambiri mu socialist. mayiko. The alienable khalidwe la akadzidzi. kutsutsa ndi kutenga mbali, komwe kumamveka ngati chitetezo chodziwika cha chikominisi chachikulu. malingaliro, kufunikira kwa kugonjera kwa zonena ku ntchito za Socialist. kumanga ndi kulimbana kuti amalize. chigonjetso cha chikominisi, kusasinthika motsutsana ndi mawonetseredwe onse a kachitidwe. malingaliro a bourgeois.

Kudzudzula ndiko, m'lingaliro lina, mkhalapakati pakati pa wojambula ndi womvetsera, wowonera, wowerenga. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake zofunika ndikulimbikitsa ntchito zaluso, kufotokozera tanthauzo lake ndi kufunikira kwake. Kutsutsa kopita patsogolo kwakhala kumafuna kukopa anthu ambiri, kuphunzitsa kukoma kwake ndi kukongola kwake. kuzindikira, kulimbikitsa malingaliro olondola a luso. VV Stasov analemba kuti: “Kudzudzulidwa n’kofunika kwambiri kwa anthu kuposa kwa olemba. Kutsutsa ndi maphunziro” ( Collected works, vol. 3, 1894, column 850).

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, wotsutsa ayenera kumvetsera mosamalitsa zosoŵa za omvera ndi kulingalira zofunika zake popanga kukongola. kuwunika ndi zigamulo pa zochitika za zonena. Kulumikizana kwapafupi, kosalekeza ndi womvera ndikofunikira kwa iye osachepera kwa woimba ndi woimba. Mphamvu zenizeni zogwira ntchito zitha kukhala ndi otsutsa okhawo. ziweruzo, to-rye kutengera kumvetsetsa mozama za zofuna za anthu ambiri.

Chiyambi cha K.m. imanena za nthawi yamakedzana. A. Schering anachilingalira kukhala chiyambi cha mkangano pakati pa ochirikiza Pythagoras ndi Aristoxenus ku Dr. Greece (otchedwa canons and harmonics), umene unazikidwa pa kumvetsetsa kosiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo monga luso. Antich. Chiphunzitso cha ethos chinali chogwirizana ndi chitetezo cha mitundu ina ya nyimbo ndi kutsutsidwa kwa ena, motero munali, mwa iwo okha, chinthu chowunikira kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages molamulidwa ndi wazamulungu. kumvetsetsa kwa nyimbo, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuchokera ku lingaliro la tchalitchi ngati "mtumiki wachipembedzo". Lingaliro loterolo silinalole ufulu wa kusuliza. ziweruzo ndi kuwunika. Zolimbikitsa zatsopano pakukula kwa malingaliro otsutsa za nyimbo zidapereka ku Renaissance. Nkhani yake yotsutsa V. Galilei "Dialogue on Ancient and New Music" ("Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna", 1581), yomwe adalankhula poteteza monodich, ndi khalidwe. kalembedwe ka homophonic, kudzudzula mwamphamvu wok. polyphony ya sukulu ya Franco-Flemish ngati chotsalira cha "Gothic medieval". Kukana mosagwirizana. udindo wa Galileya mogwirizana ndi otukuka kwambiri polyphonic. mlanduwu udakhala ngati gwero la mkangano wake ndi ma muses odziwika bwino. Katswiri wa chiphunzitso cha Renaissance G. Tsarlino. Mkangano uwu unapitilizidwa m'makalata, zoyambira kwa Op. oimira "kalembedwe kosangalatsa" (stilo concitato) J. Peri, G. Caccini, C. Monteverdi, m'mabuku a GB Doni "On Stage Music" ("Trattato della musica scenica"), kumbali imodzi, komanso amagwira ntchito yotsutsana ndi kalembedwe kameneka, wotsatira wa polyphonic yakale. miyambo ya JM Artusi - kumbali inayo.

M’zaka za zana la 18 K. m. amakhala wankhanza. chinthu pakukula kwa nyimbo. Pomva chikoka cha malingaliro a kuunikira, amatenga nawo mbali pakulimbana kwa mus. mayendedwe ndi zokongoletsa zonse. mikangano ya nthawi imeneyo. Udindo wotsogola muzoimbaimba. Malingaliro azaka za zana la 18 anali a ku France - zapamwamba. dziko la Chidziwitso. Mawonekedwe achi French aesthetic. Owunikira adakhudzanso K. m. mayiko (Germany, Italy). M'zigawo zazikulu kwambiri za French periodic prints ("Mercure de France", "Journal de Paris") zikuwonetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo zamakono. moyo. Pamodzi ndi izi, mtundu wapoizoni unafalikira. kabuku. Chisamaliro chachikulu chinaperekedwa ku mafunso a nyimbo ndi French yaikulu kwambiri. olemba, asayansi ndi afilosofi a encyclopedic JJ Rousseau, JD Alambert, D. Diderot, M. Grimm.

Main nyimbo mzere. mikangano ku France m'zaka za zana la 18. idalumikizidwa ndi kulimbana kwa zenizeni, motsutsana ndi malamulo okhwima a classicist aesthetics. Mu 1702, nkhani ya F. Raguenet yakuti “Kufanana pakati pa anthu a ku Italy ndi a ku France pokhudzana ndi nyimbo ndi zisudzo” (“Parallé des Italiens et des François en ce quispecte la musique et les opéras”) inaonekera, imene wolembayo anasiyanitsa moyo wosangalala, wamaganizo mwachindunji. expressiveness ital. nyimbo za opera zomvetsa chisoni. kubwereza kwa zisudzo m'nyimbo zachi French. Mawu amenewa anayambitsa mikangano yambiri. mayankho ochokera kwa otsatira ndi oteteza French. classic opera. Mkangano womwewo unayambika mwamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa zaka za zana lino, mogwirizana ndi kufika ku Paris mu 1752 kwa Italy. gulu la opera lomwe linawonetsa Pergolesi's The Servant-Madame ndi zitsanzo zina zingapo za mtundu wa opera wanthabwala (onani Nkhondo ya Buffon). Kumbali ya ku Italy Buffons adakhala akatswiri apamwamba a "gawo lachitatu" - Rousseau, Diderot. Kulandila mwachikondi ndikuthandizira opera buffa zenizeni. zinthu, iwo nthawi yomweyo anadzudzula kwambiri Conventionality, implausability wa French. adv. operas, oimira ambiri omwe, m'malingaliro awo, anali JF Rameau. Zopanga zamasewero osinthika a KV Gluck ku Paris m'ma 70s. adakhala ngati chifukwa cha mkangano watsopano (otchedwa nkhondo ya glukists ndi picchinnist), momwe chikhalidwe chapamwamba. njira zamilandu ku Austria. mbuyeyo ankatsutsana ndi ntchito yofewa, yomveka bwino ya Mtaliyana N. Piccinni. Kusemphana maganizo kumeneku kunawonetsa mavuto omwe ankadetsa nkhawa anthu ambiri achi French. gulu usiku wa Great French. kusintha.

Mpainiya waku Germany. K.m. m'zaka za zana la 18. anali I. Mattheson - zolemba zambiri zophunzitsidwa bwino. wolemba, amene maganizo ake anapangidwa mosonkhezeredwa ndi French. ndi English. Kuwala koyambirira. Mu 1722-25 adasindikiza nyimbo. magazini "Critica musica", pomwe kumasulira kwa nkhani ya Raguene pa Chifalansa kunayikidwa. ndi ital. nyimbo. Mu 1738, T. Scheibe anayamba kufalitsa buku lapadera. chosindikizidwa "Der Kritische Musicus" (lofalitsidwa mpaka 1740). Pogawana mfundo za kukongola kowunikira, adawona "malingaliro ndi chilengedwe" kukhala oweruza apamwamba pamlanduwo. Scheibe adatsindika kuti samalankhula ndi oyimba okha, komanso gulu lalikulu la "anthu osaphunzira komanso ophunzira." Kuteteza mayendedwe atsopano mu nyimbo. kulenga, iye, komabe, sanamvetse ntchito ya JS Bach ndipo sanayamikire mbiri yake. tanthauzo. F. Marpurg, payekha komanso mwamalingaliro okhudzana ndi oimira odziwika kwambiri a izo. kuunikira GE Lessing ndi II Winkelman, lofalitsidwa mu 1749-50 magazini ya sabata iliyonse. “Der Kritische Musicus an der Spree” (Lessing anali mmodzi wa ogwira ntchito m’magaziniwo). Mosiyana ndi Scheibe, Marpurg ankayamikira kwambiri JS Bach. malo otchuka mmenemo. K.m. mu con. Zaka za m'ma 18 zidatengedwa ndi KFD Schubart, wothandizira wa aesthetics of kumverera ndi mawu, okhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka Sturm und Drang. Kwa zinsinsi zazikulu. Olemba a ku Germany kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi 19. anali wa IF Reichardt, mu malingaliro omwe mbali ya kuunikira rationalism anali pamodzi ndi chisanadze chikondi. machitidwe. Kuimba nyimbo kunali kofunika kwambiri. ntchito za F. Rochlitz, yemwe anayambitsa Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung ndi mkonzi wake mu 1798-1819. Wothandizira ndi propagandist wa Viennese classic. kusukulu, iye anali mmodzi mwa ochepa German. otsutsa amene panthaŵiyo anatha kuzindikira kufunika kwa ntchito ya L. Beethoven.

