Nyimbo |

Greek moysikn, kuchokera ku mousa - muse

Mtundu wa luso lomwe limawonetsa zenizeni komanso limakhudza munthu kudzera mumayendedwe amawu omwe amakhala atanthauzo komanso okonzedwa mwapadera muutali ndi nthawi, opangidwa makamaka ndi ma toni (maphokoso a utali wina, onani Nyimbo zoyimba). Kufotokozera malingaliro ndi malingaliro a munthu m'mawonekedwe omveka, M. amatumikira monga njira yolankhulirana pakati pa anthu ndi kukopa psyche yawo. Kuthekera kwa izi kumatsatana ndi kulumikizana kwakuthupi ndi kwachilengedwe kwa mawonetseredwe amunthu (komanso zamoyo zina zambiri) ndi malingaliro ake. moyo (makamaka maganizo) ndi kuchokera ku ntchito ya phokoso monga chokhumudwitsa ndi chizindikiro chochitapo kanthu. M'njira zingapo, M. akufanana ndi kulankhula, momveka bwino, kalankhulidwe ka mawu, pamene ext. mkhalidwe wa munthu ndi maganizo ake kwa dziko amasonyezedwa mwa kusintha kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi makhalidwe ena a phokoso la mawu pa mawu. Fanizoli limatithandiza kulankhula za chikhalidwe cha M. (onani Intonation). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, M. amasiyana kwambiri ndi kulankhula, makamaka ndi makhalidwe omwe ali nawo monga luso. Zina mwa izo: kuyanjanitsa kwa chiwonetsero cha zenizeni, ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha, ntchito yofunika kwambiri yokongoletsa. ntchito, Art. mtengo wa zonse zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe (mawonekedwe amunthu wazithunzi ndi mawonekedwe ake, mawonetseredwe aukadaulo, luso lazojambula komanso luso lanyimbo la wolemba kapena wosewera, ndi zina). Poyerekeza ndi njira zapadziko lonse zoyankhulirana zomveka za anthu - kulankhula, kutsimikizika kwa M. kumadziwonetseranso mwa kusatheka kufotokoza momveka bwino mfundo zenizeni, mwadongosolo lokhazikika la mamvekedwe a mawu ndi kwakanthawi (rhythmic) maulalo (chifukwa cha kukhazikika kokhazikika. ndi nthawi ya aliyense wa iwo), zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri kukhudzidwa kwake ndi kukongola kwake.

Pokhala "luso la tanthawuzo la mawu" (BV Asafiev), nyimbo zilipodi ndipo zimagwira ntchito pagulu pokhapokha pomveka bwino, pakuchita. Muzojambula zingapo, M. adjoins, choyamba, kwa osakhala zithunzi (nyimbo ndakatulo, zomangamanga, ndi zina zotero), mwachitsanzo, zomwe siziyenera kuberekanso mawonekedwe a zinthu zakuthupi, ndipo, kachiwiri, kwa kanthawi. zina (kuvina, mabuku, zisudzo, filimu), mwachitsanzo, to-rye zimawonekera pakapita nthawi, ndipo, chachitatu, kuchita (kuvina komweko, zisudzo, kanema), mwachitsanzo kufuna kukhala pakati pakati pa kulenga ndi kuzindikira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zonse zomwe zili mkati ndi mawonekedwe a zojambulajambula ndizokhazikika pokhudzana ndi mitundu ina ya zojambulajambula.

Zomwe zili mu M. zimapangidwa ndi zithunzi zaluso, mwachitsanzo, zojambulidwa m'mawu omveka (mawu omveka), zotsatira za kusinkhasinkha, kusintha ndi kukongola. kuwunika zenizeni zenizeni m'malingaliro a woimba (wolemba, woyimba).

Udindo waukulu pazomwe zili mu M. umaseweredwa ndi "arts. maganizo” - osankhidwa molingana ndi kuthekera ndi zolinga za zomwe akunena, kuchotsedwa kwa mphindi zosasintha komanso malingaliro ndi njira zomveka. Malo awo otsogola mu nyimbo. zomwe zili zimakonzedweratu ndi phokoso (intonation) ndi chikhalidwe chanthawi ya M., chomwe chimalola kuti, kumbali imodzi, kudalira zaka masauzande azaka zambiri poulula zakunja zakukhudzidwa kwa anthu ndikuwasamutsa kwa anthu ena, makamaka ndi Ch. ayi. kudzera m'mawu, ndipo kumbali ina, kufotokoza mokwanira zochitikazo ngati kayendetsedwe kake, ndondomeko ndi zosintha zake zonse ndi mithunzi, yamphamvu. kuwuka ndi kugwa, kusinthana kwamalingaliro ndi kugunda kwawo.

Kuyambira Dec. mitundu ya zomverera M. koposa zonse zimakonda kuphatikizira mikhalidwe - zikhalidwe za munthu, osati zolunjika, mosiyana ndi momwe zimamverera, kuzinthu zenizeni. nkhani (ngakhale zimayambitsidwa ndi zifukwa zomveka): zosangalatsa, chisoni, chisangalalo, kukhumudwa, chikondi, chidaliro, nkhawa, ndi zina zotero. , kutsimikiza, mphamvu, inertia, impulsiveness, kudziletsa, kupirira, kusowa chifuniro, kuzama, frivolity, etc. Izi zimathandiza M. kuwulula osati zamaganizo. chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso makhalidwe awo. Mu konkire kwambiri (koma osati kumasuliridwa m'chinenero cha mawu), mochenjera kwambiri ndi "opatsirana" mafotokozedwe a maganizo, M. sadziwa wofanana. Ndi pa luso limeneli kuti kutanthauzira kwake kofala monga "chinenero cha moyo" (AN Serov) kumachokera.

M'nyimbo Zomwe zilimo zimaphatikizaponso "Art. maganizo" osankhidwa, monga momwe akumvera, ndi ogwirizana kwambiri ndi omaliza, "anamva". Pa nthawi yomweyo, mwa njira zawo, popanda kuthandizidwa ndi mawu, etc. vnemuz. zinthu, M. sangathe kufotokoza mitundu yonse ya malingaliro. Sadziŵika ndi mauthenga omveka bwino kwambiri osavuta kufotokozera m'mawu, okhala ndi chidziwitso chilichonse, komanso osamveka, osayambitsa mayanjano amalingaliro ndi ophiphiritsa. Komabe, M. imapezeka kwambiri kumalingaliro oterowo, to-rye ofotokozedwa m'malingaliro okhudzana ndi mphamvu. mbali ya chikhalidwe ndi maganizo. zochitika, ku makhalidwe abwino, makhalidwe ndi maganizo a munthu ndi gulu. Mu moyo weniweni. Ntchito za olemba akuluakulu a nyengo zosiyanasiyana mozama komanso momveka bwino zinaphatikizapo malingaliro awo okhudza mgwirizano kapena kusagwirizana kwa dziko lapansi, kukhazikika kapena kusakhazikika kwa maubwenzi a anthu pamtundu wina, kukhulupirika kapena kugawanika kwa anthu. ndi chidziwitso cha munthu, mphamvu kapena kusowa mphamvu kwa munthu, ndi zina zotero. Udindo waukulu mu mawonekedwe a maganizo-generalizations imayimbidwa ndi masewero a nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, kufananiza, kugundana ndi chitukuko cha zithunzi za nyimbo. Mwayi waukulu kwambiri wofotokozera malingaliro ofunikira a muses moyenera. njira imapereka symphonism ngati dialectical. chitukuko cha dongosolo la zithunzi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku mapangidwe atsopano.

Pofuna kukulitsa dziko la malingaliro afilosofi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, olemba nyimbo nthawi zambiri amatembenukira ku kaphatikizidwe ka nyimbo ndi mawu monga chonyamulira cha mfundo zinazake zamalingaliro (vok. and program instr. M., onani Nyimbo za Pulogalamu), komanso nyimbo za siteji. zochita. Chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe ndi mawu, zochita, ndi zina zomwe si za nyimbo, mwayi wa nyimbo umakula. Mitundu yatsopano ya zojambulajambula imapangidwa mmenemo. zithunzi, to-rye kugwirizana pang'onopang'ono m'madera. chidziwitso ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro ofotokozedwa ndi zigawo zina za kaphatikizidwe, ndiyeno nkudutsa mu "woyera" M. monga onyamula malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwewo. Kuwonjezera apo, olemba nyimbo amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zomveka (zizindikiro zodziwika bwino) zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'madera. machitidwe (mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazizindikiro, ndi zina zotero; izi zimaphatikizaponso nyimbo kapena nyimbo zomwe zimakhalapo m'malo ena ochezera ndipo zalandira tanthauzo lokhazikika m'menemo, zomwe zakhala "zizindikiro zanyimbo" za malingaliro aliwonse), kapena amapanga zawozawo. , nyimbo zatsopano. zizindikiro." Zotsatira zake, zomwe zili mu M. zikuphatikiza malingaliro akulu komanso olemetsedwa mosalekeza.

Malo ochepa mu M. amakhala ndi zithunzi zowoneka za zochitika zenizeni zenizeni, zophatikizidwa mu nyimbo. zithunzi, mwachitsanzo, m'mawu, to-rye zimatulutsanso zizindikiro za zochitika izi (onani kujambula kwa mawu). Gawo laling'ono la kuyimira muzojambula ndi chifukwa cha luso lochepa kwambiri lakumva, poyerekeza ndi kuona, kudziwitsa munthu za zinthu zinazake za zinthu. Komabe, zojambula zachilengedwe ndi "zithunzi" nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu M. dec. anthu, ndi zithunzi kapena "zithunzi" kuyambira moyo wa dec. magulu a anthu a dziko linalake ndi nthawi. Iwo amaperekedwa ngati mochulukira kapena mocheperako (ngakhale mosapeŵeka kutengera malingaliro anyimbo) chithunzi (kubereka) kwa phokoso lachilengedwe (phokoso la mphepo ndi madzi, kuyimba kwa mbalame, etc.), munthu (kutengera mawu, etc.) ndi gulu (phokoso lopanda nyimbo ndi mitundu yanyimbo ya tsiku ndi tsiku yomwe ili gawo la moyo wothandiza), komanso zosangalatsa zowoneka ndi zinthu zina zowoneka bwino za zinthu mothandizidwa ndi mayanjano (nyimbo ya mbalame - chithunzi cha nkhalango), ma analogies (ambiri. sunthani nyimbo - lingaliro la uXNUMXbuXNUMXbspace) ndi synesthesia - kulumikizana pakati pa zomverera ndi zowoneka, zogwira mtima, zolemera, ndi zina zambiri. , wandiweyani). Kuwonetsera kwa malo, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mayanjano, mafananidwe ndi ma synesthesias, amatsagana ndi malingaliro a M., komabe, sizikutanthauza kukhalapo kwa mankhwalawa. zithunzi ngati zithunzi zowoneka bwino za zinthu zinazake. Ngati zithunzi zilipo mu nyimbo. mankhwala ndiye, monga ulamuliro, kutumikira kokha ngati njira yowonjezera kuwulula maganizo ndi maganizo okhutira, mwachitsanzo maganizo ndi maganizo a anthu, makhalidwe awo ndi zokhumba, maganizo awo ndi kuunika zenizeni. Choncho, mwachindunji. mutu wa zowonetsera nyimbo ndi maganizo (ch. arr. maganizo) a munthu ndi gulu ku dziko, kutengedwa mu mphamvu zake.

Zomwe zili mu M. (mu gulu la anthu) ndi mgwirizano wa munthu payekha, gulu ndi chilengedwe. M. nthawi zonse amangowonetsa osati malingaliro aumwini a wolemba ku zenizeni, zotulukapo zake. dziko lapansi, komanso zina zofunika kwambiri, zofananira. mawonekedwe amalingaliro komanso, makamaka, psychology ya gulu linalake la anthu, kuphatikiza. machitidwe ake amalingaliro, "mawu am'maganizo" ambiri, mayendedwe ake amoyo komanso mkati mwake. rhythm. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthawi zambiri imasonyeza mtundu wamaganizo, kuthamanga, kuthamanga kwa nthawi yonseyo, malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe ali pafupi ndi chimodzi, koma angapo. makalasi (mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a kusintha kwa demokalase kwa anthu, kumasulidwa kwa dziko, ndi zina zotero) kapena ngakhale anthu onse (mwachitsanzo, maganizo odzutsidwa ndi chilengedwe, chikondi, ndi zochitika zina zanyimbo), zimakhala ndi malingaliro apamwamba a chilengedwe chonse. Komabe, popeza chilengedwe chonse mu dziko lamalingaliro ndi maganizo a munthu sichinasudzulidwe ndi chikhalidwe chake, ndiye kuti chilengedwe chonse mu M. chimapeza chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Zowona komanso, zojambulidwa, mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza kuphatikizika kwa chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale, nat. ndi munthu psychological concreteness, chithunzithunzi cha maganizo ndi makhalidwe a anthu monga mamembala ofotokozedwa. gulu limagwira ntchito ngati chiwonetsero cha zenizeni mu nyimbo. Kusowa kwathunthu pakupanga malingaliro ndi malingaliro (kuphatikiza dziko lamaganizidwe amunthu), "kusewera" kopanda tanthauzo ndi mawu kapena kusinthika kwawo kukhala njira yazathupi. zisonkhezero pa omvera zimabweretsa "kumanga komveka" koteroko kupitirira malire a M. monga luso.

