Myron Polyakin (Miron Polyakin) |

Miron Polyakin

Miron Polyakin ndi Jascha Heifetz ndi awiri mwa oimira odziwika kwambiri a sukulu ya violin yotchuka ya Leopold Auer ndipo, m'njira zambiri, awiri a antipodes ake. Okhwima kwambiri, okhwima ngakhale m'matenda, sewero lolimba mtima komanso labwino kwambiri la Heifetz linali losiyana kwambiri ndi sewero losangalatsa komanso lolimbikitsa zachikondi la Polyakin. Ndipo zikuwoneka zachilendo kuti onse awiri adasema mwaluso ndi dzanja la mbuye mmodzi.

Miron Borisovich Polyakin anabadwa February 12, 1895 mu mzinda wa Cherkasy, Vinnitsa dera, m'banja la oimba. Bambo, wotsogolera waluso, woyimba zeze ndi mphunzitsi, anayamba kuphunzitsa mwana wake nyimbo kwambiri. Amayi mwachibadwa anali ndi luso lapadera loimba. Iye paokha, popanda thandizo la aphunzitsi, anaphunzira kuimba violin ndipo, pafupifupi popanda kudziwa zolemba, ankaimba zoimbaimba kunyumba ndi khutu, kubwereza repertoire mwamuna wake. Mnyamata kuyambira ali wamng'ono analeredwa mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo.

Nthawi zambiri bambo ake ankapita naye ku sewero la zisudzo n’kumuika m’gulu la oimba pafupi naye. Nthawi zambiri mwanayo, atatopa ndi zonse zomwe adaziwona ndi kumva, nthawi yomweyo amagona, ndipo iye, akugona, adatengedwa kupita kunyumba. Sizikanatha kuchita popanda chidwi, chimodzi mwa izo, kuchitira umboni luso lapadera la nyimbo za mnyamatayo, Polyakin mwiniwakeyo ankakonda kunena. Oimba a m’gulu la oimba anaona kuti ankadziwa bwino kwambiri nyimbo za zisudzozo, zimene ankayendera mobwerezabwereza. Ndiyeno tsiku lina wosewera wa timpani, chidakwa choipitsitsa, chothedwa nzeru ndi ludzu lakumwa, anaika Polyakin wamng’ono pa timpani m’malo mwa iye yekha namupempha kuti achite mbali yake. Woimba wachinyamatayo anachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Anali wamng'ono kwambiri moti nkhope yake sinawonekere kumbuyo kwa console, ndipo abambo ake adapeza "wojambula" atatha kuchita. Polyakin panthawiyo anali ndi zaka zoposa 5. Choncho, ntchito yoyamba m'munda wa nyimbo mu moyo wake inachitika.

Banja la Polyakin linasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha oimba achigawo. Amayi ake anali pachibale ndi wolemba wotchuka wachiyuda Sholom Aleichem, yemwe mobwerezabwereza adayendera Polyakins kunyumba. Sholom Aleichem ankadziwa komanso ankakonda banja lawo. Mu mawonekedwe a Miron panalinso mawonekedwe ofanana ndi wachibale wotchuka - wokonda nthabwala, kuyang'ana mwachidwi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzindikira mawonekedwe a anthu omwe adakumana nawo. Wachibale wapamtima wa bambo ake anali wotchuka opera bass Medvedev.

Poyamba Miron ankaimba violin monyinyirika, ndipo mayi ake anakhumudwa kwambiri ndi zimenezi. Koma kuyambira chaka chachiwiri cha maphunziro, adakondana ndi violin, adakhala wokonda makalasi, adasewera moledzera tsiku lonse. Violin anakhala chilakolako chake, kugonjetsedwa kwa moyo wake wonse.

Pamene Miron anali ndi zaka 7, mayi ake anamwalira. Bamboyo anaganiza zotumiza mnyamatayo ku Kyiv. Banja linali lochuluka, ndipo Miron adasiyidwa popanda munthu. Komanso, bambo ankada nkhawa ndi maphunziro a nyimbo za mwana wake. Sakanathanso kutsogolera maphunziro ake ndi udindo umene mphatso ya mwana imafuna. Myron anatengedwa kupita ku Kyiv ndipo anatumizidwa ku sukulu nyimbo, wotsogolera amene anali wopeka kwambiri, tingachipeze powerenga nyimbo Chiyukireniya NV Lysenko.