M'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya m'zaka za zana la 18. K.m. monga wodziyimira pawokha. makampani sanapangidwebe, ngakhale otd. malankhulidwe otsutsa panyimbo (nthawi zambiri m'manyuzipepala) aku Great Britain ndi Italy adayankhidwanso kunja kwa mayiko awa. Inde, chokoma-satiric. Zolemba za Chingerezi. wolemba-mphunzitsi J. Addison za Chitaliyana. opera, yofalitsidwa m'magazini ake "The Spectator" ("Spectator", 1711-14) ndi "The Guardian" ("Guardian", 1713), ikuwonetseratu kutsutsa kwa chilengedwe. ma bourgeoisie motsutsana ndi alendo. ulamuliro mu nyimbo. C. Burney m’mabuku ake. "Mkhalidwe wamakono wa nyimbo ku France ndi Italy" ("Nyimbo zamakono ku France ndi Italy", 1771) ndi "Nyimbo zamakono ku Germany, Netherlands ndi United Provices", 1773) zinapereka chithunzithunzi chambiri cha Europe. moyo wanyimbo. Mabuku amenewa ndi enanso ali ndi mfundo zambiri zodzudzula. zigamulo za olemba ndi ochita bwino kwambiri, amoyo, zojambula zophiphiritsira ndi makhalidwe.

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za nyimbo ndi nkhanza. zaka za m'ma 18. ndi kabuku ka B. Marcello “Theatre in Fashion” (“Il Teatro alla moda”, 1720), momwe zopusa za Chitaliyana zimawululidwa. mndandanda wa opera. Kutsutsa kwa mtundu womwewo wodzipereka. "Etude pa Opera" ("Saggio sopra l opera mu musica", 1755) Italy. mphunzitsi P. Algarotti.

Mu nthawi ya romanticism ngati muses. otsutsa ndi ambiri. olemba odziwika bwino. Mawu osindikizidwawo anatumikira monga njira yotetezera ndi kutsimikizira luso lawo lopanga zinthu. kukhazikitsa, kulimbana ndi chizolowezi ndi conservatism kapena zosangalatsa mwachiphamaso. malingaliro okhudza nyimbo, kufotokozera komanso kufalitsa ntchito zaluso kwambiri. ETA Hoffmann adapanga mtundu wanyimbo wamtundu wachikondi. nkhani zazifupi, mmene zokongoletsa. ziweruzo ndi kuwunika amavekedwa mu mawonekedwe a nthano. luso. zopeka. Ngakhale malingaliro a Hoffmann amamvetsetsa nyimbo ngati "zachikondi kwambiri pazaluso zonse", mutu womwe ndi "wopanda malire", wotsutsa nyimbo zake. ntchito inali yofunika kwambiri patsogolo. Analimbikitsa mwachidwi a J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven, poganizira ntchito ya ambuyewa kukhala pachimake cha nyimbo. mlandu (ngakhale kuti ananena molakwa kuti “amapuma mzimu wachikondi womwewo”), anakhala ngati ngwazi yamphamvu ya chilengedwe. Opera ya ku Germany ndipo, makamaka, adalandira maonekedwe a opera "The Magic Shooter" ndi Weber. KM Weber, yemwe adaphatikizanso mwa munthu wopeka komanso wolemba waluso, anali pafupi ndi Hoffmann m'malingaliro ake. Monga wotsutsa komanso wofalitsa nkhani, sanasamale za kulenga, komanso zothandiza. nkhani zanyimbo. moyo.

Pa siteji yatsopano ya mbiri yakale ya chikhalidwe chachikondi. K.m. anapitiriza R. Schumann. Yakhazikitsidwa ndi iye mu 1834, New Musical Journal (Neue Zeitschrift für Musik) inakhala chiwalo chankhondo chamakono apamwamba mu nyimbo, kugwirizanitsa gulu la olemba oganiza pang'onopang'ono kuzungulira lokha. Poyesera kuthandizira chilichonse chatsopano, chaching'ono komanso chotheka, nyuzipepala ya Schumann idalimbana ndi malingaliro ang'onoang'ono a bourgeois, philistinism, chilakolako cha ukoma wakunja kuwononga zinthu. mbali ya nyimbo. Schumann adalandira mwansangala zopanga zoyambirira. F. Chopin, analemba mozama za F. Schubert (makamaka, poyamba adavumbulutsa kufunika kwa Schubert monga symphonist), adayamikira kwambiri Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony, ndipo pamapeto a moyo wake adakopa chidwi cha muses. mabwalo kwa achinyamata I. Brahms.

Woimira wamkulu wa chikondi cha ku France K. m. anali G. Berlioz, amene anasindikizidwa koyamba mu 1823. Mofanana ndi iye. okondana, adafuna kukhazikitsa malingaliro apamwamba a nyimbo ngati njira yophatikizira malingaliro akuya, kutsindika maphunziro ake ofunikira. ndipo analimbana ndi maganizo opanda nzeru, opanda pake pa izo omwe anali ofala pakati pa ma philistine bourgeoisie. mabwalo. Mmodzi mwa omwe adayambitsa pulogalamu yachikondi ya symphonism, Berlioz adawona kuti nyimbo ndi luso lalikulu kwambiri komanso lolemera kwambiri mwa kuthekera kwake, komwe kumapezeka gawo lonse la zochitika zenizeni ndi dziko lauzimu la munthu. Anaphatikiza chifundo chake champhamvu kwa chatsopanocho ndi kukhulupirika ku classic. malingaliro, ngakhale sizinthu zonse zomwe zili mu cholowa cha muses. classicism adatha kumvetsetsa bwino ndikuwunika (mwachitsanzo, kuukira kwake koopsa kwa Haydn, kunyoza ntchito ya zida. Ntchito ya Mozart). Chitsanzo chapamwamba kwambiri, chosafikirika chinali kwa iye ngwazi yolimba mtima. mlandu wa Beethoven, to-rum wopatulidwa. zina mwazotsutsa zake zabwino kwambiri. ntchito. Berlioz anali ndi chidwi ndi chidwi ndi ana achichepere. sukulu za nyimbo, iye anali woyamba wa pulogalamuyi. otsutsa amene anayamikira luso lapadera. tanthauzo, zachilendo ndi chiyambi cha ntchito MI Glinka.

Kumalo a Berlioz ngati muse. kudzudzula kunali kofanana mumayendedwe ake ku zolemba ndi zolemba za F. Liszt mu nthawi yoyamba, "Parisian" (1834-40). Adafunsa mafunso okhudza udindo wa wojambula mu bourgeoisie. gulu, adadzudzula kudalira kwa mlandu pa "thumba la ndalama", adaumirira pakufunika kwa nyimbo zambiri. maphunziro ndi kuunikira. Pogogomezera kugwirizana pakati pa kukongola ndi khalidwe labwino, lokongoladi muzojambula ndi malingaliro apamwamba a makhalidwe abwino, Liszt ankawona nyimbo ngati "mphamvu yomwe imagwirizanitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu wina ndi mzake", zomwe zimathandizira kuwongolera makhalidwe a anthu. Mu 1849-60 Liszt adalemba zolemba zingapo zazikulu. ntchito zofalitsidwa prem. mwa iye. makina osindikizira (kuphatikiza mu magazini ya Schumann Neue Zeitschrift für Musik). Chofunika kwambiri pakati pawo ndi mndandanda wa zolemba za Gluck, Mozart, Beethoven, Weber, Wagner, "Berlioz ndi Harold Symphony wake" ("Berlioz und seine Haroldsymphonie"). Zolemba za Chopin ndi Schumann. Makhalidwe ntchito ndi zilandiridwenso. maonekedwe a olemba amaphatikizidwa m'nkhanizi ndi zokongoletsa zambiri. ziweruzo. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kwa symphony ya Berlioz "Harold ku Italy" Liszt kumayamba ndi filosofi ndi kukongoletsa kwakukulu. gawo loperekedwa ku chitetezo ndi kutsimikizira mapulogalamu mu nyimbo.

Mu 30s. Zaka za m'ma 19 anayamba ntchito yake yoimba nyimbo. ntchito ya R. Wagner, zolemba to-rogo zidasindikizidwa mu dec. Ziwalo zaku Germany. ndi French periodic print. Udindo wake pakuwunika zochitika zazikulu kwambiri zama muses. nthawi zamakono zinali pafupi ndi malingaliro a Berlioz, Liszt, Schumann. The kwambiri tima ndi zipatso anayatsa. Ntchito za Wagner pambuyo pa 1848, atakhudzidwa ndi kusinthaku. zochitika, wolembayo ankafuna kumvetsetsa njira zowonjezera luso la luso, malo ake ndi kufunikira kwake m'tsogolomu, zomwe ziyenera kuchitika pa mabwinja a luso lachidani. luso la capitalism. kumanga. Mu Art and Revolution (Die Kunst und die Revolution), Wagner anatuluka m’malo akuti “chisinthiko chachikulu chokha cha anthu onse chingaperekenso luso lenileni.” Kenako anayatsa. Ntchito za Wagner, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutsutsana komwe kukukulirakulira kwa chikhalidwe chake, filosofi ndi kukongola kwake. mawonedwe, sanaperekepo patsogolo pakukula kwa zovuta. maganizo okhudza nyimbo.