M. zomwe zilipo Dec. Genus: epic, zochititsa chidwi, zanyimbo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, komabe, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake chosajambula, mawu omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi iwo, omwe amapereka "kudziwonetsera" pa chithunzi cha dziko lakunja, "zojambula" zamaganizo pa makhalidwe a ena. anthu. Zomwe zili mu M. zonse zimayang'aniridwa ndi zithunzi zabwino zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi kukongola kwa wolemba. Ngakhale kuti zithunzi zoipa (komanso nkhanza, caricature, ndi grotesque) zinalowanso m'dziko loimba kale-ndipo makamaka kuyambira nthawi ya chikondi-iwo adakhalabe otsogolera nyimbo. zomwe zili, pamakhalabe chizolowezi chotsimikizira, "kuyimba", osati kukana, kutsutsa. Chizoloŵezi chotere cha M. chowulula ndi kutsindika zabwino mwa munthu chimakulitsa kufunikira kwake monga wolankhulira zaumunthu. woyamba ndi wonyamula ntchito zamakhalidwe ndi maphunziro.

Zomwe zili mu M., momwe zimakhalira ndi nyimbo. mawonekedwe - dongosolo la nyimbo. mamvekedwe, momwe malingaliro, malingaliro ndi zophiphiritsa za wolemba zimazindikirika (onani mawonekedwe a Nyimbo). Muse. mawonekedwe ndi achiwiri ku zomwe zili mkati ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pa izo. Pa nthawi yomweyo ali ndi zotsutsana. kudziyimira pawokha, komwe kuli kokulirapo kwambiri chifukwa zaluso, monganso mitundu yonse yosajambula zithunzi, ndizochepa kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya zochitika zenizeni zamoyo ndipo motero mosapeweka kumabweretsa mitundu yake pamlingo waukulu womwe subwereza zachirengedwe. omwe. Mafomu apaderawa amapangidwa kuti afotokoze zenizeni. zomwe zili mu nyimbo, nazonso, zimakhudza kwambiri, "zipange". Nyimbo (komanso zojambulajambula) zimadziwika ndi chizolowezi chokhazikika, kukhazikika, kubwerezabwereza kwa mapangidwe ndi zinthu zapayekha, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kusinthasintha, kuyenda, ndi chiyambi cha muses. zomwe zili. Izi ndi dialectic. kutsutsana mkati mwa chimango cha kugwirizanitsa ndi mgwirizano kumathetsedwa nthawi iliyonse mwa njira yake popanga muses yeniyeni. kupanga, pamene, kumbali ina, mawonekedwe achikhalidwe amasankhidwa payekha ndikusinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi zatsopano, ndipo kumbali ina, zomwe zilimo zimafaniziridwa ndipo nthawi zimawululidwa ndikuwunikiridwa momwemo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zokhazikika za mawonekedwe ogwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chiŵerengero cha nyimbo. luso ndi machitidwe pakati pa kukhazikika ndi kusintha m'njira zosiyanasiyana mu nyimbo. zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Mu miyambo yapakamwa ya M. (nthano za mayiko onse, prof. akudzinenera mfundo ya kukonzanso (nthawi iliyonse pamaziko a miyambo ina ya kalembedwe), mawonekedwe amakhalabe otseguka, "otseguka". nyimbo pl. anthu ndi okhazikika kuposa nyimbo zamaluso (onani nyimbo zamtundu) Muzolemba za M. (European) chilichonse chili ndi mawonekedwe otsekedwa, okhazikika kapena osakhazikika, ngakhale apa, mu masitayilo ena, zinthu zosinthira. amaperekedwa (onani Improvisation).

Kuphatikiza pa kukonza zinthu zomwe zili, mawonekedwe a M. amakhalanso ndi ntchito yofalitsa, "uthenga" kwa anthu. Kulankhulana kumeneku kumatsimikiziranso mbali zina zofunika za muses. mawonekedwe, ndipo koposa zonse - kutsata machitidwe amalingaliro a omvera ndi (m'malire ena) mtundu wake ndi kuthekera kwake munthawi yoperekedwa.

Ngakhale kutengedwa mosiyana muses. mawu ali kale ndi mawu oyamba. mwayi. Aliyense wa iwo amatha kuyambitsa zokhudza thupi. kumverera kosangalatsa kapena kusakondwa, chisangalalo kapena bata, kukangana kapena kutulutsa, komanso synaesthetic. kumverera (kulemera kapena kupepuka, kutentha kapena kuzizira, mdima kapena kuwala, etc.) ndi mayanjano osavuta a malo. Izi zotheka ntchito m'njira ina iliyonse nyimbo. prod., koma nthawi zambiri ngati mbali yokhudzana ndi zinthu zamaganizidwe. ndi zokometsera zokometsera, zomwe zili m'magulu akuya amtundu wanyimbo, pomwe phokoso limakhala ngati zinthu zamagulu ophatikizidwa.

Kusunga kufanana kwina ndi mawu a moyo weniweni, muses. mawu nthawi yomweyo amasiyana kwambiri ndi iwo chifukwa amaphatikizidwa m'machitidwe omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale omwe amapangidwa ndi ma muses. machitidwe a gulu lopatsidwa (onani Sound system). Aliyense nyimbo. kachitidwe ka mawu (trichord, tetrachord, pentatonic, diatonic, khumi ndi ziwiri-sound equal-tempered system, etc.) imapereka zofunikira kuti pawonekere mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhazikika ya ma toni yomwe imatha kupangidwanso mobwerezabwereza molunjika komanso molunjika. Njira yofanana mu chikhalidwe chilichonse imasankhidwa ndikuwonjezeredwa ku dongosolo la nthawi ya phokoso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga mitundu yokhazikika ya machitidwe awo akanthawi.

Mu M., kuwonjezera pa ma toni, komanso mawu osatha amagwiritsidwa ntchito. kutalika (phokoso) kapena zotere, kutalika kwake komwe sikumaganiziridwa. Komabe, amatenga gawo lodalira, lachiwiri, chifukwa, monga momwe zochitika zimasonyezera, kupezeka kokha kwa mawu osasunthika kumapangitsa kuti maganizo aumunthu azitha kupanga phokoso, kukhazikitsa maubwenzi pakati pawo, kuwabweretsa m'dongosolo ndikuwapanga kukhala okonzeka bwino, omveka komanso omveka. , komanso, zida zomangira zomveka bwino. Chifukwa chake, zomanga zochokera kuphokoso lokha (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku zomveka "zopanda nyimbo" kapena zida zoyimba popanda mawu akutiakuti) mwina zimakhala za "nyimbo zoyimba" (mu zikhalidwe zakale), kapena zimapitilira kuchuluka kwa nyimbo. mlandu m'lingaliro limenelo, lomwe linali lokhazikika mu chikhalidwe-mbiri. mchitidwe wa anthu ambiri kwa zaka zambiri. zaka mazana ambiri.

Mu nyimbo iliyonse. mu ntchito, ma toni amapanga machitidwe awo otsatizana opingasa ndi (mu polyphony) malumikizidwe ofukula (ma consonances), omwe amapanga mawonekedwe ake (onani Melody, Harmony, Polyphony). Mwanjira imeneyi, munthu ayenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa mbali zakunja (zakuthupi) ndi zamkati (“zilankhulo”). Mbali yakunja imaphatikizapo kusintha kwa timbres, njira ya melodic. kusuntha ndi mawonekedwe ake (osalala, spasmodic), amphamvu. kupindika (kusintha kwa kamvekedwe, onani Mphamvu), tempo, kamvekedwe kake (onani Kayimbidwe). Mbali iyi ya mitundu ya nyimbo imawonedwa mofanana ndi kulankhula m'chinenero chosadziwika bwino, chomwe chingakhudze maganizo kwa omvera (pamaganizo ndi m'maganizo) ndi mawu ake onse, osamvetsetsa zomwe zili. Mbali yamkati ("linguistic") ya nyimbo. mafomu ndi mawu ake. mwachitsanzo, mawu awiri omveka omwe amaphatikizidwa m'menemo (kutembenuka kwa melodic, harmonic ndi rhythmic), odziwika kale ndi anthu. chidziwitso (kapena chofanana ndi chaluso), matanthauzo ake omwe amadziwika bwino ndi omvera. Mbali imeneyi ya mitundu ya nyimbo imazindikiridwa mofanana ndi kulankhula m’chinenero chozoloŵereka, osati kokha ndi kamvekedwe kake, komanso ndi tanthauzo lake.

M. wa mtundu uliwonse mu nthawi iliyonse amadziwika ndi winawake. zovuta zamitundu yokhazikika ya kuphatikiza kwa mawu (intonations) pamodzi ndi malamulo (zovomerezeka) zomwe azigwiritsa ntchito. Zovuta zotere zimatha kutchedwa (mophiphiritsira) muses. “Chiyankhulo” cha fuko ndi nthawi ino. Mosiyana ndi chilankhulo chapakamwa (chapakamwa), chilibe zolengedwa zina. zizindikiro za dongosolo la zizindikiro, chifukwa, choyamba, zinthu zake siziri zokhazikika zokhazikika (zizindikiro), koma mitundu yokha ya kusakanikirana kwa mawu, ndipo kachiwiri, chilichonse mwazinthuzi chili ndi tanthauzo loposa limodzi. mtengo, koma gulu la zinthu zomwe zingatheke, zomwe munda wake ulibe malire okhazikika, chachitatu, mawonekedwe a chinthu chilichonse ndi chosalekanitsidwa ndi mfundo zake, sichikhoza kusinthidwa ndi china, kapena kusintha kwambiri popanda kusintha mtengo; chifukwa chake, mu M. ndizosatheka kusamutsa kuchokera ku muses imodzi. chinenero kwa wina.

Gawo lazofunikira zamtundu uliwonse wanyimbo zimadalira, kumbali imodzi, pathupi lake. (mayimbidwe) katundu, ndipo kumbali ina, kuchokera muzochitikira zake zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu oimba. kuchita ndi kugwirizana kwake, chifukwa cha zochitikazi, ndi zochitika zina. Izi ndi vnemuz. mayanjano (ndi mawu akulankhula, chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero, ndi kupyolera mwa iwo ndi zithunzi zofanana za anthu ndi zochitika zachilengedwe) ndi nyimbo zamkati, zomwe, zimagawidwa m'magulu owonjezera (ndi nyimbo zina) intra-text (amawuka mkati mwa ntchito yoperekedwa pamaziko amitundu yosiyanasiyana yolumikizirana mawu, kufanana kwamutu, ndi zina). Mu mapangidwe a semantic. mwayi amasiyana. nyimbo. Chilankhulo chimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mobwerezabwereza tsiku ndi tsiku M., komanso M. ndi mawu ndi siteji. zochita, pomwe maubwenzi awo amphamvu amapangidwa ndi zochitika pamoyo komanso ndi zinthu zomwe zili kunja kwa muse. zikutanthauza.

Kuzinthu zobwerezabwereza za nyimbo. mafomu, semantics. mwayi ku-rykh zimadalira miyambo yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito m'magulu oimba. mchitidwe, si a mitundu ya katchulidwe (nyimbo "mawu"), komanso mgwirizano wotero wa mawu a nyimbo. zikutanthauza, ndi mitundu yanji (kuguba, kuvina, nyimbo, etc., onani Mtundu wanyimbo). Mphika. Tanthauzo la mtundu uliwonse umatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito zake za tsiku ndi tsiku, mwachitsanzo, malo ake m'moyo.