Luso lodabwitsa la mwanayo linakhudza kwambiri Lysenko. Anapereka Polyakin m'manja mwa Elena Nikolaevna Vonsovskaya, mphunzitsi wodziwika bwino ku Kyiv m'zaka zimenezo, yemwe ankatsogolera kalasi ya violin. Vonsovskaya anali ndi mphatso yophunzitsa. Mulimonsemo, Auer analankhula za iye mwaulemu kwambiri. Malinga ndi umboni wa mwana wa Vonsovskaya, pulofesa wa Leningrad Conservatory AK Butsky, paulendo wopita ku Kyiv, Auer nthawi zonse ankayamikira, kumutsimikizira kuti wophunzira wake Polyakin anabwera kwa iye ali bwino kwambiri ndipo sanayenera kukonza chilichonse. masewera ake.

Vonsovskaya anaphunzira pa Moscow Conservatory ndi Ferdinand Laub, amene anayala maziko a Moscow School of violinists. Tsoka ilo, imfa inasokoneza ntchito yake yophunzitsa mwamsanga, komabe, ophunzira omwe adakwanitsa kuwaphunzitsa adachitira umboni za makhalidwe ake abwino monga mphunzitsi.

Mawonekedwe oyamba ndi omveka bwino, makamaka akafika pamalingaliro amanjenje komanso owoneka bwino monga a Polyakin. Choncho, tingaganize kuti achinyamata Polyakin anaphunzira mfundo za sukulu Laubov. Ndipo kukhala kwake m'kalasi Vonsovskaya sikunali kwaufupi: adaphunzira naye kwa zaka 4 ndipo adadutsa mndandanda waukulu ndi wovuta, mpaka ku zoimbaimba za Mendelssohn, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky. Mwana wa Vonsovskaya Butskaya nthawi zambiri ankapezeka pa maphunziro. Akutsimikizira kuti, kuphunzira ndi Auer, Polyakin, mu kutanthauzira kwake kwa Concerto ya Mendelssohn, adasunga zambiri kuchokera ku kope la Laub. Pamlingo wina, motero, Polyakin anaphatikiza mu luso lake la Laub School ndi Auer School, ndithudi, ndi kutchuka komaliza.

Pambuyo pa zaka 4 zophunzira ndi Vonsovskaya, poumirira NV Lysenko, Polyakin anapita ku St. Petersburg kuti amalize maphunziro ake m'kalasi ya Auer, komwe adalowa mu 1908.

M'zaka za m'ma 1900, Auer anali pachimake pa mbiri yake yophunzitsa. Ophunzira ankakhamukira kwenikweni kwa iye kuchokera padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kalasi yake pa St. Petersburg Conservatory inali gulu la nyenyezi la matalente owala. Polyakin adapezanso Ephraim Zimbalist ndi Kathleen Parlow ku Conservatory; Panthaŵiyo, Mikhail Piastre, Richard Burgin, Cecilia Ganzen, ndi Jascha Heifetz anaphunzira ndi Auer. Ndipo ngakhale pakati pa violin waluntha, Polyakin anatenga malo oyamba.

M’nkhokwe zakale za ku St. Petersburg Conservatory, mabuku oyesera okhala ndi manotsi a Auer ndi Glazunov onena za chipambano cha ophunzira asungidwa. Atakopeka ndi masewera a wophunzira wake, pambuyo pa mayeso a 1910, Auer adalemba mwachidule koma momveka bwino motsutsana ndi dzina lake - zizindikiro zitatu (!!!), popanda kuwonjezera mawu kwa iwo. Glazunov adalongosola motere: "Kuphaku ndikwaluso kwambiri. Njira yabwino kwambiri. Kamvekedwe kosangalatsa. Mawu osawoneka bwino. Kutentha ndi kusinthasintha pakufalitsa. Wojambula Wokonzeka.

Pa ntchito yake yonse ya uphunzitsi ku St. Petersburg Conservatory, Auer anapanga chizindikiro chomwecho kawiri - mfundo zitatu: mu 1910 pafupi ndi dzina la Cecilia Hansen ndipo mu 1914 - pafupi ndi dzina la Jascha Heifetz.