Zolengedwa. chidwi ndi mawu okhudza nyimbo ndi olemba ena otchuka a 1st floor. ndi ser. Zaka za m’ma 19 (O. Balzac, J. Sand, T. Gauthier ku France; JP Richter ku Germany). Monga kutsutsa kwa nyimbo kunapangidwa ndi G. Heine. Makalata ake osangalatsa komanso anzeru okhudza a Muses. Moyo wa ku Paris wa zaka za m'ma 30 ndi 40 ndi chikalata chosangalatsa komanso chamtengo wapatali chamalingaliro ndi zokongoletsa. kutsutsana kwa nthawiyo. Wolemba ndakatuloyo adathandizira mwachikondi mwa iwo oimira achikondi apamwamba. machitidwe a nyimbo - Chopin, Berlioz, Liszt, adalemba mwachidwi za machitidwe a N. Paganini ndipo adatsutsa mwachidwi zachabechabe ndi zopanda pake za luso la "zamalonda", lopangidwa kuti likwaniritse zosowa za bourgeoisie ochepa. anthu onse.

M'zaka za zana la 19 onjezerani kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyimbo. ntchito, chikoka chake pa nyimbo chimawonjezeka. kuchita. Pali ziwalo zingapo zapadera za K.m., to-rye nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulenga kwina. nalowa m'mikangano pakati pawo. Zochitika zanyimbo. moyo kupeza lalikulu ndi mwadongosolo. kusinkhasinkha mu general press.

Pakati pa Prof. Otsutsa nyimbo ku France amabwera m'ma 20s. AJ Castile-Blaz ndi FJ Fetis, omwe adayambitsa magaziniyi mu 1827. "La revue musicale". Fetis, yemwe anali wolemba dikishonale komanso wodziwa bwino kwambiri nyimbo zachikalekale, ankakonda kutsutsa. maudindo pakuwunika zochitika zamakono. Ankakhulupirira kuti kuyambira kumapeto kwa ntchito ya Beethoven, nyimbo zayamba njira yonyenga, ndipo anakana zopindula zatsopano za Chopin, Schumann, Berlioz, Liszt. Malinga ndi malingaliro ake, Fetis anali pafupi ndi P. Scudo, yemwe, komabe, analibe maphunziro apamwamba. kukwaniritsidwa kwa utsogoleri wake.

Mosiyana ndi malangizo omvera a "La revue musicale" ndi Fetis, mu 1834 "nyuzipepala ya nyimbo ya Paris" ("La Gazette musicale de Paris", kuyambira 1848 - "Revue et Gazette musicale") inakhazikitsidwa, yomwe inagwirizanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. mwa muses. kapena T. ziwerengero zomwe zinathandizira luso lapamwamba. amafufuza mu mlandu. Imakhala chiwalo cholimbana ndi chikondi chopitilira patsogolo. Malo osalowerera ndale anali ndi magazini. Ménestrel, lofalitsidwa kuyambira 1833.

ku Germany kuyambira 20s. Zaka za m'ma 19 mkangano ukuchitika pakati pa "General Musical Gazette" yofalitsidwa ku Leipzig ndi "Berlin General Musical Gazette" ("Berliner Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung", 1824-30), yomwe inkatsogoleredwa ndi muses wamkulu kwambiri. Theorist wa nthawi imeneyo, wokonda kwambiri ntchito ya Beethoven komanso m'modzi mwa akatswiri amphamvu kwambiri achikondi. Pulogalamu ya Symphonism AB Marx. Ch. Marx analingalira ntchito yotsutsa kukhala chichirikizo cha watsopano amene amabadwa m’moyo; ponena za zonena za kupanga ziyenera, malinga ndi iye, kuweruzidwa “osati malinga ndi miyezo yakale, koma malinga ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro a nthawi yawo.” Kutengera filosofi ya G. Hegel, adateteza lingaliro la kukhazikika kwa njira yachitukuko ndi kukonzanso zomwe zikuchitika mosalekeza mu zaluso. Mmodzi mwa oimira odziwika a chikondi chopita patsogolo. KF Brendel, yemwe mu 1844 adalowa m'malo mwa Schumann monga mkonzi wa New Musical Journal, anali wopeka nyimbo wa ku Germany.

Wotsutsa mwamphamvu wachikondi. wokonda nyimbo anali E. Hanslick, yemwe anali ndi udindo wapamwamba ku Austria. K.m. 2 pansi. M'zaka za zana la 19, malingaliro ake okongola alembedwa m'bukuli. "On the Musically Beautiful" ("Vom Musikalisch-Schönen", 1854), zomwe zinayambitsa mikangano m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Kutengera kumvetsetsa kwamwambo kwa nyimbo ngati masewera, Hanslick anakana mfundo yopangira mapulogalamu ndi kukondana. lingaliro la kaphatikizidwe ka art-in. Anali ndi maganizo oipa kwambiri pa ntchito ya Liszt ndi Wagner, komanso kwa olemba omwe adapanga zinthu zina za kalembedwe kawo (A. Bruckner). Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nthaŵi zambiri ankanena zotsutsa zozama ndiponso zoona. zigamulo zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kukongola kwake. maudindo. Mwa olemba akale, Hanslik adayamikira kwambiri Bach, Handel, Beethoven, ndi a m'nthawi yake - J. Brahms ndi J. Bizet. Erudition yayikulu, kuwala kowala. talente komanso kuthwa kwamalingaliro kunatsimikizira ulamuliro wapamwamba ndi chikoka cha Hanslik ngati muses. kutsutsa.

Poteteza Wagner ndi Bruckner motsutsana ndi kuukira kwa Hanslik, adalankhula mu 80s. X. Nkhandwe. Nkhani zake, zotsutsana kwambiri ndi mawu, zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zokhazikika komanso zokondera (makamaka, kuukira kwa Wolff motsutsana ndi Brahms kunali kopanda chilungamo), koma zikuwonetsa ngati chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi Hanslicianism wokhazikika.

Pakatikati pa mikangano yanyimbo 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 19 zinali ntchito ya Wagner. Nthawi yomweyo, kuwunika kwake kudalumikizidwa ndi funso lambiri lokhudzana ndi njira ndi chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha muses. mlandu. Mkangano uwu unapeza munthu wovuta kwambiri mu French. K. m., komwe idatenga zaka theka, kuyambira m'ma 50s. Zaka za m'ma 19 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Chiyambi cha gulu la "anti-Wagner" ku France chinali kabuku kochititsa chidwi ka Fetis (1852), komwe kunkalengeza ntchito ya Chijeremani. wopeka ndi chotulukapo cha “mzimu wobvunda” wa nthawi yatsopano. Mkhalidwe womwewo wopanda malire wosagwirizana ndi Wagner unatengedwa ndi French ovomerezeka. otsutsa L. Escudier ndi Scudo. Wagner adatetezedwa ndi othandizira zaluso zatsopano. mafunde osati mu nyimbo, komanso m'mabuku ndi kujambula. Mu 1885, "Wagner Journal" ("Revue wagnerienne") idapangidwa, momwemo, pamodzi ndi muses otchuka. otsutsa T. Vizeva, S. Malerbom ndi ena adatenganso mbali zina zambiri. olemba ndakatulo ndi olemba otchuka achi French, kuphatikiza. P. Verlaine, S. Mallarmé, J. Huysmans. Kupanga ndi zaluso. Mfundo za Wagner zidawunikidwa mopepesa m'magazini ino. Pokhapokha m'zaka za m'ma 90, malinga ndi R. Rolland, "zotsutsana ndi kuponderezedwa kwatsopano zimafotokozedwa" ndipo mtima wodekha, woganiza bwino wokhudza cholowa cha wokonzanso wamkuluyo umayamba.

Mu Chitaliyana. K.m. mkangano unazungulira vuto la Wagner-Verdi. M'modzi mwa ofalitsa oyamba a Wagner ku Italy anali A. Boito, yemwe adawonekera m'ma 60s. Owona kwambiri a otsutsa a ku Italy (F. Filippi, G. Depanis) adatha kugwirizanitsa "mkangano" uwu, ndipo, popereka msonkho kuzinthu zatsopano za Wagner, panthawi imodzimodziyo adateteza njira yodziimira yokha ya dziko lachitukuko cha Russia. opera.

"Vuto la Wagnerian" lidayambitsa mikangano yayikulu komanso kulimbana pakati pa kuwonongeka. maganizo m'mayiko ena. Chisamaliro chinaperekedwa kwa icho mu Chingerezi. K. m., ngakhale pano zinalibe tanthauzo lofunika monga ku France ndi Italy, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa dziko lotukuka. miyambo m'munda wa nyimbo. luso. Ambiri a English otsutsa ser. Zaka za m'ma 19 zidayima pazigawo za mapiko ake. zachikondi (F. Mendelssohn, mbali ina Schumann). Chimodzi mwazosankha kwambiri. Otsutsa a Wagner anali J. Davison, amene mu 1844-85 anatsogolera magazini ya “Musical World” (“Musical World”). Mosiyana ndi zomwe zili mu Chingerezi. K.m. makonda osamala, woyimba piyano ndi muses. wolemba E. Dunreiter analankhula mu 70s. monga ngwazi yogwira ntchito yaukadaulo watsopano. mafunde komanso, koposa zonse, nyimbo za Wagner. Chofunikira kwambiri chinali ntchito yovuta kwambiri ya nyimbo ya B. Shaw, yemwe analemba mu 1888-94 pa nyimbo mu magazini. “Nyenyezi” (“Nyenyezi”) ndi “Dziko” (“Dziko”). Posirira kwambiri Mozart ndi Wagner, iye ananyoza wophunzira wokonda kusamala. oyenda pansi ndi kukondera pokhudzana ndi zochitika zilizonse za muses. mlandu.