Wolembayo angagwiritse ntchito muzolemba zake. monga nyimbo zonse. "chinenero" cha mtundu ndi nthawi, komanso zinthu zake zenizeni. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zinthu zina zimadutsa mumayendedwe operekedwa kuchokera kuntchito kupita kuntchito komanso kuchokera kwa wolemba wina kupita ku wina popanda kukhala. kusintha (kupanga matembenuzidwe amtundu wanyimbo ndi ma harmonic, ma cadences, ma rhythmic formulations amtundu watsiku ndi tsiku, etc.). Ena amangokhala ngati ma prototypes popanga zatsopano, munjira iliyonse, zinthu zoyambirira za muses. mawonekedwe (monga ndiye kutembenuka koyambirira kwa mitu - "tirigu" zawo, komanso mawu omaliza). Mukayatsa chinthu chilichonse cha nyimbo. chilankhulo kukhala ntchito, gawo la matanthauzo ake limasintha: mbali imodzi, imachepera chifukwa cha ntchito yokhazikika ya muses. nkhani, komanso mawu kapena zochitika. zochita (m'mitundu yopangira), komano, zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa kulumikizana kwa intratextual. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi malamulo a muses alipo. Zilankhulo, kusintha, kupanga zatsopano, wolembayo amadzipangira yekha, mwanjira ina yapadera nyimbo. chilankhulo chomwe chimafunikira kuti chikhale ndi zomwe zili zake zokha.

Muse. zinenero zosiyanasiyana. nthawi, mayiko, olemba ndi osiyanasiyana modabwitsa, koma onsewa alinso ndi mfundo zina zoyendetsera kamvekedwe ka mawu - mamvekedwe ndi nthawi. Pazikhalidwe zambiri za nyimbo ndi masitayelo, maubwenzi omveka a ma toni amakonzedwa pamaziko a mawonekedwe, ndipo maubwenzi akanthawi amakonzedwa pamaziko a mita. Fret ndi mita zimagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi monga kufananiza kwa mawu onse am'mbuyomu - rhythm. machitidwe ndi owongolera a kulenga kwina, omwe amawongolera kuyenda kwa mawu awiriwa omwe amapangidwa ndi chidziwitso cha wolemba panjira inayake. Kutumiza kogwirizana komanso koyenera (mu monophony) wamtunda wapamwamba komanso ubale wanthawi yayitali wa muses. mawu otengera kudandaula ndi mita amapanga nyimbo, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pofotokozera. njira ya M., moyo wake.

Kuphatikiza waukulu maziko nyimbo. kamvekedwe ka mawu (kamvekedwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu), nyimboyo imawagwiritsa ntchito mokhazikika komanso payekhapayekha. Relief ndi original melodic. zinthu zimagwira ntchito ngati zofunikira pamtengo wa muses. amagwira ntchito, amathandizira kwambiri kuzindikira kwake ndi kuloweza.

Mu nyimbo iliyonse. ntchito ya munthu zinthu za mawonekedwe ake aumbike mu ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe ndi subordinating dongosolo lonse, wopangidwa ndi akonzedwa payekha. Zomalizazi zimaphatikizapo nyimbo, rhythmic, fret-harmonic, textural, timbre, dynamic, tempo, etc. Chofunika kwambiri ndi nkhani. kapangidwe kake, zomwe zigawo zake ndi muses. mitu pamodzi ndi diff. mitundu ndi magawo a kusintha ndi chitukuko chawo. Mu masitayelo ambiri a nyimbo, ndi mitu yomwe imakhala yonyamulira zinthu zakale kwambiri. zithunzi, ndipo, motero, thematic. nyimbo kapangidwe. mafomu mu njira. digiri imagwira ntchito ngati chiwonetsero chakunja cha mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa a zomwe zili. Zonse ziwiri, kuphatikiza, zimapanga zophiphiritsa. kapangidwe ka ntchito.

Zonse zachinsinsi za muses. mafomu amalumikizidwa palimodzi ndikugwirizanitsidwa mwachitsanzo. dongosolo (zolinga zogwirizanitsa, ziganizo, ziganizo, nthawi) ndi zolemba (zogwirizanitsa, zigawo, zigawo, ndi zina). Zomanga ziwiri zomaliza zimapanga misuzi. kupanga m'lingaliro lopapatiza la mawu (mwanjira ina, kapangidwe ka nyimbo). Chifukwa chachikulu chodziyimira pawokha pazaluso monga luso losajambula, mitundu yokhazikika, yokhazikika yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yapangidwa momwemo - muses wamba. mawonekedwe (m'lingaliro lopapatiza la mawu) omwe amatha kukhala ndi zithunzi zambirimbiri. Izi ndi zomwe zilipo ku Ulaya. M. kwa zaka zingapo kale. zaka mazana awiri ndi magawo atatu mawonekedwe, zosiyana, rondo, sonata allegro, fugue, etc.; pali mawonekedwe ofanana mu nyimbo. zikhalidwe za Kum'mawa. Iliyonse ya iwo nthawi zambiri imawonetsa mawonekedwe, mitundu yodziwika bwino yamayendedwe m'chilengedwe, anthu komanso kuzindikira kwa anthu (mapangidwe a zochitika, kubwerezabwereza, kusintha, chitukuko, kufananiza, kugunda, etc.). Izi zimatsimikizira tanthauzo lake, lomwe limafotokozedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana m'ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Chiwembu chofananira chimakwaniritsidwa m'njira yatsopano nthawi zonse, ndikusandulika kukhala gawo lapadera la ntchitoyi.

Monga zili, nyimbo. mawonekedwe amafutukuka mu nthawi, kukhala ndondomeko. Chigawo chilichonse cha kapangidwe kake chimakhala ndi gawo munjira iyi, chimachita zina. ntchito. Ntchito za element mu nyimbo. mawonekedwe akhoza kukhala angapo (multifunctionality) ndi kusintha (kusiyana kwa ntchito). Elements acc. zomangamanga (komanso matani - muzinthu) zimagwirizanitsa ndikugwira ntchito pamaziko a muses. logic, yomwe ili yeniyeni. kusinthika kwa machitidwe onse aumunthu. ntchito. Mumtundu uliwonse wanyimbo (onani Nyimbo za Nyimbo) zimapanga mitundu yakeyake yamitundumitundu. logic, kuwonetsera ndi kufotokoza mwachidule ntchito yolenga ya nthawi ino, nat. sukulu, iliyonse ya mafunde ake kapena wolemba payekha.

Zonse zomwe zili mu M. ndi mawonekedwe ake zikukula pang'onopang'ono. Mwayi wawo wamkati umawululidwa mochulukira ndikulemeretsedwa pang'onopang'ono mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zakunja ndipo, koposa zonse, kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu. M. imaphatikizanso mitu yatsopano, zithunzi, malingaliro, malingaliro, zomwe zimabweretsa mitundu yatsopano. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zosatha za zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe zikutha. Komabe, zonse zamtengo wapatali zomwe zidapangidwa ku Moscow zimakhalabe ngati ntchito zomwe zimapanga zapamwamba. cholowa, ndipo monga kulenga miyambo anatengera mu nyengo zotsatira.

Zochita za nyimbo za anthu zimagawidwa m'magulu atatu: luso (onani Mapangidwe), kachitidwe (onani Masewero a Nyimbo) ndi kuzindikira (onani Musical psychology). Zimagwirizana ndi magawo atatu a kukhalapo kwa muses. ntchito: chilengedwe, kubalana, kumvetsera. Pa gawo lililonse, zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe a ntchitoyo zimawoneka mwapadera. Pa siteji ya chilengedwe, pamene mu malingaliro a wopeka pa nthawi yomweyo. zolemba za wolemba (zabwino) ndi mawonekedwe a wolemba (zinthu) zimapangidwira, zomwe zilipo zilipo mu mawonekedwe enieni, ndipo mawonekedwewo amakhalapo okhawo omwe angathe. Ntchitoyo ikakwaniritsidwa pakuchita (mu zikhalidwe zoyimba zolembedwa, izi nthawi zambiri zimatsatiridwa ndi kuyika kokhazikika kwa mawonekedwe anyimbo ngati nyimbo, onani Kulemba kwa Nyimbo), kenako mawonekedwewo amasinthidwa, amapita kumalo omveka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zonse zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwewo zimasintha pang'ono, zimasinthidwa ndi wojambula mogwirizana ndi malingaliro ake a dziko, zokongoletsa. malingaliro, zochitika zaumwini, chikhalidwe, ndi zina zotero. Izi zikuwonetsa malingaliro ake payekha ndi kutanthauzira kwa ntchitoyo. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ndi mawonekedwe. Pomaliza, omvera amadumpha zomwe akuganiza. kudzera mu prism ya malingaliro awo, zokonda, moyo ndi muses. chidziwitso ndi kupyolera mu izi kachiwiri kusintha izo penapake. Zosiyanasiyana za omvera ndi mawonekedwe amabadwa, otengedwa kuchokera ku zomwe akuchita, ndipo kudzera mwa iwo - kuchokera ku zomwe wolemba komanso mawonekedwe a wolemba. Choncho, pa magawo onse a nyimbo. ntchito ndi yolenga. khalidwe, ngakhale mosiyanasiyana: wolemba amalenga M., woimbayo amazipanganso ndikuzipanganso, pamene omvera amazizindikira mwachangu.

Lingaliro la M. ndi njira yovuta kwambiri, kuphatikiza thupi. kumva M., kumvetsetsa kwake, zochitika zake ndi kuwunika kwake. Kumva mwakuthupi ndiko kuzindikira kwachindunji kwa mbali yakunja (yomveka) ya muses. mawonekedwe, limodzi ndi zokhudza thupi. zotsatira. Kumvetsetsa ndi kukumana ndiko kuzindikira kwa matanthauzo a muses. mawonekedwe, mwachitsanzo zomwe zili mu M., kudzera mu kumvetsetsa kwa mapangidwe ake. Mkhalidwe wa kuzindikira pamlingo uwu ndikudziwana koyamba (osachepera) ndi zofanana. chilankhulo cha nyimbo komanso kutengera malingaliro a nyimbo. kuganiza kochokera mu kalembedwe kameneka, komwe kamalola omvera kuti asamangoyerekeza mphindi iliyonse ya kutumizidwa kwa muses. mawonekedwe ndi am'mbuyomu, komanso kuwoneratu ("kuyembekezerani") njira yopitira patsogolo. Pa mlingo uwu, malingaliro ndi maganizo a M. pa omvera amachitika.

Zowonjezera magawo a kawonedwe ka nyimbo. ntchito zomwe zimapyola malire a kulira kwake kwenikweni mu nthawi, kumbali imodzi, kupanga maganizo a omvera pa kuzindikira (kutengera zochitika zomwe zikubwera, chidziwitso choyambirira cha mtundu wa ntchito, dzina lake. wolemba, ndi zina zotero), ndipo kumbali ina, kumvetsetsa kwapambuyo pake kwa zimene zinamveka, kubalana kwake m’chikumbukiro (“pambuyo pa kumva”) kapena mwa iye mwini. ntchito (mwachitsanzo, poyimba zidutswa ndi mawu amodzi) ndi kuwunika komaliza (pamene kuwunika koyambirira kumapangidwa kale pakumveka kwa M.).

Kutha kwa omvera kuzindikira bwino (kumvetsetsa ndi kudziwa) izi kapena nyimbo. ntchito, zomwe zili m'malingaliro ake ndi kuwunika zimadalira pa chinthucho (ntchito) komanso pamutu (womvera), makamaka, pa ubale pakati pa zosowa zauzimu ndi zokonda, zokongoletsa. malingaliro, digiri ya luso. chitukuko, omvera nyimbo zinachitikira ndi mkati makhalidwe a ntchito. Nayenso, zosowa ndi magawo ena a womvera amapangidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi nyimbo zake. zochitika ndi gawo la anthu. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro a nyimbo amangotengera chikhalidwe cha anthu monga momwe amachitira ukadaulo kapena machitidwe (zomwe sizikupatula kufunikira kwina kwa luso lobadwa nalo komanso malingaliro amunthu pamitundu yonse ya nyimbo). Makamaka, zochitika zamagulu zimagwira ntchito yaikulu pakupanga kutanthauzira kwa munthu payekha komanso misala (kutanthauzira) ndi kuunika kwa muses. ntchito. Kutanthauzira ndi kuwunika kumeneku kumasinthidwa m'mbiri yakale, kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa tanthauzo la cholinga ndi phindu la ntchito yomweyo kwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana ndi magulu a anthu (malingana ndi kutsata kwake ndi zofunikira za nthawiyo ndi zosowa za anthu).