Pambuyo pa mayeso a 1911, Auer analemba kuti: “Zapadera kwambiri! Ku Glazunov, timawerenga kuti: "Talente yoyamba, ya virtuoso. Ubwino wodabwitsa waukadaulo. Kukopa kamvekedwe kachilengedwe. Chiwonetserocho ndi chodzaza ndi kudzoza. Chiwonetserocho ndi chodabwitsa. "

Petersburg, Polyakin ankakhala yekha, kutali ndi banja lake, ndipo atate wake anapempha wachibale wake David Vladimirovich Yampolsky (amalume a V. Yampolsky, woperekeza kwanthaŵi yaitali D. Oistrakh) kuti amuyang’anire. Auer mwiniwake anatenga gawo lalikulu pazochitika za mnyamatayo. Posachedwa Polyakin amakhala m'modzi mwa ophunzira omwe amawakonda, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaumirira kwa ana ake, Auer amamusamalira momwe angathere. Tsiku lina Yampolsky anadandaula kwa Auer kuti, chifukwa cha maphunziro apamwamba, Miron anayamba kugwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, Auer anamutumiza kwa dokotala ndipo anamuuza kuti Yampolsky atsatire ndondomeko yomwe anapatsidwa kwa wodwalayo: "Mundiyankhe ine ndi mutu wanu. !"

M'banja, Polyakin nthawi zambiri amakumbukira momwe Auer adaganiza zoyang'ana ngati akusewera bwino panyumba, ndipo, atawonekera mobisa, adayima panja kwa nthawi yaitali, akumvetsera kusewera kwa wophunzira wake. "Inde, mukhala bwino!" Adatelo uku akulowa kuchipinda. Auer sanalole anthu aulesi, kaya ndi luso lawo. Wolimbikira yekha, adakhulupirira moyenerera kuti luso lenileni silingatheke popanda ntchito. Kudzipereka kopanda dyera kwa Polyakin ku violin, khama lake lalikulu ndi luso lochita tsiku lonse linagonjetsa Auer.

Nayenso, Polyakin adayankha Auer ndi chikondi champhamvu. Kwa iye, Auer anali chirichonse padziko lapansi - mphunzitsi, mphunzitsi, bwenzi, bambo wachiwiri, wolimba mtima, wovuta komanso nthawi yomweyo wachikondi ndi wosamala.

Luso la Polyakin linakhwima modabwitsa. Pa January 24, 1909, konsati yoyamba ya woyimba zeze wamng'ono inachitika mu Small Hall ya Conservatory. Polyakin adasewera Handel's Sonata (Es-dur), Concerto ya Venyavsky (d-moli), Beethoven's Romance, Paganini's Caprice, Melody's Tchaikovsky ndi Sarasate's Gypsy Melodies. Mu December chaka chomwecho, pa wophunzira madzulo pa Conservatory, iye anaimba pamodzi ndi Cecilia Ganzen, kuimba Concerto kwa violin awiri J.-S. Bach. Pa March 12, 1910, adasewera mbali II ndi III za Tchaikovsky Concerto, ndipo pa November 22, ndi gulu la oimba, Concerto mu g-moll yolembedwa ndi M. Bruch.

Polyakin anasankhidwa m’kalasi la Auer kuti achite nawo chikondwerero chapadera cha chaka cha 50 cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Conservatory ya St. wophunzira waluso wa Auer,” analemba motero wotsutsa nyimbo V. Karatygin m’lipoti lachidule la chikondwererocho.

Pambuyo konsati woyamba payekha, amalonda angapo amapereka zopindulitsa kwa Polyakin kulinganiza zisudzo zake mu likulu ndi mizinda ina ya Russia. Komabe, Auer adatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane, akukhulupirira kuti kunali koyambirira kuti chiweto chake chiyambe njira yojambula. Komabe, pambuyo konsati yachiwiri, Auer anaganiza kutenga mwayi ndipo analola Polyakin kupanga ulendo Riga, Warsaw ndi Kyiv. Mu Archive Polyakin, ndemanga za atolankhani Metropolitan ndi zigawo za makonsati izi zasungidwa, kusonyeza kuti anali kupambana kwambiri.

Polyakin anakhala mu Conservatory mpaka chiyambi cha 1918 ndipo, osalandira satifiketi maphunziro, anapita kunja. Fayilo yake yasungidwa m’malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a Petrograd Conservatory, zolembedwa zomalizira zomwe ndi satifiketi ya pa January 19, 1918, yoperekedwa kwa “wophunzira wa Conservatory, Miron Polyakin, kuti anachotsedwa ntchito patchuthi kwa onse. mizinda ya Russia mpaka February 10, 1918.”