Mu K.m. 19 - kumayambiriro. Zaka za m'ma 20 zimasonyeza chikhumbo chokulirakulira cha anthu chofuna kudziimira paokha komanso kudzinenera kwa chibadwa chawo. luso. miyambo. Anayamba ndi B. Smetana kumbuyo mu 60s. kumenyera ufulu wodzilamulira. nat. Njira yachitukuko cha Czech. nyimbo zinapitilizidwa ndi O. Gostinskiy, Z. Neyedly ndi ena. Woyambitsa Czech. Musicology Gostinskiy, pamodzi ndi chilengedwe cha ntchito zofunika pa mbiri ya nyimbo ndi aesthetics, anachita monga woimba. wotsutsa m'magazini "Dalibor", "Hudebnn Listy" ("Mapepala a Nyimbo"). Wasayansi komanso ndale. chithunzi, Neyedly anali mlembi wa ambiri otsutsa nyimbo. ntchito, zomwe adalimbikitsa ntchito ya Smetana, Z. Fibich, B. Förster ndi ambuye ena akuluakulu a ku Czech. nyimbo. Nyimbo-zovuta. wakhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira 80s. M’zaka za m’ma 19 L. Janacek, amene anamenyera nkhondo kuti pakhale mgwirizano ndi umodzi wa nyimbo zoimbaimba za Asilavo. zikhalidwe.

Pakati pa otsutsa aku Poland, theka lachiwiri. Zaka za zana la 2 zimatanthauza kwambiri. zithunzi ndi Yu. Sikorsky, M. Karasovsky, Ya. Klechinsky. Mu ntchito zake zofalitsa ndi sayansi ndi nyimbo, adapereka chidwi chapadera ku ntchito ya Chopin. Sikorsky osn. mu 19 magazini. "Ruch Muzyczny" ("Njira Yoyimba"), yomwe inakhala Ch. thupi la Polish K.m. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi nat. Nyimbo za ku Poland zinkaseweredwa ndi oimba nyimbo. ntchito za Z. Noskovsky.

Mnzake wa Liszt ndi F. Erkel, K. Abranyi mu 1860 osn. chida choyamba choimbira ku Hungary. magazini ya Zenészeti Lapok, pamasamba amene anateteza zofuna za anthu a ku Hungary. nat. nyimbo chikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyi, adalimbikitsa ntchito ya Chopin, Berlioz, Wagner, pokhulupirira kuti Chihangare. nyimbo ziyenera kukulirakulira molumikizana ndi gulu lapamwamba la ku Europe. kuyenda kwa nyimbo.

Zochita za E. Grieg monga woimba. kudzudzula kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe. luso. Chikhalidwe cha Norway mu con. Zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa kufunikira kwa dziko la Norwegian. nyimbo. Kuteteza njira zoyambirira za chitukuko cha makolo. mlandu, Grieg anali mlendo ku mtundu uliwonse wa nat. malire. Anasonyeza kufalikira ndi kupanda tsankho kwa chiweruzo mogwirizana ndi chirichonse chowonadi chamtengo wapatali ndi chowona m’ntchito ya olemba amitundu yosiyanasiyana. mayendedwe ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. zowonjezera. Ndi ulemu waukulu ndi chifundo iye analemba za Schumann, Wagner, G. Verdi, A. Dvorak.

M'zaka za zana la 20 K. m. pali mavuto atsopano okhudzana ndi kufunika komvetsetsa ndikuwunika kusintha komwe kukuchitika m'munda wa nyimbo. kulenga ndi nyimbo. moyo, pakumvetsetsa kwenikweni kwa ntchito za nyimbo ngati luso. Opanga atsopano. mayendedwe, monga mwanthawi zonse, adayambitsa mikangano yoopsa komanso kusemphana maganizo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19-20. mkangano ukuchitika kuzungulira ntchito ya C. Debussy, kufika pachimake. mfundo pambuyo pa kuyamba kwa opera yake Pelléas et Mélisande (1902). Mkangano umenewu unakula kwambiri ku France, koma tanthauzo lake linaposa chibadwa. zokonda za nyimbo zaku France. Otsutsa omwe adatamanda opera ya Debussy monga sewero loyamba la nyimbo zachifalansa (P. Lalo, L. Lalua, L. de La Laurencie), anatsindika kuti woimbayo amapita yekha. m'njira yosiyana ndi ya Wagner. Mu ntchito ya Debussy, monga ambiri a iwo ankanena, mathero anakwaniritsidwa. Kumasulidwa kwa French. nyimbo zochokera kwa iye. ndi chikoka cha Austria chomwe chakhalapo kwazaka makumi angapo. Debussy yekha ngati woyimba. wotsutsa wakhala akuteteza nat. mwambo, wochokera kwa F. Couperin ndi JF Rameau, ndipo adawona njira yotsitsimula kwenikweni Chifalansa. nyimbo pokana chilichonse choperekedwa kuchokera kunja.

Udindo wapadera mu French K. m. pachiyambi. Zaka za zana la 20 zotengedwa ndi R. Rolland. Pokhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri a "kukonzanso nyimbo za dziko", adanenanso za Chifalansa. nyimbo za elitism, kudzipatula ku zofuna za anthu ambiri. wt. "Zirizonse zomwe atsogoleri odzikuza a nyimbo zachinyamata za ku France anganene," Rolland analemba, "nkhondoyi sinapambane ndipo sidzapambana mpaka zokonda za kusintha kwa anthu onse, mpaka zomangira zibwezeretsedwa zomwe ziyenera kugwirizanitsa pamwamba pa osankhidwa. dziko ndi anthu. ”… Mu opera Pelléas et Mélisande yolembedwa ndi Debussy, m'malingaliro ake, mbali imodzi yokha ya French idawonetsedwa. nat. wanzeru: “pali mbali ina ya luso limeneli, limene silikuimiridwa pano nkomwe, ndilo luso la ngwazi, kuledzera, kuseka, kulakalaka kuwala.” Wojambula komanso woganiza zaumunthu, wa demokalase, Rolland anali wothandizira luso labwino, lotsimikizira moyo, logwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wa anthu. Zolinga zake zinali za ngwazi. ntchito ya Beethoven.

Mu con. 19 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 20 zimadziŵika kwambiri Kumadzulo, ntchito ya Rus. olemba. Ambiri odziwika zarub. otsutsa (kuphatikizapo Debussy) ankakhulupirira kuti anali Russian. nyimbo ziyenera kupereka zikhumbo zopindulitsa kukonzanso ku Ulaya konse. mlandu wanyimbo. Ngati mu 80s ndi 90s. Zaka za m'ma 19 zapezeka mosayembekezereka kwa mapulogalamu ambiri. oimba anapangidwa. MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, MA Balakirev, AP Borodin, kenako zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu pambuyo pake ma ballet a IF Stravinsky adakopa chidwi. Zopanga zawo ku Parisian poyambira. Zaka za m’ma 1910 zinakhala “chochitika cha tsikulo” chachikulu kwambiri ndipo chinayambitsa mkangano waukulu m’magazini ndi m’manyuzipepala. E. Vuyermoz analemba mu 1912 kuti Stravinsky “anatenga malo m’mbiri ya nyimbo moti palibe amene akanatha kutsutsa.” Mmodzi mwa olimbikitsa kwambiri a Russian. nyimbo mu French ndi English. Makina osindikizira anali M. Calvocoressi.

Kwa oimira odziwika kwambiri a mayiko akunja. K.m. Zaka za m'ma 20. ndi P. Becker, X. Mersman, A. Einstein (Germany), M. Graf, P. Stefan (Austria), K. Belleg, K. Rostand, Roland-Manuel (France), M. Gatti, M. Mila ( Italy), E. Newman, E. Blom (Great Britain), O. Downes (USA). Mu 1913, pa ntchito ya Becker, bungwe la Germany Union linalengedwa. otsutsa nyimbo (analipo mpaka 1933), ntchito imene inali kuonjezera ulamuliro ndi udindo wa K. M. Nkhani zabodza za mayendedwe atsopano a nyimbo. zilandiridwenso zinaperekedwa. magazini yakuti “Musikblätter des Anbruch” (Austria, 1919-28, 1929-37) inatuluka pamutu wakuti “Anbruch”), “Melos” (Germany, 1920-34 ndi kuyambira 1946). Otsutsawa adatenga maudindo osiyanasiyana pokhudzana ndi zochitika za mus. zamakono. Mmodzi mwa ofalitsa oyamba a ntchito ya R. Strauss mu Chingerezi. Print Newman anali wotsutsa ntchito zambiri za olemba a m'badwo wachichepere. Einstein anagogomezera kufunika kwa kupitiriza kwa chitukuko cha nyimbo ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti kufufuza kwatsopano kokhako kulidi kofunika komanso kotheka, komwe kumakhala ndi chithandizo champhamvu mu miyambo yotengera zakale. Pakati pa oimira "nyimbo zatsopano" za m'zaka za zana la 20. ankaona kuti P. Hindemith ndi wofunika kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa malingaliro, kusakhala ndi tsankho lamagulu ndi muz. ndi mbiri yakale imadziwika ndi zochitika za Mersman, yemwe anali wotsogolera mmenemo. K.m. m'ma 20s ndi koyambirira. 30s

Njira. chikoka pa nyimbo zofunika. ndinaganiza za mayiko angapo a ku Ulaya mu ser. M'zaka za m'ma 20 T. Adorno anasonyeza kuti maganizo amene mbali zonyansa sociologism akuphatikizidwa ndi chizolowezi elitist ndi maganizo kwambiri chikhalidwe. Kutsutsa "misala chikhalidwe" bourgeois. anthu, Adorno ankakhulupirira kuti luso lenileni likhoza kumveka kokha ndi bwalo lopapatiza la aluntha woyengeka. Zina mwa ntchito zake zotsutsa zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchenjera kwakukulu ndi kukhwima kwa kusanthula. Choncho, iye mokhulupirika ndi lolowera akuwulula maziko maganizo a ntchito Schoenberg, Berg, Webern. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Adorno anakana kwathunthu kufunika kwa muses yaikulu. ambuye azaka za m'ma 20 omwe sagawana maudindo a sukulu yatsopano ya Viennese.