Mitundu itatu yoyambira ya nyimbo imalumikizana kwambiri, ndikupanga unyolo umodzi. Ulalo uliwonse wotsatira umalandira zinthu kuchokera m'mbuyomu ndipo umakhala ndi mphamvu zake. Palinso ndemanga pakati pawo: ntchito imalimbikitsa (koma, pamlingo wina, malire) kulenga ku zosowa zake ndi mphamvu zake; magulu. malingaliro amakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito (kudzera momwe anthu amachitira mwachindunji, kukhudzana ndi woimbayo ndi njira zina) komanso mosalunjika pakupanga (popeza woyimbayo amangoganizira za mtundu umodzi kapena wina wamalingaliro anyimbo ndikudalira chilankhulo cha nyimbo. zomwe zakula m'gulu linalake).

Pamodzi ndi ntchito monga kugawa ndi kufalitsa kwa M. mothandizidwa ndi decomp. media, kafukufuku wanyimbo zasayansi (onani Musicology, Musical Ethnography, Musical Aesthetics), kutsutsa (onani Kutsutsa Kwanyimbo), maphunziro a ogwira ntchito, utsogoleri wa bungwe, ndi zina zambiri, ndi mabungwe omwe amafanana nawo, maphunziro a ntchitoyi ndi mfundo zomwe zimapangidwa. mwa izo, zaluso, magwiridwe antchito ndi malingaliro amapanga dongosolo - muses. chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chotukuka, zopanga zimayimiridwa ndi mitundu yambiri yodutsana, to-rye imatha kusiyanitsidwa malinga ndi dec. zizindikiro.

1) Mwa mtundu wa zomwe zili: M. nyimbo, epic, zochititsa chidwi, komanso zamatsenga, zomvetsa chisoni, zoseketsa, ndi zina zotero; mbali ina - nyimbo zazikulu ndi nyimbo zopepuka.

2) Pochita cholinga: nyimbo zamawu ndi nyimbo zoimbira; m'mbali ina - payekha, gulu, orchestra, kwaya, kusakanikirana (ndipo zotheka kumveketsa bwino nyimbo: mwachitsanzo, okhestra ya symphony, okhestra yachipinda, jazi, ndi zina).

3) Mwa kaphatikizidwe ndi mitundu ina ya luso ndi mawu: M. zisudzo (onani Theatrical nyimbo), choreographic (onani Dance nyimbo), pulogalamu zida, melodrama (kuwerenga nyimbo), mawu ndi mawu. M. kunja kwa kaphatikizidwe - vocalizations (kuimba popanda mawu) ndi "choyera" chida (popanda pulogalamu).

4) Malinga ndi ntchito zofunika: nyimbo zogwiritsidwa ntchito (ndi kusiyanitsa kotsatira mu nyimbo zopanga, nyimbo zankhondo, nyimbo zowonetsera, nyimbo zosangalatsa, etc.) ndi nyimbo zosagwiritsidwa ntchito.

5) Malinga ndi zomveka: M. kumvetsera mwapadera. malo omwe omvera amasiyanitsidwa ndi ochita masewera ("anaperekedwa" M., malinga ndi G. Besseler), ndi M. chifukwa chakuchita kwakukulu ndi kumvetsera muzochitika zamoyo wamba ("tsiku ndi tsiku" M.). Nayenso, yoyamba imagawidwa kukhala yochititsa chidwi ndi konsati, yachiwiri - mu misa-pakhomo ndi mwambo. Iliyonse mwa mitundu inayi iyi (magulu amtundu) imatha kusiyanitsidwanso: yochititsa chidwi - pa M. ya muses. zisudzo, zisudzo ndi kanema wamakanema (onani nyimbo zamakanema), makonsati - panyimbo za symphonic, nyimbo zachipinda ndi nyimbo za pop. nyimbo, misa-tsiku ndi tsiku - pa M. poyimba ndi kuyenda, miyambo - pa miyambo ya M. (onani nyimbo za Tchalitchi) ndi zadziko. Pomaliza, mkati mwa madera onse awiri a nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku, pamaziko omwewo, mogwirizana ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri, mitundu ya nyimbo (nyimbo, lullaby, serenade, barcarolle, etc.), mitundu yovina (hopak, waltz, polonaise, etc.) . ) ndi kuguba (maulendo ankhondo, maliro, etc.).

6) Mwa mtundu wa zolemba ndi nyimbo. chilankhulo (pamodzi ndi njira zochitira): gawo limodzi kapena cyclic. mitundu mkati mwa mitundu (magulu amtundu) yodziwika motengera momwe amamvekera. Mwachitsanzo, pakati zochititsa chidwi M. - opera, ballet, operetta, etc., pakati konsati - oratorio, cantata, chikondi, symphony, suite, overture, ndakatulo, instr. concerto, solo sonata, trio, quartet, etc., pakati pa mwambo - nyimbo, chorale, misa, requiem, ndi zina zotero. Komanso, mkati mwa mitundu iyi, magulu amtundu wamtundu amatha kusiyanitsa malinga ndi mfundo zomwezo, koma mosiyana. mlingo: mwachitsanzo, aria, ensemble, chorus mu opera, operetta, oratorio ndi cantata, adagio ndi solo kusiyana kwa ballet, andante ndi scherzo mu symphony, sonata, chamber-instr. kuphatikiza, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwawo ndi zinthu zokhazikika zomwe sizili nyimbo ndi nyimbo zamkati monga ntchito yofunikira, zochitika za machitidwe ndi mtundu wa mapangidwe, mitundu (ndi magulu amtundu) amakhalanso ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu, kukhazikika, nthawi zina kumapitirira kwa zaka zingapo. nthawi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, gawo lina lazinthu ndi zina za muses zimaperekedwa kwa aliyense wa iwo. mawonekedwe. Komabe, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha mbiri yakale ndi mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito ya M. pagulu, mitundu imasinthanso. Ena a iwo amasandulika, ena amasowa, kupereka njira kwa atsopano. (makamaka, m’zaka za m’ma 20, kupangidwa kwa wailesi, mafilimu, wailesi yakanema, ndi njira zina zaumisiri zofalitsira zoulutsira nkhani kunathandizira kupangidwa kwa mitundu yatsopano.) Chotsatira chake chinali chakuti nyengo iliyonse ndi nat. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chimadziwika ndi "thumba lamtundu".

7) Ndi masitayelo (mbiri, dziko, gulu, munthu). Monga mtundu, kalembedwe ndi lingaliro wamba lomwe limakhudza kuchuluka kwa ma muses. zochitika zomwe zimafanana m'mbali zina (ch. arr. molingana ndi mtundu wa kuganiza kwa nyimbo komwe kumakhala mwa iwo). Nthawi yomweyo, masitayilo, monga lamulo, amakhala othamanga kwambiri, osinthika kuposa mitundu. Ngati gulu lanyimbo likuwonetsa kufanana kwa muses. ntchito zamtundu womwewo wa masitayelo ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana, ndiye m'gulu la kalembedwe - gulu la ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zanthawi imodzi. M'mawu ena, mtundu amapereka generalization wa nyimbo-mbiri. ndondomeko motsatizana, diachrony, ndi kalembedwe - mu nthawi imodzi, synchrony.

Kuchita, monga kulenga, kumagawidwa m'mawu ndi zida, ndipo, molingana ndi zida komanso molingana ndi mapangidwe a ensembles kapena orchestra; ndi magulu amitundu (nyimbo-zisudzo, konsati, ndi zina zotero), nthawi zinanso ndi magulu (symphonic, chamber, pop) ndi otd. mitundu (nyimbo, opera, ballet, etc.); mwa masitayilo.

Lingaliro limagawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chidwi ("kudziwonera" -kuphatikizidwa ndi zomwe munthu akuchita; lingaliro "lokhazikika" - lokhazikika pamalingaliro omwe amaganiziridwa osatsatizana ndi zochitika zina; "kutsagana" ndi zochitika za CL. ); molingana ndi kayendetsedwe ka omvera ku mtundu umodzi kapena wina wa zinthu za M. (zoopsa M. kapena kuwala), ku gulu linalake lanyimbo, kapena ngakhale ku gulu linalake. mtundu (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo), ya kalembedwe kake; mwa kutha kumvetsetsa ndi kuyesa mokwanira M. ya mtundu wopatsidwa ndi kalembedwe (waluso, amateur, osadziŵa). Mogwirizana ndi izi, pali kugawanika kwa omvera m'magulu ndi magulu, potsirizira pake amatsimikiziridwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu: nyimbo. kulera m’dera linalake. chilengedwe, kutengeka kwa zopempha zake ndi zokonda zake, momwe amaonera M., etc. (onani Maphunziro a Nyimbo, Maphunziro a Nyimbo). Udindo wina umaseweredwanso ndi kusiyanitsa kwa malingaliro malinga ndi malingaliro. zizindikiro (kusanthula kapena kupanga, kutsogola kwa chiyambi chanzeru kapena chamalingaliro, malingaliro amodzi kapena ena, dongosolo la ziyembekezo mogwirizana ndi M. ndi luso lonse).

M. amachita ntchito zofunika za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Poyankha zosoŵa zosiyanasiyana za Sosaite, imakumana ndi dec. mitundu ya anthu. zochitika - zakuthupi (kutenga nawo gawo pazantchito ndi miyambo yofananira), chidziwitso ndi kuwunika (chiwonetsero cha psychology ya anthu ndi magulu a anthu, kufotokozera malingaliro awo), zauzimu ndi zosintha (zamalingaliro, zamakhalidwe ndi zokongoletsa), kulumikizana (kulumikizana pakati pa anthu). Makamaka magulu akuluakulu. Udindo wa M. monga njira ya maphunziro auzimu a munthu, mapangidwe a zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe. makhalidwe, zokometsera zokometsera ndi malingaliro, chitukuko cha maganizo. kuyankha, chidwi, kukoma mtima, kukongola, kukondoweza kwa kulenga. luso m'mbali zonse za moyo. Ntchito zonsezi za chikhalidwe cha M. zimapanga dongosolo, lomwe limasintha malinga ndi chikhalidwe-mbiri. mikhalidwe.

Mbiri ya nyimbo. Ponena za chiyambi cha M. m'zaka za zana la 19. ndi zongopeka za kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 zinaperekedwa patsogolo, malinga ndi zimene magwero a M. anali mawu osonkhezera maganizo (G. Spencer), kuyimba kwa mbalame ndi kulira kwachikondi kwa nyama (C. Darwin), kayimbidwe kake ntchito ya anthu akale (K. Bucher), zizindikiro zawo zomveka (K. Stumpf), matsenga. zolodza (J. Combarier). Malinga ndi sayansi yamakono yokonda chuma yozikidwa pa zofukulidwa pansi. ndi Ethnographic deta, mu anthu akale panali ndondomeko yaitali pang'onopang'ono "kukhwima" M. mkati mwa zothandiza. zochita za anthu ndi ma syncretic akale omwe sanatulukepo. zovuta - pre-art, yomwe inali ndi miluza ya M., kuvina, ndakatulo, ndi mitundu ina ya zaluso ndipo idatumikira zolinga zoyankhulirana, bungwe la ntchito limodzi ndi miyambo komanso kukhudzidwa kwamalingaliro kwa omwe akutenga nawo gawo kuti aphunzitse makhalidwe auzimu. zofunika kwa timu. Poyambirira chipwirikiti, chosalongosoka, chophimba kutsatizana kotsatizana kwa kuchuluka kwa maphokoso a utali wosadziwika (kutsanzira kwa mbalame zomwe zimayimba, kulira kwa nyama, ndi zina zotero) zinasinthidwa ndi nyimbo ndi nyimbo, zomwe zimakhala zochepa chabe. malankhulidwe osiyanitsidwa ndi zomveka. mtengo wokhazikika (wokhazikika) ndi mbali (wosakhazikika). Kubwereza kangapo kwa melodic ndi rhythmic. formulas zozikika m'magulu. kuchita, kudapangitsa kuzindikira pang'onopang'ono ndikutengera kuthekera kwamalingaliro. kulinganiza kwa mawu. Makina osavuta oimba nyimbo adapangidwa (zida zoimbira zidatenga gawo lofunikira pakuphatikiza kwawo), mitundu yoyambira ya mita ndi mawonekedwe. Izi zinathandizira kuzindikira koyambirira kwa mawu omwe angakhalepo. kuthekera kwa ma toni ndi kuphatikiza kwawo.

Pa nthawi ya kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo lachikale la anthu (mitundu), pamene Art. ntchito imasiyanitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi yothandiza, ndi syncretic. Zomwe zisanachitike zojambulajambula zikutha pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zojambulajambula zimabadwanso ngati chinthu chodziimira. mtundu wa kudzinenera. Mu nthano za anthu osiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi nthawi ino, lingaliro la M. monga mphamvu yamphamvu yokhoza kukopa chilengedwe, kuweta nyama zakuthengo, kuchiritsa munthu ku matenda, ndi zina zotero. Ndi kukula kwa magawano ntchito ndi zikamera makalasi, poyamba limodzi ndi homogeneous nyimbo. chikhalidwe cha anthu onse amagawidwa mu chikhalidwe cha magulu olamulira ndi chikhalidwe cha oponderezedwa (anthu), komanso akatswiri ndi osakhala akatswiri (amateur). Kuyambira nthawi ino, imayamba kudziyimira pawokha. kukhalapo kwa nyimbo. folklore monga folk unprofessional milandu. Muse. zilandiridwenso za anthu unyinji amakhala m'tsogolo maziko a muses. chikhalidwe cha anthu onse, gwero lolemera la zithunzi ndi kufotokoza. ndalama za Prof. olemba.

Muse. chikhalidwe cha ukapolo ndi mikangano oyambirira. Mayiko a Dziko Lakale (Igupto, Sumer, Asuri, Babulo, Suriya, Palestine, India, China, Greece, Roma, mayiko a Transcaucasia ndi Central Asia) amadziwika kale ndi ntchito yaikulu ya Prof. oimba (kawirikawiri kuphatikiza wopeka ndi woimba), amene ankatumikira mu akachisi, pa mabwalo a olamulira ndi olemekezeka, nawo miyambo misa, magulu. zikondwerero, etc. M. amasunga Ch. ayi. ntchito zothandiza zakuthupi ndi zauzimu zomwe tinatengera kuchokera kugulu lachitukuko ndikugwirizana nazo mwachindunji. kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito, moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, moyo wa usilikali, miyambo yapachiweniweni ndi yachipembedzo, mu maphunziro a achinyamata, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kulekana kwa aesthetics kumatchulidwa. ntchito, zitsanzo zoyamba za nyimbo zimawonekera, zomwe zimangofuna kumvetsera (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ndi instr. masewero omwe amachitidwa ku Greece pamipikisano ya oimba). Zosiyanasiyana zikukula. nyimbo (epic ndi lyric) ndi kuvina. mitundu, yomwe ambiri mwa ndakatulo, kuyimba ndi kuvina zimasunga mgwirizano wawo wakale. M. amatenga gawo lalikulu mu zisudzo. zoyimira, makamaka mu Greek. tsoka (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides sanali olemba masewero okha, komanso oimba). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ikupita patsogolo, ikupeza mawonekedwe okhazikika komanso zomangamanga. zoimbira (kuphatikizapo zeze, zeze, mphepo yakale ndi kumenya). Machitidwe oyambirira a kulemba M. amawonekera (cuneiform, hieroglyphic, kapena alfabeti), ngakhale kuti amalamulira. mawonekedwe a kusungidwa kwake ndi kufalitsa kumakhalabe pakamwa. Ma aesthetics oyambirira a nyimbo amawonekera. ndi ziphunzitso zongopeka ndi machitidwe. Afilosofi ambiri akale amalemba za M. (ku China - Confucius, ku Greece - Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Aristoxenus, ku Rome - Lucretius Carus). M. imatengedwa muzochita ndi m'malingaliro ngati ntchito yoyandikana ndi sayansi, zaluso ndi chipembedzo. chipembedzo, monga "chitsanzo" cha dziko lapansi, chothandizira ku chidziwitso cha malamulo ake, ndi njira yamphamvu kwambiri yokhudzira chilengedwe (matsenga) ndi munthu (mapangidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, maphunziro a makhalidwe abwino, machiritso, ndi zina zotero). Pachifukwa ichi, anthu okhwima (m'mayiko ena - ngakhale boma) malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito M. a mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mpaka mitundu ya munthu) amakhazikitsidwa.

M'nthawi ya Middle Ages ku Europe, pali nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. chikhalidwe cha mtundu watsopano - feudal, kugwirizanitsa Prof. zaluso, nyimbo zosasangalatsa komanso nthano. Popeza kuti mpingo umalamulira mbali zonse za moyo wauzimu, maziko a Prof. luso la nyimbo ndi ntchito ya oimba mu akachisi ndi nyumba za amonke. Prof. zojambulajambula zimayimiridwa poyamba ndi oimba omwe amapanga ndi kuchita epic. nthano pabwalo, m'nyumba za olemekezeka, mwa ankhondo, ndi zina zotero (bards, skalds, etc.). M'kupita kwa nthawi, mitundu ya anthu achidwi komanso akatswiri odziwika bwino opanga nyimbo zachivalry inayamba: ku France - luso la troubadours ndi trouveurs (Adam de la Halle, zaka za zana la 13), ku Germany - minnesiers (Wolfram von Eschenbach, Walter von der Vogelweide, 12 -13th century) , komanso mapiri. amisiri. Mu mkangano. nyumba zachifumu ndi mizinda inalima mitundu yonse ya mitundu, mitundu ndi mitundu ya nyimbo (epic, "dawn", rondo, le, virelet, ballads, canzones, laudas, etc.). Zosangalatsa zatsopano zimabwera m'moyo. zida, inc. amene anachokera Kum'mawa (viola, lute, etc.), ensembles (osakhazikika nyimbo) amawuka. Nthano zikuyenda bwino pakati pa anthu wamba. Palinso "akatswiri a anthu": okamba nkhani, oyendayenda opangira. ojambula (jugglers, mimes, minstrels, shpilmans, buffoons). M. amachitanso Ch. ayi. zogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zauzimu. ntchito. Zopanga zimagwira ntchito mogwirizana (monga lamulo - mwa munthu m'modzi) komanso kuzindikira. Kusonkhanitsa kumalamulira zonse mu unyinji ndi mawonekedwe ake; munthu woyamba amagonjera wamkulu, popanda kuyimirira (woimba-mbuye ndiye woyimira bwino kwambiri anthu onse). Chikhalidwe chokhwima ndi kuvomerezeka kwalamulo kumalamulira ponseponse. Kuphatikiza, kusunga ndi kufalitsa miyambo ndi miyezo (komanso kukonzanso kwawo pang'onopang'ono) kunathandizidwa ndi kusintha kuchokera ku neumes, zomwe zimangosonyeza mtundu wa nyimbo. kusuntha, kupita ku liniya notation (Guido d'Arezzo, zaka za zana la 10), zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kukonza bwino mamvekedwe a malankhulidwe, ndiyeno nthawi yawo.

Pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zili mu nyimbo, mitundu yake, mawonekedwe, ndi njira zofotokozera zimalemeretsedwa. Mu Zap. Europe kuyambira zaka 6-7. dongosolo mosamalitsa malamulo a monophonic (monodic, onani Monophonic, Monody) mpingo akuyamba mawonekedwe. M. pamaziko a diatonic. frets (nyimbo ya Gregorian), kuphatikiza kubwereza (masalmo) ndi kuyimba (nyimbo). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka chikwi cha 1 ndi 2, polyphony imabadwa. Mawotchi atsopano akupangidwa. (kwaya) ndi wok.-instr. (kwaya ndi organ) mitundu: organum, motet, conduct, ndiye misa. ku France m'zaka za zana la 12. woyamba kupeka (zolenga) sukulu inakhazikitsidwa pa Cathedral of Notre Dame (Leonin, Perotin). Kumayambiriro kwa Renaissance (kalembedwe ka ars nova ku France ndi Italy, zaka za zana la 14) mu prof. M. monophony imalowetsedwa ndi polyphony, M. akuyamba kudzimasula pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kuzinthu zenizeni. ntchito (kutumikira miyambo ya tchalitchi), kumawonjezera kufunikira kwa mitundu yadziko, kuphatikiza. nyimbo (Guillaume de Machaux).

Mu Vost. Europe ndi Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia) amapanga nyumba zawo zakale. zikhalidwe ndi machitidwe odziyimira pawokha amitundu, mitundu ndi mawonekedwe. Ku Byzantium, Bulgaria, Kievan Rus, kenako Novgorod, nyimbo zachipembedzo za znamenny zikukula (onani nyimbo ya Znamenny), osn. pa diatonic system. mawu, ochepera ku wok wokha. mitundu (troparia, stichera, nyimbo, ndi zina zotero) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lapadera la zolemba (mbeza).

Pa nthawi yomweyi, kum'mawa (Caliphate ya Arabu, mayiko a Central Asia, Iran, India, China, Japan) inali kukhazikitsidwa muses. chikhalidwe chapadera. Zizindikiro zake ndikufalikira kwa ukatswiri wakudziko (pabwalo lamilandu ndi anthu), kukhala ndi umunthu wabwino, kuletsa miyambo yapakamwa ndi monodich. mawonekedwe, kufikira, komabe, kutsogola kwambiri pokhudzana ndi nyimbo ndi nyimbo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe okhazikika amitundu yonse komanso apadziko lonse lapansi. kuganiza, kaphatikizidwe ofotokozedwa mosamalitsa. mitundu yamitundu, mitundu, kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kapangidwe kake (mugams, makams, ragi, etc.).

Panthawi ya Renaissance (zaka 14-16) kumadzulo. ndi Center, Europe feudal music. chikhalidwe chimayamba kusandulika kukhala bourgeois. Zojambula zakudziko zikuyenda bwino pamaziko a malingaliro aumunthu. M. mu njira. digiriyi imachotsedwa pakuchita kovomerezeka. kopita. Zowonjezereka zimabwera patsogolo kukongola kwake. ndi kudziwa. ntchito, kuthekera kwake kugwira ntchito ngati njira yoyendetsera machitidwe a anthu, komanso kuwonetsa zamkati. dziko laumunthu ndi zenizeni zozungulira. Mu M. chiyambi payekha chaperekedwa. Amapeza ufulu wokulirapo kuchokera ku mphamvu zamalamulo achikhalidwe. mabungwe. Kuzindikira kumasiyanitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi kulenga ndi ntchito, omvera amapangidwa ngati odziimira okha. gawo la nyimbo. chikhalidwe. Blooming instr. amateurishness (lute). Nyumba yapakhomo imalandira chitukuko chachikulu kwambiri. kusewera nyimbo (m'nyumba za nzika, magulu a okonda nyimbo). Ma polygoals osavuta amamupangira iye. nyimbo - villanella ndi frottola (Italy), nyimbo zoimbira (France), komanso zovuta kwambiri kuchita komanso zokonzedwanso nthawi zambiri (zokhala ndi mawonekedwe achromatic) 4- kapena 5-goli. madrigals (Luca Marenzio, Carlo Gesualdo di Venosa), incl. mpaka mavesi a Petrarch, Ariosto, Tasso. Oyimba a semi-professional akugwira ntchito ku Germany. mayanjano a anthu amtawuni-amisiri - zokambirana za akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito, pomwe ambiri. nyimbo (Hans Sachs). Nyimbo za anthu ambiri, nat. ndi magulu achipembedzo: nyimbo ya Hussite (Czech Republic), nyimbo ya Lutheran (Reformation ndi Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe ya m’zaka za zana la 16 ku Germany), salmo la Huguenot (France).

Mu prof. M. amafika pachimake choyimba. polyphony cappella (polyphony of "strict style") ndi diatonic chabe. nyumba yosungiramo katundu mumitundu ya misa, motet kapena polygon yadziko. nyimbo zokhala ndi virtuoso zogwiritsa ntchito zovuta. mafomu (canon). Sukulu zazikulu zopeka: sukulu ya Franco-Flemish kapena Dutch (Guillaume Dufay, Johayanes Okeghem, Jacob Obrecht, Josquin Despres, Orlando di Lasso), sukulu yachiroma (Palestrina), sukulu ya Venetian (Andrea ndi Giovanni Gabrieli). Ma masters a kwaya akupita patsogolo. zaluso ku Poland (Vaclav waku Shamotul, Mikolaj Gomulka), Czech Republic. Nthawi yomweyo kwa nthawi yoyamba kupeza ufulu wodzilamulira instr. M., m'gulu la anthu amakhalanso otsanzira. polyphony (organ preludes, ricercars, canzones ndi Venetians A. ndi G. Gabrieli, zosiyana ndi Spanish wopeka Antonio Cabezon). Sayansi idatsitsimutsidwa. ndikuganiza za M., njira zatsopano zimapangidwira. nyimbo-zambiri. zolemba (Glarean ku Switzerland, G. Tsarlino ndi V. Galilei ku Italy, etc.).