The zoipa mbali ya modernist K. m. zigamulo zawo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokondera komanso zokondera. anthu kapena malingaliro. Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi nkhani yosangalatsa ya Stuckenschmidt "Music Against the Ordinary Man" ("Musik gegen Jedermann", 1955), yomwe ili ndi vuto lakuthwa kwambiri. sharpness ndi chisonyezero cha elitist view za luso.

M’maiko achisosholisti K. m. amagwira ntchito ngati njira yokongoletsera. maphunziro a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi kulimbana kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zapamwamba, zachikominisi. malingaliro, dziko ndi zenizeni mu nyimbo. Otsutsa ndi mamembala a mabungwe olemba nyimbo ndipo amatenga nawo mbali pazokambirana za kulenga. nkhani ndi luso lalikulu - ntchito yophunzitsa. Anapanga nyimbo zatsopano. , pamasamba amene zochitika za nyimbo zamakono zimasindikizidwa mwadongosolo. moyo, lofalitsidwa nthanthi. nkhani, zokambirana zikuchitika pamavuto apamutu pakukula kwamakono. nyimbo. M'mayiko ena (Bulgaria, Romania, Cuba) wapadera. nyimbo atolankhani anawuka pambuyo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Socialist. kumanga. Ziwalo zazikulu za K. m. Poland - "Ruch Muzyczny" ("Musical Way"), Romania - "Muzica", Czechoslovakia - "Hudebhi rozhledy" ("Musical Review"), Yugoslavia - "Sound". Komanso, pali magazini amtundu wapadera woperekedwa ku dipatimentiyi. mafakitale oimba. chikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, ku Czechoslovakia, magazini 6 anyimbo osiyanasiyana amasindikizidwa, ku GDR 5.

Chiyambi cha K. M. ku Russia ndi m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. M'boma lovomerezeka. gasi. "Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti" ndi zowonjezera zake ("Notes on the Vedomosti") kuyambira 18s. mauthenga osindikizidwa okhudza zochitika za nyimbo za likulu. moyo - za zisudzo za opera, za zikondwerero zomwe zimatsagana ndi nyimbo. miyambo ndi zikondwerero pabwalo lamilandu komanso m'nyumba za anthu olemekezeka. Kwa mbali zambiri, izi zinali zolemba zazifupi zokhala ndi chidziwitso chokha. khalidwe. Koma nkhani zazikulu zinawonekeranso, kutsata cholinga chodziwa Chirasha. poyera ndi mitundu yatsopano ya zojambulajambula kwa iye. Izi ndi nkhani yakuti "Pa masewera ochititsa manyazi, kapena nthabwala ndi zoopsa" (30), yomwe inalinso ndi chidziwitso cha opera, ndi zolemba zambiri za J. Shtelin "Malongosoledwe a mbiri ya zochitika izi, zomwe zimatchedwa opera", zomwe zaikidwa m'mabuku 1733. "Zolemba pa Vedomosti" za 18.

Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 18, makamaka m'zaka zake zapitazi, zokhudzana ndi kukula kwa muses. moyo ku Russia mwakuya ndi m'lifupi, zambiri za izo mu St. Petersburg Vedomosti ndi Moskovskie Vedomosti lofalitsidwa kuyambira 1756 limakhala lolemera komanso losiyana kwambiri. Masewero a "t-ditch" aulere, ndi ma concert otseguka, ndipo gawo lina lopanga nyimbo zapakhomo adagwera m'mawonekedwe a nyuzipepala izi. Mauthenga okhudza iwo nthawi zina ankatsagana ndi ndemanga za laconic. Zolankhula za maiko a makolo zinali zodziwika kwambiri. ochita masewera.

Ena mwa mabungwe a demokalase. Russian Journalism mu Con. Zaka za m'ma 18 adathandizira achinyamata aku Russia. sukulu yopeka, motsutsana ndi kunyalanyaza. maganizo ake olemekezeka-aristocracy. mabwalo. Zolemba za PA Plavilytsikov m'magazini yofalitsidwa ndi IA Krylov ndizovuta kwambiri. "Wowonera" (1792). Kuwonetsa mwayi wolemera womwe umapezeka mu Russian. nar. nyimbo, mlembi wa nkhanizi akudzudzula mwamphamvu kukondweretsedwa kwakhungu kwa anthu apamwamba pa chirichonse chachilendo ndi kusowa kwake chidwi pazokha, zapakhomo. “Mukafuna kuti mufufuze mwaulemu ndi kulingalira za inu nokha,” akutero Plavilshchikov, “iwo adzapeza chinachake chokopeka nacho, adzapeza chinachake choti avomereze; akadapeza chodabwitsa ngakhale alendowo. M'mawonekedwe a kabuku kongopeka, misonkhano ya zisudzo za ku Italy, zokhazikika komanso zopanda kanthu za libretto yake, ndi mbali zoyipa za dilettantism zolemekezeka zidanyozedwa.

Pachiyambi. Zaka za zana la 19 zimakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwazovuta. mabuku okhudza nyimbo. Mn. m'manyuzipepala ndi m'magazini amasindikiza mwatsatanetsatane ndemanga za masewero a zisudzo ndi makonsati ndi kusanthula zomwe zapangazo. ndi kuphedwa kwawo, monographic. nkhani za Russian ndi zarub. olemba ndi ojambula zithunzi, zokhudza zochitika kunja. moyo wanyimbo. Pakati pa omwe amalemba za nyimbo, ziwerengero zamagulu akuluakulu, okhala ndi nyimbo zambiri, zimayikidwa patsogolo. ndi kaonedwe ka chikhalidwe. M'zaka 2 za m'ma 19. akuyamba nyimbo yake yovuta. ntchito ya AD Ulybyshev, pachiyambi. 20s limapezeka mu atolankhani BF Odoevsky. Ndi kusiyana konse m'malingaliro awo, onse awiri adayandikira kuwunika kwa ma muses. zochitika ndi zofunika okhutira mkulu, kuya ndi mphamvu kufotokoza, kudzudzula mopanda kulingalira hedonistic. maganizo kwa iye. Mu kufalikira mu 20s. Pamkangano pakati pa "Rossinists" ndi "Mozartists", Ulybyshev ndi Odoevsky anali kumbali yotsirizirayi, kupereka zokonda kwa wolemba wanzeru wa "Don Giovanni" pa "Rossini wokondweretsa". Koma Odoevsky anasirira kwambiri Beethoven monga “woimba wamkulu kwambiri wa zida zatsopano zoimbira.” Anatsutsa kuti "ndi nyimbo ya 9 ya Beethoven, dziko latsopano la nyimbo limayamba." Mmodzi mwa anthu okonda kufalitsa nkhani za Beethoven ku Russia analinso D. Yu. Struysky (Trilunny). Ngakhale kuti ntchito Beethoven anazindikira mwa prism wa chikondi. aesthetics, adatha kuzindikira zolengedwa zake zambiri. mbali ndi kufunika mu mbiri ya nyimbo.

Nkhani zazikulu zomwe a Russian K. m., panali funso lokhudza nat. sukulu ya nyimbo, magwero ake ndi njira zachitukuko. Kumayambiriro kwa 1824, Odoevsky adawona chiyambi cha cantatas za AN Verstovsky, zomwe zinalibe "oyenda pansi pa sukulu ya ku Germany" kapena "madzi aku Italy a shuga". Funso lovuta kwambiri ndi la mawonekedwe a Russian. masukulu mu nyimbo anayamba kukambidwa mogwirizana ndi positi. opera ya Ivan Susanin yolembedwa ndi Glinka mu 1836. Odoevsky kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi motsimikiza mtima ananena kuti ndi opera ya Glinka "chinthu chatsopano cha luso chinawonekera ndipo nyengo yatsopano inayamba m'mbiri: nthawi ya nyimbo za ku Russia." Mwachidziwitso ichi, kufunika kwa dziko la Russia kunadziwikiratu mwanzeru. nyimbo, zodziwika padziko lonse mu con. M'zaka za m'ma 19, buku lakuti "Ivan Susanin" linayambitsa kukambirana za Chirasha. sukulu mu nyimbo ndi ubale wake ndi mayiko ena. Sukulu za nyimbo NA Melgunov, Ya. M. Neverov, to-rye adagwirizana (makamaka komanso chofunika kwambiri) ndi kuwunika kwa Odoevsky. Kukana kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero zopita patsogolo ku Rus. The K.m. zidachitika chifukwa chofuna kupeputsa tanthauzo la opera ya Glinka, yomwe idachokera ku FV Bulgarin, yemwe adafotokoza malingaliro a zomwe adachita. za monarchic. mabwalo. Ngakhale mikangano yoopsa inayambika kuzungulira masewero a "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 40 Pakati pa otsutsa amphamvu a opera yachiwiri ya Glinka analinso Odoevsky, komanso mtolankhani wodziwika bwino komanso wa ku Orientalist OI Senkovsky, omwe maudindo awo nthawi zambiri anali otsutsana ndipo nthawi zambiri sankagwirizana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kufunika kwa Ruslan ndi Lyudmila sikunayamikiridwe ndi otsutsa ambiri monga Russian. Nar.-epic. masewera. Chiyambi cha mkangano za ukulu wa "Ivan Susanin" kapena "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" kunayamba nthawi ino, yomwe ikuyamba ndi mphamvu makamaka zaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi.