Ku Russia, atamasulidwa ku Mong.-Tat. goli likuphuka M., mu prof. M. afika pachitukuko chachikulu cha kuimba kwa Znamenny, kumakulitsa luso. ntchito za oimba odziwika bwino - "oimba" (Fyodor Krestyanin), polyphony yoyambirira ("mizere itatu") imabadwa, ma muses akuluakulu akugwira ntchito. magulu (kwaya ya "oimba oimba nyimbo", 16th century).

Njira yosinthira ku Europe kuchokera ku muses. chikhalidwe cha mtundu wa feudal kwa bourgeois chikupitirirabe m'zaka za zana la 17. ndi 1st floor. Zaka za zana la 18 Ulamuliro wamba wa M. wakudziko watsimikiziridwa pomaliza pake (ngakhale ku Germany ndi mayiko ena, tchalitchi cha M. chimakhalabe chofunikira kwambiri). Zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhala ndi mitu yambiri komanso zithunzi, kuphatikiza. filosofi, mbiri, zamakono, zachikhalidwe. Pamodzi ndi kuimba nyimbo mu aristocratic. salons ndi malo olemekezeka, m'nyumba za oimira "gawo lachitatu", komanso mu akaunti. mayunivesite (mayunivesite) amafalitsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu. moyo wanyimbo. Miyendo yake ndi zakale zokhazikika. mabungwe otseguka: nyumba za opera, philharmonic. (konsati) za-va. Violas akusinthidwa ndi zamakono. zida zoweramira (violin, cello, ndi zina zotero; akatswiri odziwika bwino a kupanga kwawo - A. ndi N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari ochokera ku Cremona, Italy), pianoforte yoyamba inalengedwa (1709, B. Cristofori, Italy) ). Nyimbo zosindikizira (zomwe zinayambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15) zikukula. Nyimbo zikukula. maphunziro (ma Conservatory ku Italy). Kuchokera ku muses. sayansi imaonekera potsutsa (I. Mattheson, Germany, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18).

Pakukulitsa luso laopanga, nthawiyi idadziwika ndi zokoka zamaluso oterowo. masitayelo, monga baroque (Chitaliyana ndi Chijeremani instr. and chorus M.), classicism (Chitaliyana ndi French opera), rococo (French instr. M.) ndi kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku mitundu yokhazikitsidwa kale, masitayelo ndi mawonekedwe kupita ku ulamuliro watsopano, wosungabe . udindo ku Ulaya M. mpaka lero. Pakati pa mitundu yochititsa chidwi, pafupi ndi kupitirizabe kukhalapo kwa "zilakolako" (zilakolako) pachipembedzo. mitu ndi misa, opera ndi oratorio mwamsanga zimabwera patsogolo. Cantata (solo ndi kwaya), instr. konsati (solo ndi orchestral), chamber-instr. pamodzi (atatu, ndi zina zotero), nyimbo yokhayokha ndi instr. kuperekeza; suite imatenga mawonekedwe atsopano (zosiyanasiyana zake ndi partita), zomwe zimaphatikiza kuvina kwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumapeto kwa nthawi, mapangidwe amakono. ma symphonies ndi sonatas, komanso ma ballet ngati odziyimira pawokha. mtundu. Mofanana ndi kutsanzira polyphony ya "free style", yomwe imafika pachimake, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chromatism, pamaziko amitundu imodzimodzi (yaikulu ndi yaying'ono), yomwe idakula ngakhale kale, mkati mwa polyphony ndi mkati. kuvina kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, kumatsimikiziridwa. M., homophonic-harmonic. nyumba yosungiramo katundu (mawu apamwamba ndiye wamkulu, ena onse amatsagana ndi chord, onani Homophony), haronic crystallize. ntchito ndi mtundu watsopano wa nyimbo zozikidwa pa iwo, machitidwe a digito bass, kapena mabass ambiri, amafalikira kwambiri (kusinthika kwa woyimba pa limba, harpsichord kapena lute ya kutsagana ndi nyimbo kapena kubwereza kutengera mawu apansi olembedwa. yolembedwa ndi wolembayo - bass yokhala ndi mgwirizano wokhazikika, wa digito) . Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi mitundu ya polyphonic (passacaglia, chaconne, fugue) onjezerani ena amtundu wina: rondo, sonata yakale.

M'mayiko omwe panthawiyi ndondomeko ya mapangidwe a mayiko ogwirizana (Italy, France, England, mbali Germany) ikuchitika (kapena kutha), dziko lotukuka kwambiri. nyimbo chikhalidwe. Zina mwa izo ndi ulamuliro. ntchitoyo imasungidwa ndi Italiya. Munali ku Italy komwe opera inabadwa (Florence, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17), ndipo masewera oyambirira oyambirira analengedwa. zitsanzo za mtundu watsopanowu (theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 1, sukulu ya Venetian, C. Monteverdi), mitundu yake yokhazikika imapangidwa, yomwe imafalikira ku Ulaya konse: opera yaikulu, kapena opera seria, heroic. ndi zomvetsa chisoni. khalidwe, pa nthano. ndi ziwembu zakale (theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 17, Neapolitan school, A. Scarlatti), ndi nthabwala, kapena opera buffa, pa nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku (theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 2, Neapolitan school, G. Pergolesi). M'dziko lomwelo, oratorio (17) ndi cantata adawonekera (zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zamitundu yonseyi ndi za G. Carissimi ndi A. Stradella). Pomaliza, m'munsi mwa heyday amakonda. ndi conc. magwiridwe antchito (akuluakulu a violin virtuosos - J. Vitali, A. Corelli, J. Tartini) akupanga mozama ndikusintha instr. M .: chiwalo (1 theka la zaka za zana la 18, G. Frescobaldi), orchestral, ensemble, solo kwa zingwe. zida. M'zaka za m'ma 1600. 1 - pempha. Zaka za m'ma 17 mitundu ya concerto grosso (Corelli, Vivaldi) ndi solo instr. concerto (Vivaldi, Tartini), mitundu ("tchalitchi" ndi "chamber") trio sonata (za zingwe 2 kapena zida zamphepo ndi clavier kapena organ - ndi Vitali) ndi solo sonata (kwa violin kapena solo violin ndi clavier - wolemba Corelli, Tartini, chifukwa cha clavier ndi D. Scarlatti).

Ku France, pali mayiko apadera. mitundu op. kwa nyimbo t-ra: "lyric. tsoka ”(mtundu waukulu wa zisudzo) ndi opera-ballet (J. B. Luli, J. F. Rameau), comedy-ballet (Lully mogwirizana ndi Moliere). Mlalang’amba wa akatswiri odziwika bwino a azeze—opeka ndi oimba (kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 17—kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 18, F. Couperin, Rameau)—omwe anapanga mitundu ya rondo (kaŵirikaŵiri m’masewero a mpangidwe wadongosolo) ndi zosiyana, zinadzawonekera. Ku England, chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17, m’nyengo ya Shakespeare, kunabuka sukulu yoyamba ya ku Ulaya ya oimba nyimbo za piyano—okanamwali (W. Bird ndi J. Ng'ombe). M. ali ndi malo akulu mu zisudzo za Shakespearean. Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 17 zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za nat. opera, kwaya, limba, chamber-instr. ndi clavier M. (G. Purcell). Mu 1st floor. Kupanga kwazaka za zana la 18 kukuchitika ku UK. ntchito za G. F. Handel (oratorios, opera seria), nthawi yomweyo. kubadwa kwa mtundu wanyimbo wamitundu yonse. opera - masewera a ballad. Ku Germany m'zaka za zana la 17 oratorio yoyambirira imagwira ntchito ("zilakolako", ndi zina zotero) ndipo zitsanzo zoyamba za maiko a abambo zimawonekera. opera ndi ballet (G. Schutz), amakula bwino. luso (D. Buxtehude, I. Froberger, I. Pachelbel). Mu 1st floor. Zaka za zana la 18 zikutanthauza. prod. m'mitundu yambiri ("zokonda", mitundu ina ya oratorio; cantatas; zongopeka, zoyambilira, fugues, sonatas za organ ndi clavier, suites for clavier; concertos for orchestra and for different instruments, etc.) amapanga J. S. Bach, yemwe ntchito yake inali zotsatira zake komanso pachimake cha chitukuko chonse cha ku Europe. polyphony ndi onse M. baroque. Ku Spain, malo owonetsera nyimbo oyambirira amabadwa. Mitundu ya opera yokhala ndi zokambirana zodziwika bwino: zarzuela (zochititsa chidwi), tonadilla (zoseketsa). Mu Russia, polyphony mu nyimbo zachipembedzo zikuchulukirachulukira (kuimba kwa mbali zakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18-kwaya ya V. Titov ndi N. Kalachnikov). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mu nthawi ya kusintha kwa Peter I, nyimbo zapadziko lapansi zinabadwa (ma cantes a panegyric), ndipo chitukuko cha nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku za m'tawuni chinayambika (lyric cantes, masalimo). Kukula kwa European M. 2 pansi. Zaka za m'ma 18 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 zimapitilira motengera malingaliro a Chidziwitso, kenako Great French. chisinthiko, chomwe sichinangoyambitsa nyimbo zatsopano zatsiku ndi tsiku (maguba, nyimbo zamatsenga, kuphatikizapo Marseillaise, zikondwerero zazikulu ndi miyambo yosinthira), komanso anapeza kuyankha kwachindunji kapena kosalunjika mu nyimbo zina. mitundu. Baroque, "mawonekedwe amphamvu" (rococo) ndi classicism yolemekezeka ikupereka malo opambana a bourgeois. (kuwunikira) classicism, yomwe imatsimikizira malingaliro a kulingalira, kufanana kwa anthu, utumiki kwa anthu, malingaliro apamwamba. M'Chifalansa Chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri cha zokhumbazi chinali ntchito ya K. Gluck, mu Austro-German - symphonic, operatic ndi chipinda ntchito za oimira Viennese classical school J. Haydn, W. A. Mozart ndi L.

Kuchitika kumatanthauza. kupititsa patsogolo m'madera onse Prof. M. Gluck ndi Mozart, aliyense mwa njira yakeyake, akusintha mtundu wa opera, kuyesera kuthana ndi chikhalidwe chonyansa cha olemekezeka. "serious" opera. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, maulamuliro a demokalase akukula mofulumira. Mitundu: opera buffa (Italy - D. Cimarosa), nthabwala. opera (France - JJ Rousseau, P. Monsigny, A. Gretry; Russia - VA Pashkevich, EI Fomin), Singspiel (Austria - Haydn, Mozart, K. Dittersdorf). Panthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu ku France kumawoneka "opera ya chipulumutso" pa heroic. ndi melodrama. ziwembu (France – L. Cherubini, JF Lesueur; Austria – Beethoven a Fidelio). Olekanitsidwa ngati odziyimira pawokha. mtundu wa ballet (Gluck, Beethoven). Mu ntchito ya Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, izo anakonza ndi kulandira tingachipeze powerenga. mawonekedwe amtundu wa symphony mumakono ake. kumvetsetsa (magawo anayi). Izi zisanachitike, pakulengedwa kwa symphony (komanso pomaliza mapangidwe a symphony orchestra yamtundu wamakono), Czech (J. Stamitz) ndi German adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. oimba omwe amagwira ntchito ku Mannheim (Germany). Mofananamo, mtundu waukulu wa sonata ndi chipinda-instr. kuphatikiza (atatu, quartet, quintet). Mawonekedwe a sonata allegro akupangidwa ndipo yatsopano, ya dialectical ikupangidwa. njira ya kulingalira nyimbo ndi symphonism, amene anafika pachimake mu ntchito ya Beethoven.

Mu anthu a M. Slavic (Russia, Poland, Czech Republic), chitukuko cha wok chikupitirirabe. mitundu (kwaya. konsati ku Russia - MS Berezovsky, DS Bortnyansky, chikondi cha tsiku ndi tsiku), maiko oyambirira amawonekera. opera, nthaka ikukonzedwa kuti pakhale chilengedwe cha nat. nyimbo zapamwamba. Ku Ulaya konse. Prof. M. polyphonic. masitayelo nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa ndi ma homophonic-harmonic; machitidwe ogwirira ntchito ogwirizana pamapeto pake amapangidwa ndikuphatikizidwa.

M'zaka za zana la 19 m'maiko ambiri aku Europe komanso kumpoto. America imamaliza maphunziro a muses. Culture "Classic". mtundu wa bourgeois. Izi zimachitika motsatizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika komanso motsogozedwa ndi demokalase yokhazikika yamagulu onse. ndi nyimbo. moyo ndi kugonjetsa zopinga kalasi zotengera feudalism. Kuchokera ku salons olemekezeka, mabwalo amilandu ndi ma chapel, ma conc ang'onoang'ono. Maholo omwe adapangidwa kuti azikhala otsekedwa ndi anthu olemekezeka, M. amapita kumalo akuluakulu (komanso pabwalo), otsegulidwa kuti apeze demokalase. omvera. Pali zambiri zatsopano zakale. zisudzo, conc. mabungwe, kuwunikira. mabungwe, osindikiza nyimbo, nyimbo. uwu. mabungwe (kuphatikiza ma conservatories ku Prague, Warsaw, Vienna, London, Madrid, Budapest, Leipzig, St. Petersburg, Moscow, ndi ena; pang'onopang'ono, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale adakhazikitsidwa ku Paris). Muse amawonekera. magazini ndi nyuzipepala. Njira yogwirira ntchito pamapeto pake imasiyanitsidwa ndi zopanga ngati zodziyimira pawokha. mtundu wa zochitika zanyimbo, zoimiridwa ndi oimba ambiri ndi oimba nyimbo (ochita bwino kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20: oimba piyano - F. Liszt, X. Bulow, AG ndi NG Rubinstein, SV Rachmaninov; oimba nyimbo zoyimba - N. Paganini, A. Vieton, J. Joachim, F. Kreisler; oimba - G. Rubini, E. Caruso, FI Chaliapin; cellist P. Casals, conductors - A. Nikish, A. Toscanini). Kuyika malire Prof. luso lokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso kukopa anthu ambiri kumathandizira kukulitsa kwawo mwachangu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, stratification aliyense wa nat. zikhalidwe kukhala ma bourgeois abwino ndi demokalase. Malonda a nyimbo akukula. moyo umene oyimba opita patsogolo akulimbana nawo. M. ali ndi malo ofunika kwambiri pazachikhalidwe ndi ndale. moyo. Mchitidwe wa demokalase wamba ndiyeno kusintha kwa ogwira ntchito kumayamba. nyimbo. Zitsanzo zake zabwino kwambiri ("International", "Red Banner", "Varshavyanka") zimapezedwa ndi mayiko ena. tanthauzo. Pafupi ndi zomwe zidapangidwa kale nat. Masukulu oimba achichepere amtundu watsopano akukula: Chirasha (chokhazikitsidwa ndi MI Glinka), Chipolishi (F. Chopin, S. Moniuszko), Czech (B. Smetana, A. Dvorak), Chihangare (F. Erkel, F. Liszt) , Chinorwe (E. Grieg), Chisipanishi (I. Albeniz, E. Granados).

Mu ntchito ya woipeka angapo European. mayiko mu theka loyamba. Kukondana kwazaka za zana la 1 kumatsimikiziridwa (German ndi Austrian M. - ETA Hoffmann, KM Weber, F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann; French - G. Berlioz; Hungarian - Liszt; Polish - Chopin , Russian - AA Alyabiev, AN Verstovsky). Mawonekedwe ake mu M. (poyerekeza ndi classicism): kukulitsa chidwi kudziko lamalingaliro lamunthu, kudzipanga payekhapayekha ndi sewero la mawu, kulimbikitsa mutu wa kusagwirizana pakati pa munthu ndi anthu, pakati pa zabwino ndi zenizeni, ndi kukopa. ku mbiri yakale. (pakati pazaka zazaka zapakati), zochitika zamasiku onse ndi zithunzi zachirengedwe za anthu, chidwi ndi dziko, mbiri yakale. ndi gwero la chiyambi cha chowonadi chowonekera, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a dziko lapansi pamaziko a nyimbo za anthu osiyanasiyana, kulimbikitsa udindo wa mawu, chiyambi cha nyimbo, komanso kukongola (mogwirizana ndi kuyimba), kutanthauzira momasuka. za miyambo. mitundu ndi mawonekedwe ndi kupanga zatsopano (ndakatulo ya symphonic), chikhumbo cha kuphatikizika kosiyanasiyana kwa M. ndi zaluso zina. Nyimbo zokonzedwa zikupangidwa (zotengera ziwembu ndi mitu yochokera ku epos, zolemba, zojambula, ndi zina zotero), instr. kakang'ono (mayimbidwe oyamba, mphindi yanyimbo, impromptu, etc.) ndi kuzungulira kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zachikondi ndi chamber wok. cycle, "Grand opera" ya mtundu wokongoletsera panthano ndi mbiri yakale. mitu (France - J. Meyerbeer). Ku Italy, opera buffa (G. Rossini) amafika pamwamba, nat. mitundu yamasewera achikondi (nyimbo - V. Bellini, G. Donizetti; ngwazi - oyambirira G. Verdi). Russia ikupanga nyimbo zake zapamwamba zamtundu, zomwe zimapeza kufunikira kwa dziko lapansi, mitundu yoyambirira ya mbiri yakale imapangidwa. ndi epic. operas, komanso ma symphonies. M. pa ntchafu. themes (Glinka), mtundu wachikondi umafika pachitukuko chachikulu, momwe malingaliro amakula pang'onopang'ono. ndi zenizeni za tsiku ndi tsiku (AS Dargomyzhsky).

Zonse za R. ndi 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 19 olemba ena a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya akupitirizabe kukondana. malangizo mu opera (R. Wagner), symphony (A. Bruckner, Dvorak), mapulogalamu instr. M. (Liszt, Grieg), nyimbo (X. Wolf) kapena fufuzani kuphatikiza mfundo za stylistic za chikondi ndi classicism (I. Brahms). Kulumikizana ndi miyambo yachikondi, njira zoyambirira ndi zachi Italiya. opera (chimake chake ndi ntchito ya Verdi), French. opera (Ch. Gounod, J. Wiese, J. Massenet) ndi ballet (L. Delibes), opera ya Polish ndi Czech (Moniuszko, Smetana). Mu ntchito ya angapo Western Europe. olemba (Verdi, Bizet, Wolf, etc.), zizolowezi za zenizeni zikukulirakulira. Amadziwonetsera okha momveka bwino komanso mochuluka mu Russian M. ya nthawi ino, yomwe imagwirizana kwambiri ndi demokalase. magulu. kuyenda ndi mabuku apamwamba (malemu Dargomyzhsky; olemba The Mighty Handful ndi MA Balakirev, AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov ndi Ts. A. Cui; PI Tchaikovsky). Kutengera Russian nar. nyimbo, komanso M. East rus. olemba (Mussorgsky, Borodin ndi Rimsky-Korsakov) akupanga nyimbo zatsopano, zomveka. ndi harmonic. ndalama zolemeretsa kwambiri ku Europe. ndondomeko.

Kuchokera ku Ser. Zaka za zana la 19 ku Zap. Europe, malo atsopano oimba nyimbo akupangidwa. mtundu - operetta (France - F. Herve, J. Offenbach, Ch. Lecoq, R. Plunket; Austria - F. Suppe, K. Millöker, J. Strauss-son, pambuyo pake olemba a Hung., oimira "neo-Viennese ” sukulu ya F. Legar ndi I. Kalman). Mu prof. kulenga kumaonekera palokha. mzere wa "kuwala" (kuvina kwa tsiku ndi tsiku) M. (waltzes, polkas, gallops ndi I. Strauss-son, E. Waldteuffel). Zosangalatsa zimabadwa. M. monga wodziyimira pawokha. makampani opanga nyimbo. moyo.

Mu con. Zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ku Ulaya Nthawi ya kusintha imayamba ku Moscow, yofanana ndi chiyambi cha imperialism monga gawo lapamwamba kwambiri komanso lomaliza la capitalism. Nthawi imeneyi imadziwika ndi vuto la anthu angapo omwe adatsogolera. mayendedwe amalingaliro ndi masitayilo.

Miyambo yokhazikitsidwa nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa nthawi zambiri. Pokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa "nyengo yauzimu" yonse, njira zatsopano ndi masitayelo zikuwonekera. Zida zanyimbo zikukulirakulira. kufotokoza, pali kufufuza kwakukulu kwa njira zomwe zingathe kupereka malingaliro akuthwa komanso oyeretsedwa a zenizeni. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zizolowezi zaumwini ndi zokonda zikukula, nthawi zambiri pali ngozi yotaya mutu waukulu wa chikhalidwe cha anthu (modernism). Ku Germany ndi Austria, mzere wachikondi umatha. symphony (G. Mahler, R. Strauss) ndi nyimbo zimabadwa. kufotokoza (A. Schoenberg). Zina zatsopano zinayambikanso: ku France, impressionism (C. Debussy, M. Ravel), ku Italy, verismo (masewero a P. Mascagni, R. Leoncavallo, ndi, pang'ono, G. Puccini). Ku Russia, mizere yochokera ku "Kuchkists" ndi Tchaikovsky (SI Taneev, AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, SV Rakhmaninov) ikupitiriza ndikukula pang'ono panthawi yomweyo. zochitika zatsopano zimayambanso: mtundu wa nyimbo. chizindikiro (AN Skryabin), kusinthika kwa nar. zochititsa chidwi ndi zakale "wachilendo" (oyambirira IF Stravinsky ndi SS Prokofiev). Maziko a nyimbo zapamwamba za dziko ku Ukraine (NV Lysenko, ND Leontovich), ku Georgia (ZP Paliashvili), Armenia (Komitas, AA Spendiarov), Azerbaijan (U. Gadzhibekov), Estonia (A. Kapp), Latvia (J. Vitol), Lithuania (M. Čiurlionis), Finland (J. Sibelius).

Classic European music system. kuganiza, kutengera kugwirizanitsa kwakukulu kwazing'ono, kukuchitika kusintha kwakukulu mu ntchito ya olemba angapo. Dep. olemba, kusunga mfundo ya tonality, kukulitsa maziko ake pogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe (diatonic) ndi njira zopangira (Debussy, Stravinsky), zimadzaza ndi kusintha kwakukulu (Scriabin). Ena kaŵirikaŵiri amasiya mfundo imeneyi, n’kupita ku nyimbo za atonal (Schoenberg, American C. Ive). Kufooka kwa kulumikizana kwa ma harmonics kunalimbikitsa kutsitsimuka kwa chiphunzitso. ndi chidwi chopanga polyphony (Russia - Taneyev, Germany - M. Reger).

Kuyambira 1917-18 nyimbo za bourgeois. chikhalidwe chinalowa nthawi yatsopano ya mbiri yake. Kukula kwake kumasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi zochitika za anthu monga kuloŵerera kwa mamiliyoni a anthu m’zandale. ndi magulu. moyo, kukula kwamphamvu kwa misa kudzamasula. mayendedwe, kutuluka m'mayiko angapo, mosiyana ndi ma bourgeois, magulu atsopano. system - socialist. Njira. zimakhudza tsogolo la M. masiku ano. gulu la bourgeois linalinso ndi sayansi ndi luso lachangu. kupita patsogolo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale ma TV atsopano: mafilimu, wailesi, televizioni, zojambula. Zotsatira zake, metaphysics yafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndikulowa mu "mabowo" onse amagulu. moyo, wozikidwa mothandizidwa ndi ma TV ambiri m'miyoyo ya mamiliyoni mazana a anthu. Omvera ambiri atsopano adalowa nawo. Kukhoza kwake kukhudza kuzindikira kwa anthu, makhalidwe awo onse, kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Muse. moyo mu capitalist otukuka. maiko adakhala ndi chimphepo chowonekera, nthawi zambiri amatentha thupi. Zizindikiro zake zinali kuchuluka kwa zikondwerero ndi mpikisano, zotsatizana ndi zokopa zotsatsa, kusintha kofulumira kwa mafashoni, kaleidoscope ya zomverera zopangika.