Chifundo cha azungu chinalepheretsa kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa chilengedwe. mizu ya luso la Glinka kwa wotsutsa wophunzira kwambiri monga VP Botkin. Ngati mawu a Botkin okhudza Beethoven, Chopin, Liszt anali ndi tanthauzo losakayikira lopita patsogolo ndipo anali ozindikira komanso owonera patali pa nthawiyo, ndiye kuti pokhudzana ndi ntchito ya Glinka, udindo wake udakhala wosasunthika komanso wosatsimikiza. Popereka ulemu kwa luso ndi luso la Glinka, Botkin anaganiza zoyesera kupanga Chirasha. nat. opera yalephera.

Wodziwika. nthawi ya chitukuko cha Russian. K.m. anali 60s. Zaka za m'ma 19 Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa nyimbo. chikhalidwe, chifukwa cha kukula kwa demokalase. magulu. kuyenda ndi pafupi ndi burzh. kusintha, to-rye anakakamizika kuchita tsarist boma, kupititsa patsogolo kuwala ndi njira zatsopano. ziwerengero kulenga, mapangidwe masukulu ndi mayendedwe ndi zodziwika bwino zokongoletsa. nsanja - zonsezi zidakhala ngati chilimbikitso cha ntchito zapamwamba za nyimbo. maganizo. Panthawi imeneyi, ntchito za otsutsa otchuka monga AN Serov ndi VV Stasov zinawululidwa, T. A. Cui ndi GA Laroche adawonekera m'manyuzipepala. Nyimbo-zovuta. Kompyutayi idakhudzidwanso ndi zochitika. PI Tchaikovsky, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov.

Zofanana ndi zonsezo zinali maphunziro ndi chidziwitso. kuteteza zofuna za makolo. mlandu wa nyimbo polimbana nawo udzanyalanyazidwa. maganizo a akuluakulu olamulira pa iye. kuzungulira ndi kupeputsa kapena kusamvetsetsa mbiri yodziwika bwino. Tanthauzo la Russian otsutsa sukulu ya nyimbo za msasa wodziletsa (FM Tolstoy - Rostislav, AS Famintsyn). Kulimbana ndi publicist. kamvekedwe kakuphatikizidwa mu K. m. mwa 60s. ndi chikhumbo chodalira nzeru zolimba ndi zokongoletsa. zofunikira. Pankhani imeneyi, Russian wapamwamba anali chitsanzo kwa izo. kuyatsa. kutsutsa komanso, koposa zonse, ntchito ya Belinsky. Serov anali ndi maganizo amenewa pamene analemba kuti: “Kodi n’zotheka, pang’onopang’ono, kuphunzitsa anthu kuti azigwirizana ndi nkhani za nyimbo ndi zisudzo ndi muyezo womveka ndi wounikira umene wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito m’mabuku achi Russia kwa zaka zambiri ndiponso kutsutsa zolembalemba za Chirasha. yatukulidwa kwambiri.” Potsatira Serov, Tchaikovsky analemba za kufunikira kwa "kutsutsa kwanzeru ndi filosofi yanyimbo" yozikidwa pa "mfundo zolimba zokongoletsa." Stasov anali wotsatira kwambiri Russian. ma Democrats osinthika ndikugawana mfundo zenizeni. aesthetics wa Chernyshevsky. Mwala wapangodya wa "New Russian School of Music", kupitiriza miyambo ya Glinka ndi Dargomyzhsky, iye ankaona kuti anthu ndi zenizeni. Mu mkangano nyimbo mu 60s anakumana osati DOS awiri okha. Njira zaku Russia. nyimbo - zopita patsogolo komanso zosinthika, koma kusiyanasiyana kwa njira mkati mwa msasa wake wopita patsogolo kudawonekeranso. Solidarizing pakuwunika kufunikira kwa Glinka monga woyambitsa Russia. masukulu oimba nyimbo zakale, pozindikira Nar. nyimbo monga gwero la zochitika zapadziko lonse za sukuluyi komanso pazinthu zina zofunika kwambiri, oimira apamwamba a K. M. mwa 60s. sanagwirizane pa mfundo zambiri. Cui, yemwe anali m'modzi mwa olengeza a "Mighty Handful", nthawi zambiri anali wabodza. zokhudzana ndi nyimbo zakunja za nthawi ya Beethoven isanayambe, zinali zopanda chilungamo kwa Tchaikovsky, anakana Wagner. M'malo mwake, Laroche adayamikira kwambiri Tchaikovsky, koma adalankhula molakwika za kupanga. Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov ndipo ankatsutsa ntchito za ena ambiri. zarub zabwino kwambiri. Olemba a nthawi ya pambuyo pa Beethoven. Zambiri mwa mikangano imeneyi, yomwe inafika povuta kwambiri pa nthawi yolimbana ndi chinthu chatsopano, inatha ndipo inataya tanthauzo lake pakapita nthawi. Cui, m’moyo wake wotsikirapo, anavomereza kuti nkhani zake zoyambirira “zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhwima kwa chiweruzo ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu, kuwala mopambanitsa kwa mitundu, kusadziŵika ndi ziganizo zongopeka.”

Mu 60s. Nkhani zoyamba za ND Kashkin zidasindikizidwa, koma mwadongosolo. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zake.-zovuta. ntchito yopezedwa m'zaka makumi otsiriza a zaka za zana la 19. Ziweruzo za Kashkin zidasiyanitsidwa ndi malingaliro odekha komanso kamvekedwe koyenera. Mlendo ku mtundu uliwonse wa predictions gulu, iye ankalemekeza kwambiri ntchito ya Glinka, Tchaikovsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov ndipo mosalekeza kumenyera chiyambi mu conc. ndi zisudzo. ntchito yopanga nyimbo. ambuye awa, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. adalandira kutuluka kwa oimba atsopano owala (SV Rachmaninov, wamng'ono AN Skryabin). Pachiyambi. 80s ku Moscow wophunzira Rimsky-Korsakov ndi bwenzi SN Kruglikov analankhula ndi atolankhani. Wothandizira kwambiri malingaliro ndi zilandiridwe za Wamphamvuyonse, mu nthawi yoyamba ya ntchito yake adawonetsa tsankho poyesa Tchaikovsky ndi oimira ena a sukulu ya "Moscow", koma ndiye kuti mbali imodzi ya maudindo inagonjetsedwa ndi iye. , kuweruza kwake kotsutsa kunakhala kokulirapo ndi kokhala ndi cholinga.

Kuyambira zaka za zana la 20 zinali za nyimbo za ku Russia ndi nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu ndi kulimbana kwakukulu pakati pa zatsopano ndi zakale. Kutsutsidwa sikunakhale kutali ndi kulenga kosalekeza. ndondomeko ndi kutenga nawo mbali mu nkhondo decomp. malingaliro ndi zokongoletsa. mayendedwe. The zikamera wa mochedwa Scriabin, chiyambi cha zilandiridwenso. ntchito za Stravinsky ndi SS Prokofiev zinatsagana ndi mikangano yoopsa, nthawi zambiri kugawa muses. mtendere m'misasa yaudani kwambiri. Mmodzi wotsimikiza ndi kutsatira. VG Karatygin, woyimba wophunzitsidwa bwino, wofalitsa waluso komanso wokwiya, yemwe adatha kuwunika molondola komanso mozindikira kufunika kwa zochitika zapamwamba kwambiri mu Russian, anali oteteza zatsopano. ndi zarub. nyimbo. Ntchito yodziwika bwino mu K.m. ya nthawi imeneyo ankaimba AV Ossovsky, VV Derzhanovsky, N. Ya. mafunde, motsutsana ndi maphunziro. chizolowezi ndi kungokhala chabe kutsanzira. Kufunika kwa ntchito za otsutsa a njira yochepetsetsa - Yu. D. Engel, GP Prokofiev, VP Kolomiytsev - adaphatikizapo kutsata miyambo yapamwamba yachikale. cholowa, chikumbutso chosalekeza cha moyo wawo, kufunika koyenera, kudzatsatira. kutetezedwa kwa miyambo imeneyi ku zoyesayesa “zodetsa” ndi kuzinyozetsa ndi anthu amalingaliro otere a mus. Modernism, mwachitsanzo, LL Sabaneev. Kuyambira 1914, BV Asafiev (Igor Glebov) anayamba kuonekera mwadongosolo mu atolankhani, ntchito yake ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. kutsutsa kunayambika kwambiri pambuyo pa Great October Socialist Revolution.