M'mayiko achikapitalist, zikhalidwe ziwiri zimaonekera bwino kwambiri, zotsutsana ndi malingaliro awo. malangizo kwa wina ndi mzake: bourgeois ndi demokalase (kuphatikizapo socialist. zinthu). Burzh. chikhalidwe chikuwoneka m'njira ziwiri: osankhika ndi "misa". Yoyamba mwa izi ndi yotsutsana ndi demokalase; nthawi zambiri amakana capitalist. njira ya moyo ndipo amatsutsa bourgeois. makhalidwe, komabe, kuchokera ku maudindo ang'onoang'ono-bourgeois. kudzikonda. Burzh. "Misa" chikhalidwe ndi pseudo-demokalase ndipo kwenikweni kutumikira zofuna za maulamuliro, makalasi, kusokoneza unyinji kumenyera ufulu wawo. Kukula kwake kumadalira malamulo a capitalism. kupanga katundu. "Ntchito" yonse ya kulemera kopepuka yapangidwa, kubweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa eni ake; M. imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito yake yatsopano yotsatsa. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za demokalase chimayimiridwa ndi zochitika za oimba ambiri omwe akupita patsogolo akumenyera ufulu. mlandu womwe umatsimikizira malingaliro aumunthu ndi dziko. Zitsanzo za chikhalidwe choterocho ndi, kuwonjezera pa ntchito za zisudzo zoimba. ndi conc. mitundu, nyimbo zambiri zosintha. mayendedwe ndi nkhondo yotsutsa-fascist ya 1920-40s. (Germany -X. Eisler), yamakono. nyimbo zotsutsa ndale. Mu chitukuko chake, pamodzi ndi Prof. Unyinji wa akatswiri ocheperako komanso osachita masewerawa adasewera ndipo akupitilizabe kuchita nawo gawo lalikulu ngati oimba.

M'zaka za m'ma 20 wopeka zilandiridwenso mu capitalist. maiko amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana komwe sikunachitikepo komanso kusiyanasiyana kwamayendedwe amalembedwe. Kulankhula kumafika pachimake, chodziwika ndi kukana kwenikweni zenizeni, kukulitsa kugonjera, ndi kuzama kwa malingaliro (New Viennese School—Schoenberg ndi ophunzira ake A. Berg ndi A. Webern, ndi Wopeka Wachitaliyana L. Dallapiccola—anapanga dongosolo lolamulidwa bwino lomwe ndi lokhazikika. dongosolo la atonal melodic dodecaphony). Neoclassicism imafalikira kwambiri, yodziwika ndi chikhumbo chochoka ku zotsutsana zosasinthika zamakono. magulu. moyo m'dziko la zithunzi ndi zojambulajambula. mitundu ya zaka za m'ma 16-18, kutchulidwa mwamphamvu rationalism (Stravinsky mu 20-50s; Germany - P. Hindemith; Italy - O. Respighi, F. Malipiero, A. Casella). Chikoka cha machitidwewa ku digiri imodzi kapena china chinadziwikanso ndi olemba ena akuluakulu, omwe, ponseponse, adatha kugonjetsa malire a mafunde chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwawo ndi demokalase. ndi zowona. machitidwe a nthawiyo komanso kuchokera ku Nar. kulenga (Hungary – B. Bartok, Z. Kodai; France – A. Honegger, F. Poulenc, D. Millau; Germany – K. Orff; Poland – K. Shimanovsky; Czechoslovakia – L. Janacek, B. Martinu; Romania – J. Enescu, Great Britain – B. Britten).

Mu 50s. pali mafunde osiyanasiyana a nyimbo. avant-garde (Germany - K. Stockhausen; France - P. Boulez, J. Xenakis; USA - J. Cage; Italy - L. Berio, pang'ono L. Nono, yemwe amaima padera chifukwa cha maudindo ake apamwamba a ndale), akuphwanya kwathunthu ndi classical. miyambo ndi kukulitsa nyimbo zinazake (montage of phokoso), nyimbo zamagetsi (montage of sounds zopezedwa ndi luso), sonorism (montage of the distant sound sound of aleatorics (kuphatikiza mawu osiyana kapena zigawo za nyimbo pamwayi). ). Avant-gardism, monga lamulo, amasonyeza maganizo a petty-bourgeois pa ntchito. kudzikonda, anarchism kapena aestheticism apamwamba.

Chikhalidwe cha dziko la M. 20th century. - kudzutsidwa ku moyo watsopano komanso kukula kwakukulu kwa muses. zikhalidwe za mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ku Asia, Africa, Lat. America, kuyanjana kwawo ndi kuyanjana ndi zikhalidwe zaku Europe. mtundu. Njira zimenezi zimatsagana ndi kulimbana kwakukulu kwa oimba opita patsogolo, kumbali ina, motsutsana ndi zisonkhezero za kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. ndi North America. elitist ndi pseudo-mass M., omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka cosmopolitanism, ndipo kumbali ina, motsutsana ndi zomwe zimachitikira. kasungidwe kachitidwe nat. zikhalidwe mu mawonekedwe osagwedezeka. Kwa zikhalidwe izi, mayiko a sosholizimu amakhala ngati chitsanzo chothetsera vuto la dziko ndi mayiko ku Moldova.

Pambuyo pa chigonjetso cha Great October Socialist. Chisinthiko m'dziko la Soviet (pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ya 2-1939 ndi mayiko ena ambiri omwe adayambitsa njira ya Socialism), nyimbo za nyimbo zinakhazikitsidwa. chikhalidwe cha mtundu watsopano - socialist. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha demokalase nthawi zonse, mdziko lonse. Gulu lalikulu komanso lodziwika bwino la nyimbo zapagulu lapangidwa m'maiko a socialist. mabungwe (mabwalo a zisudzo, magulu a philharmonic, mabungwe a maphunziro, ndi zina zotero), magulu a zisudzo ndi ma concert omwe amaimba ndi kukongoletsa. kuunikira ndi maphunziro a anthu onse. Mogwirizana ndi Prof. milandu yambitsani nyimbo zambiri. luso ndi machitidwe mumitundu yamasewero amateur ndi nthano. Mayiko ndi mayiko onse, kuphatikiza. ndipo analibe nyimbo zolembedwa kale. zikhalidwe, adakhala ndi mwayi wowulula ndikukulitsa zoyambira za anthu awo. M. ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo agwirizane ndi apamwamba padziko lonse Prof. luso, kudziwa bwino mitundu monga opera, ballet, symphony, oratorio. Zikhalidwe za nyimbo zadziko zimalumikizana mwachangu, kusinthanitsa antchito, malingaliro opanga ndi zomwe akwaniritsa, zomwe zimatsogolera ku misonkhano yawo yapafupi.

Udindo wotsogola mu nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi. ndi 20 century. ndi akadzidzi. M. Olemba ambiri odziwika bwino adawonekera (kuphatikiza aku Russia - N. Ya. Myaskovsky, Yu. A. Shaporin, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, V. Ya. Shebalin, DB Kabalevsky, TN Khrennikov, GV Sviridov, RK Shchedrin; Tatar - N. Zhiganov; Dagestan - G. Gasanov, Sh. Chalaev; Chiyukireniya - LN Revutsky, BN Lyatoshinsky; Chibelarusi - EK Tikotsky, AV Bogatyrev, Chijojiya - Sh. Harutyunyan, AA Babadzhanyan, EM Mirzoyan; Azerbaijani - K. Karaev, F. . Amirov; Kazakh – EG Brusilovsky, M. Tulebaev; Uzbek – M. Burkhanov; Turkmen – V. Mukhatov; Estonian – E. Kapp, G. Ernesaks, E. Tamberg; Chilativiya – J. Ivanov, M. Zarin; Lithuanian – B. Dvarionas, E. Balsis), komanso oimba (EA Mravinsky, EP Svetlanov, GN Rozhdestvensky, KN Igumnov, VV Sofronitsky, ST Richter, EG Gilels, DF Oistrakh, LB Kogan, LV Sobinov, AV Nezhdan ova, IS Kozlovsky , S. Ya. Lemeshev, ZA Dolukhanova), akatswiri oimba nyimbo (BV Asafiev) ndi nyimbo zina. ziwerengero.

Malingaliro ndi zokongoletsa. maziko a akadzidzi. Masamu amapangidwa ndi mfundo za kugawanikana ndi dziko mu zaluso, njira ya socialist realism, yomwe imapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana, masitayilo, ndi machitidwe amunthu. Mu akadzidzi M. anapeza moyo watsopano, miyambo yambiri. mitundu yanyimbo. Opera, ballet, symphony, kusunga zachikale. zazikulu, zazikulu mawonekedwe (zotayika kwambiri Kumadzulo), zinasinthidwa kuchokera mkati mokhudzidwa ndi mitu ya chisinthiko ndi zamakono. Pamaziko a kusintha kwa mbiri yakale. ndi anthu okonda dziko lawo. mutu wamaluwa kwaya. ndi wok.-symp. M. (oratorio, cantata, ndakatulo). Akadzidzi. ndakatulo (pamodzi ndi akale ndi nthano) zinalimbikitsa kukula kwa mtundu wachikondi. Mtundu watsopano Prof. Kupanga nyimbo kunali nyimbo - mass and daily (AV Aleksandrov, AG Novikov, AA Davidenko, Dm. Ya. and Dan. Ya. Pokrassy, ​​IO Dunaevsky, VG Zakharov, MI Blanter, VP Solovyov-Sedoy, VI Muradeli, BA Mokrosov, AI Ostrovsky, AN Pakhmutova, AP Petrov). Akadzidzi. nyimboyi inathandiza kwambiri pa moyo ndi kulimbana kwa Nar. anthu ambiri ndipo anali ndi chikoka champhamvu pa nyimbo zina. mitundu. M'mabuku onse. zikhalidwe za anthu a USSR analandira zamakono. refraction ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha folklore, ndipo nthawi yomweyo pa maziko a socialist. zokhutira zidalemeretsedwa ndikusinthidwa nat. masitayelo omwe atengera masitayelo ambiri atsopano ndi njira zina zofotokozera.

Njira. kupambana pakupanga nyimbo. Zikhalidwe zapezedwanso m’maiko ena achisosholisti, kumene opeka ochuka ambiri agwira ntchito ndikupitirizabe kugwira ntchito ( GDR—H. Eisler ndi P. Dessau; Poland—V. Lutoslawski; Bulgaria—P. Vladigerov ndi L. Pipkov; Hungary—Z . Kodály, F. Sabo, Czechoslovakia – V. Dobiash, E. Suson).

Zothandizira: Serov AN, Nyimbo, sayansi ya nyimbo, maphunziro a nyimbo, Epoch, 1864, No 6, 12; kutulutsanso - Fav. zolemba, vol. 2, M., 1957; Asafiev B., Mtundu wanyimbo ngati njira, buku. 1, L., 1928, buku. 2, M., 1947 (mabuku 1 ndi 2 pamodzi) L., 1971; Kushnarev X., Pavuto la kusanthula nyimbo. ntchito, "SM", 1934, No 6; Gruber R., Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 1, gawo 1, M., 1941; Shostakovich D., Dziwani ndi kukonda nyimbo, M., 1958; Kulakovsky L., Music as Art, M., 1960; Ordzhonikidze G., Ku funso la zenizeni za nyimbo. kuganiza, mu Sat: Questions of Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Ryzhkin I., Cholinga cha nyimbo ndi zotheka zake, M., 1962; ake, Pazinthu zina zofunika za nyimbo, mu Sat.: Zolemba zokongoletsa, M., 1962; mawu ndi chithunzi cha nyimbo. Loweruka. zolemba, ed. Yosinthidwa ndi BM Yarustovsky. Moscow, 1965. Kon Yu., Pankhani ya lingaliro la "chinenero choyimba", posonkhanitsa: Kuchokera ku Lully mpaka lero, M., 1967; Mazel L., Zuckerman V., Kusanthula kwa nyimbo. Zinthu za nyimbo ndi njira zowunikira mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, gawo 1, M., 1967; Konen V., Theatre ndi Symphony, M., 1975; Uifalushi Y., Logic of musical reflection. Nkhani pamavuto ake, "Mafunso a Philosophy", 1968, No. 11; Sohor A., ​​​​Music ngati mawonekedwe aluso, M., 1970; ake, Music and Society, M., 1972; wake, Sociology and musical culture, M., 1975; Lunacharsky AV, M'dziko la nyimbo, M., 1971; Kremlev Yu., Essays on the aesthetics of music, M., 1972: Mazel L., Mavuto ogwirizana akale, M., 1972 (Mawu Oyamba); Nazaikinsky E., Pa psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Mavuto a kaganizidwe kanyimbo. Loweruka. zolemba, ed. MG Aranovsky, M., 1974.

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