Chisamaliro chinaperekedwa ku nyimbo mu Russian. periodic pre-revolutionary press zaka. Pamodzi ndi madipatimenti okhazikika a nyimbo m'manyuzipepala onse akuluakulu ndi ena ambiri. magazini amtundu wamba amapangidwa mwapadera. nyimbo magazini. Ngati ayamba nthawi ndi nthawi m'zaka za zana la 19. magazini a nyimbo anali, monga lamulo, osakhalitsa, ndiye Russian Musical Newspaper, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi HP Findeisen mu 1894, inasindikizidwa mosalekeza mpaka 1918. Mu 1910-16 magazini inasindikizidwa ku Moscow. "Nyimbo" (mkonzi.-wofalitsa Derzhanovsky), pamasamba omwe adapeza kuti ndi amoyo komanso achifundo. kuyankha ku zochitika zatsopano mu gawo la nyimbo. luso. Maphunziro ochulukirapo motsogozedwa ndi "A Musical Contemporary" (yofalitsidwa ku Petrograd motsogozedwa ndi AN Rimsky-Korsakov, 1915-17) adapereka tanthauzo. kudziko lakwawo chidwi. classics, koma paokha. m'mabuku a "Chronicles of the magazine" Musical Contemporary "" adafotokoza mofala zochitika za nyimbo zamakono. moyo. Katswiri. magazini anyimbo anafalitsidwanso m’mizinda ina ya m’mbali mwa Russia.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, magulu pathos K. m. poyerekeza ndi 60-70s. Zaka za zana la 19 zimafooketsa, malingaliro ndi zokongoletsa. Cholowa cha Russia. Owunikira ma demokalase nthawi zina amawunikiridwa poyera, pali chizolowezi cholekanitsa zonena ndi anthu. moyo, chitsimikizo cha tanthauzo lake "mkati".

Ukapitao wa Marxist unali utangoyamba kumene. Zolemba ndi zolemba za nyimbo zomwe zidawonekera munyuzipepala yachipani cha Bolshevik zidatsata Ch. ayi. unikira. ntchito. Iwo anagogomezera kufunika kwa nkhani zabodza zofala za anthu akale. cholowa cha nyimbo pakati pa anthu ogwira ntchito, ntchito za museums za boma zidatsutsidwa. mabungwe ndi t-ditch. AV Lunacharsky, ponena za dec. zochitika zanyimbo. akale ndi amakono, anayesa kuzindikiritsa kugwirizana kwawo ndi moyo wa anthu, anatsutsa malingaliro okhazikika. kumvetsetsa kwa nyimbo ndi zonyansa zonyansa, adadzudzula chikoka choyipa pa luso la mzimu wa bourgeois. zamalonda.

Akadzidzi. K.m., kulandira miyambo yabwino kwambiri ya demokalase. kutsutsa zakale, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi malingaliro a chipani chozindikira ndipo zimachokera ku ziweruzo zake pa sayansi yolimba. mfundo za Marxist-Leninist methodology. Mtengo wa luso. kutsutsa kunatsindika mobwerezabwereza m'mabuku otsogolera a chipani. Chigamulo cha Komiti Yaikulu ya RCP(b) cha pa June 18, 1925, “Pa Ndondomeko ya Chipanichi pa Nkhani Zopeka” chinanena kuti kudzudzula ndi “chimodzi mwa zida zophunzitsira zomwe zili m’manja mwa Chipani.” Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kufunidwa kunayikidwa patsogolo kwanzeru komanso kulolerana kwakukulu kokhudzana ndi dec. mafunde opangira, njira yoganizira komanso yosamala pakuwunika kwawo. Chigamulocho chinachenjeza za kuopsa kwa maulamuliro. kufuula ndi kulamula m’khoti kuti: “Pokhapokha pamene, kusuliza kumeneku, kudzakhala ndi phindu lalikulu la maphunziro pamene kudzadalira ukulu wake wamalingaliro.” Ntchito zotsutsa masiku ano zikufotokozedwa mu chisankho cha Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU "On Literary and Artistic Criticism", publ. Jan 25 1972. Zotsutsa ziyenera, monga momwe tafotokozera m'chikalatachi, "kusanthula mozama zochitika, zochitika ndi malamulo a luso lamakono lamakono, kuchita zonse zomwe zingatheke kulimbitsa mfundo za Leninist za chipani ndi dziko, kumenyera nkhondo yapamwamba yamaganizo ndi yokongola. Zojambula za Soviet, ndipo nthawi zonse amatsutsa malingaliro a bourgeois. Kudzudzula m'malemba ndi mwaluso kumapangidwa kuti zithandizire kukulitsa malingaliro a wojambula ndikuwongolera luso lake. Kukulitsa miyambo ya Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, kutsutsa zolembalemba ndi zaluso za Soviet kuyenera kuphatikiza kulondola kwa kuwunika kwamalingaliro, kuzama kwa kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kukongola kokongola, kusamala kwa luso, komanso kusaka kopindulitsa.

Akadzidzi. K.m. pang'onopang'ono anaphunzira njira ya Marxist-Leninist kusanthula luso. zochitika ndikuthetsa mavuto atsopano, to-rye adayikidwa patsogolo mlanduwo usanachitike. Oct. Revolution ndi kumanga socialism. Pakhala pali zolakwika ndi kusamvetsetsana panjira. Mu 20s. K.m. wodziwa njira. chikoka cha zonyansa sociologism, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kupeputsa, ndipo nthawi zina kukana kwathunthu za mfundo zazikulu za classical. cholowa, tsankho kwa ambuye ambiri otchuka a akadzidzi. nyimbo, zomwe zadutsa nthawi yovuta, nthawi zambiri zofufuza zotsutsana, lingaliro losauka komanso lochepetsetsa la luso, lofunikira komanso pafupi ndi proletariat, kuchepa kwa luso lazojambula. luso. Izi zikukanidwa. zizolowezi zalandira mawu akuthwa kwambiri mu zochitika za Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM) ndi zofanana. mabungwe m'maiko ena a mgwirizano. Pa nthawi yomweyo, vulgarly anatanthauziridwa makonzedwe a chiphunzitso cha chuma mbiri yakale ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi otsutsa formalistic. malangizo olekanitsa nyimbo ndi malingaliro. Njira yophatikizira mu nyimbo idazindikirika mwamakaniko ndi kupanga, njira zamafakitale, ndiukadaulo wamba. zachilendo adalengezedwa umodzi. muyezo wa makono ndi kupita patsogolo kwa muses. amagwira ntchito, mosasamala kanthu za malingaliro awo.

Panthawi imeneyi, nkhani ndi zokamba za AV Lunacharsky pa mafunso a nyimbo zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri. Potengera chiphunzitso cha Lenin chokhudza chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, Lunacharsky anagogomezera kufunika kokhala ndi maganizo osamala pa nyimbo. chuma cholandira kuchokera m'mbuyo, ndi chodziwika mu ntchito ya otd. Olemba amakhala pafupi komanso ogwirizana ndi akadzidzi. zosintha zenizeni. Poteteza kumvetsetsa kwa nyimbo za gulu la Marxist, panthawi imodzimodziyo adadzudzula mwamphamvu kuti "chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino chanthawi yake", chomwe "chilibe chochita ndi lingaliro lenileni la sayansi, komanso, ndi Marxism yeniyeni." Iye mosamalitsa ndi mwachifundo anaona woyamba, ngakhale kuti akadali opanda ungwiro ndi osakwanira wokhutiritsa, kuyesa kulepheretsa kusintha kwatsopano. mitu mu nyimbo.

Mosazolowereka kufalikira komanso zomwe zili mkati zinali zofunika kwambiri pa nyimbo. ntchito Asafiev mu 20s. Kuyankha mwachikondi ku chilichonse kumatanthauza chilichonse. zochitika mu moyo Soviet nyimbo, iye analankhula kuchokera mbali ya luso mkulu. chikhalidwe ndi aesthetics. kulimbikira. Asafiev anali ndi chidwi osati ndi zochitika za muses. creativity, ntchito conc. mabungwe ndi zisudzo za opera ndi ballet, komanso gawo lalikulu, losiyanasiyana la nyimbo zambiri. moyo. Anatsindika mobwerezabwereza kuti zinali mu dongosolo latsopano la misala yambiri. chinenero chobadwa ndi kusintha, olemba adzatha kupeza gwero la kukonzanso kwenikweni kwa ntchito yawo. Kusaka mwadyera china chatsopano kumapangitsa Asafiev nthawi zina kuwunika mokokomeza zochitika zosakhalitsa za zarub. mlandu komanso wosatsutsa. chilakolako cha kunja ofunda "leftism". Koma izi zinali zopatuka kwakanthawi. Zambiri zomwe Asafiev adanena zidachokera pakufunika kwa kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa ma muses. kulenga ndi moyo, ndi zofuna za anthu ambiri omvera. Pankhani imeneyi, nkhani zake zakuti “Vuto la Kupanga Kwaumwini” ndi “Opanga, Fulumirani!” (1924), zomwe zidayambitsa mayankho mu Sov. zolemba za nyimbo za nthawi imeneyo.

Kwa otsutsa achangu a 20s. anali a NM Strelnikov, NP Malkov, VM Belyaev, VM Bogdanov-Berezovsky, SA Bugoslavsky, ndi ena.

Lamulo la Komiti Yaikulu ya All-Union Communist Party ya Bolsheviks pa Epulo 23. 1932 "Pakukonzanso mabungwe olemba ndi zojambulajambula", zomwe zidathetsa kusamvana kwamagulu komanso kudzipatula m'mabuku ndi zojambulajambula, zidathandiza kwambiri kukula kwa K.m. Zinathandizira kugonjetsa zonyansa za chikhalidwe cha anthu. ndi zolakwa zina, anakakamizika kwambiri zolinga ndi woganiza njira kuwunika akwaniritsa kadzidzi. nyimbo. Muse. otsutsa anali ogwirizana ndi olemba nyimbo mu mgwirizano wa kadzidzi. okonza, opangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zopanga zonse. ogwira ntchito "othandizira nsanja ya mphamvu za Soviet ndikuyesetsa kutenga nawo gawo pantchito yomanga za chikhalidwe cha anthu." Magazini ina inafalitsidwa kuyambira 1933. "Soviet Music", yomwe inakhala yaikulu. thupi la akadzidzi. K.m. Nyimbo zapadera. magazini kapena madipatimenti anyimbo m'mabuku onse a zaluso amapezeka m'maiko angapo a Union. Mwa otsutsa ndi II Sollertinsky, AI Shaverdyan, VM Gorodinsky, GN Khubov.

Zofunika kwambiri zongopeka komanso zopanga. vuto, lomwe linakumana ndi K.m. mu 30s, linali funso la njira ya socialist. zenizeni komanso za njira zowona ndi zaluso. chithunzi chonse chamakono. akadzidzi. zenizeni mu nyimbo. Zogwirizana kwambiri ndi izi ndi nkhani za luso, zokongoletsa. khalidwe, mtengo wa munthu zilandiridwenso. mphatso. Muzaka zonse za 30s. angapo kulenga kukambirana, odzipereka monga mfundo zonse ndi njira chitukuko cha kadzidzi. nyimbo, komanso mitundu ya luso la nyimbo. Izi, makamaka, ndizokambirana za symphonism ndi opera. Pamapeto pake, mafunso anafunsidwa omwe anapitirira malire a mtundu wa opera okha ndipo anali ofunikira kwambiri kwa akadzidzi. luso loimba pa nthawi imeneyo: za kuphweka ndi zovuta, za kusalolera kusintha kuphweka kwenikweni mu luso ndi primitivism lathyathyathya, ponena za kukongola. kuyerekeza, to-rymi ayenera kutsogoleredwa ndi akadzidzi. kutsutsa.

M’zaka zimenezi, mavuto a chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko amakula kwambiri. zikhalidwe za nyimbo. Mu 30s. anthu aku Soviet Union adatenga njira zoyamba zopangira mafomu atsopano kwa iwo Prof. mlandu wanyimbo. Izi zinabweretsa mndandanda wa mafunso ovuta omwe amafunikira ongolankhula. kulungamitsidwa. K.m. ambiri anakambidwa mafunso okhudza maganizo a opeka ku zinthu zowerengeka, za mmene mitundu ndi njira chitukuko kuti mbiri anayamba mu nyimbo za ambiri a ku Ulaya. mayiko, akhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi intonation. chiyambi cha nat. zikhalidwe. Pamaziko a njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera nkhanizi, zokambirana zidabuka, zomwe zidawonetsedwa m'manyuzipepala.

Kukula bwino kwa K.m. mu 30s. kusokoneza zizolowezi zachikhulupiriro, zomwe zimawonekera pakuwunika kolakwika kwa ena aluso motero. ntchito za kadzidzi. nyimbo, kutanthauzira kocheperako komanso mbali imodzi ya mafunso ofunika kwambiri otere a kadzidzi. mlandu, monga funso la maganizo kwa tingachipeze powerenga. cholowa, vuto la miyambo ndi luso.

Zimenezi zinakula makamaka akadzidzi. K.m. mu con. 40s Rectilinear-schematic. Kufunsa funso lakulimbana kuli kotheka. ndi formalistic. mayendedwe kaŵirikaŵiri anachititsa kuti adutse zinthu zofunika kwambiri za akadzidzi. nyimbo ndi chithandizo chazopanga, momwe mitu yofunikira ya nthawi yathu idawonetsedwa m'njira yosavuta komanso yochepetsedwa. Zizoloŵezi zachikhulupirirozi zinatsutsidwa ndi Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU mu lamulo la May 28, 1958. Kutsimikizira kusagwirizana kwa mfundo za mzimu wa chipani, malingaliro ndi dziko la kadzidzi. zonena, anakonza mu zikalata yapita chipani pa nkhani za maganizo, chigamulo ichi analoza kuwunika molakwika ndi mopanda chilungamo ntchito angapo aluso akadzidzi zimene zinachitika. olemba.

Mu 50s. mu kadzidzi K.m. zoperewera za nthawi yapitayi zikuthetsedwa. Kukambitsirana kunatsatiridwa pa mafunso angapo ofunika kwambiri ofunikira a m’makumbuyo. zilandiridwenso, mu njira imene kumvetsa mozama za maziko a Socialist anapindula. zenizeni, malingaliro olondola a zipambano zazikulu za kadzidzi anakhazikitsidwa. nyimbo zomwe zimapanga "golden fund" yake. Komabe, pamaso akadzidzi. Pali nkhani zambiri zomwe sizinathetsedwe muzojambula za capitalist, ndi zofooka zake, zomwe chigamulo cha Komiti Yaikulu ya CPSU "Pa Kutsutsa Zolemba ndi Zojambula" molondola, sichinathetsedwe. Kusanthula mozama kwa kulenga. njira, zozikidwa pa mfundo za Marxist-Leninist aesthetics, nthawi zambiri zimasinthidwa ndi kulongosola kwachiphamaso; kusasinthasintha kokwanira sikumawonetsedwa nthawi zonse polimbana ndi akadzidzi achilendo. luso la zochitika zamakono, poteteza ndi kulimbikitsa maziko a chikhalidwe cha Socialist.

CPSU, kugogomezera kukula kwa mabuku ndi luso mu chitukuko chauzimu cha Soviet munthu, pakupanga maganizo ake dziko ndi makhalidwe abwino, amaona ntchito zofunika kutsutsidwa. Malangizo omwe ali muzosankha za chipani amatsimikizira njira zowonjezera za chitukuko cha kadzidzi. K.m. ndikuwonjezera udindo wake pakumanga Socialist. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha USSR.

Zothandizira: Struysky D. Yu., Pa nyimbo zamakono ndi kutsutsa nyimbo, "Notes of the Fatherland", 1839, No 1; Serov A., Nyimbo ndi kulankhula za izo, Musical ndi Theatre Bulletin, 1856, No 1; chimodzimodzi, m'buku: Serov AN, Krich. zolemba, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1892; Laroche GA, Chinachake chokhudza zikhulupiriro zotsutsa nyimbo, "Voice", 1872, No 125; Stasov VV, Mabuleki a zaluso zatsopano zaku Russia, Vestnik Evropy, 1885, buku. 2, 4-5; chomwecho, fav. izi., vol. 2, M., 1952; Karatygin VG, Masquerade, Golden Fleece, 1907, No 7-10; Ivanov-Boretsky M., Zotsutsana za Beethoven m'zaka za m'ma 50 zazaka zapitazi, m'magulu: Buku la Chirasha la Beethoven, M., 1927; Yakovlev V., Beethoven mu Russian criticism and science, ibid.; Khokhlovkina AA, Otsutsa oyamba a "Boris Godunov", m'buku: Mussorgsky. 1. Boris Godunov. Zolemba ndi kafukufuku, M., 1930; Calvocoressi MD, Otsutsa oyambirira a Mussorgsky ku Western Europe, ibid.; Shaverdyan A., The Rights and Duties of a Soviet Critic, “Soviet Art”, 1938, 4 Oct.; Kabalevsky Dm., Za kutsutsa kwa nyimbo, "SM", 1941, No l; Livanova TN, Russian nyimbo chikhalidwe cha m'ma 1 mu kugwirizana kwake ndi mabuku, zisudzo ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, vol. 1952, M., 1; iye, Musical bibliography ya Russian periodical press ya m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi, vol. 6-1960, M., 74-1; ake, Opera Criticism in Russia, vol. 2-1966, M., 73-1 (vol. 1, nkhani 1, pamodzi ndi VV Protopopov); Kremlev Yu., Russian ganizo la nyimbo, vol. 3-1954, L., 60-1957; Khubov G., Kutsutsa ndi zilandiridwenso, "SM", 6, No 1958; Keldysh Yu., Pakuti kutsutsa mfundo zolimbana, ibid., 7, No 1963; Mbiri ya European Art History (yolembedwa ndi BR Vipper ndi TN Livanova). Kuyambira kalekale mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII, M., 1965; chimodzimodzi, Theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 1, M., 2; chimodzimodzi, Theka lachiwiri la 1969 ndi chiyambi cha 1972th century, bukhu. 7-XNUMX, M., XNUMX; Yarustovsky B., Kuvomereza mfundo za Leninist za chipani ndi dziko, "SM", XNUMX, No XNUMX.

Yu.V. Keldysh