Izi zitangotsala pang’ono kuchitika, analandira kalata yomuitana kuti apite ku Norway, Denmark ndi Sweden. Kusaina mapangano anachedwetsa kubwerera kwawo, ndiyeno ntchito konsati pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kwa zaka 4 anapitiriza kuyendera mayiko Scandinavia ndi Germany.

Zoimbaimba zinapatsa Polyakin kutchuka ku Ulaya. Ndemanga zambiri za machitidwe ake zimadzazidwa ndi chidwi. "Miron Polyakin adawonekera pamaso pa anthu aku Berlin ngati woyimba zeze komanso katswiri. Okhutitsidwa kwambiri ndi machitidwe olemekezeka komanso odalirika, nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, kulondola kwa mawu ndi kutsiriza kwa cantilena, tinadzipereka ku mphamvu (kwenikweni: kupulumuka. - LR) ya pulogalamuyi, kuiwala za ife eni ndi mbuye wamng'ono ... "

Kumayambiriro kwa 1922, Polyakin anawoloka nyanja ndipo anafika ku New York. Anabwera ku America pa nthawi yomwe mphamvu zaluso zochititsa chidwi zinakhazikika kumeneko: Fritz Kreisler, Leopold Auer, Jasha Heifetz, Efrem Zimbalist, Mikhail Elman, Tosha Seidel, Kathleen Larlow, ndi ena. Mpikisanowo unali wofunika kwambiri, ndipo ntchito pamaso pa New York yowonongeka anthu adakhala ndi udindo waukulu. Komabe, Polyakin adapambana mayesowo. Kuyamba kwake, komwe kunachitika pa February 27, 1922 ku Town Hall, kudasindikizidwa ndi manyuzipepala ambiri aku America. Ndemanga zambiri zidawonetsa luso lapamwamba, luso lodabwitsa komanso malingaliro obisika a kalembedwe ka zidutswa zomwe zidachitika.

Zoimbaimba Polyakin ku Mexico, kumene anapita pambuyo New York, anali bwino. Kuchokera apa iye anapitanso ku USA, kumene mu 1925 amalandira mphoto yoyamba pa "World Violin Mpikisanowo" chifukwa cha masewero a Tchaikovsky Concerto. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale bwino, Polyakin amakopeka ndi kwawo. Mu 1926 anabwerera ku Soviet Union.

Nyengo ya Soviet ya moyo wa Polyakin inayamba ku Leningrad, kumene anapatsidwa pulofesa pa Conservatory. Wachinyamata, wodzala ndi mphamvu komanso woyaka kulenga, wojambula wodziwika bwino komanso wosewera nthawi yomweyo adakopa chidwi cha oimba aku Soviet ndipo adatchuka mwachangu. Aliyense wa zoimbaimba wake amakhala chochitika chofunika kwambiri mu moyo nyimbo Moscow, Leningrad kapena m'mizinda ya "periphery", monga zigawo za Soviet Union, kutali pakati, amatchedwa mu 20s. Polyakin amalowa molunjika muzochitika zamphepo zamkuntho, akusewera m'maholo a philharmonic ndi makalabu a antchito. Ndipo kulikonse, pamaso pa aliyense amene ankasewera, nthawi zonse ankapeza omvera oyamikira. Zojambula zake zoyaka moto zidakopekanso ndi omvera nyimbo zamakonsati ampikisano komanso alendo ophunzira kwambiri ku Philharmonic. Anali ndi mphatso yosowa yopezera njira yopita ku mitima ya anthu.

Kufika ku Soviet Union, Polyakin anapezeka pamaso pa omvera atsopano, zachilendo ndi zachilendo kwa iye mwina zoimbaimba mu chisanadze kusintha Russia kapena zisudzo yachilendo. Nyumba zamakonsati tsopano sizinachedwe ndi anzeru okha, komanso antchito. Zoimbaimba zambiri za ogwira ntchito ndi antchito zidapangitsa unyinji wa anthu nyimbo. Komabe, sikuti mawonekedwe a omvera a philharmonic asintha. Mothandizidwa ndi moyo watsopano, maganizo a anthu Soviet, maganizo awo, zokonda ndi zofunika luso zinasintha. Chilichonse choyengedwa bwino, chodetsedwa kapena salon chinali chachilendo kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, ndipo pang'onopang'ono chinakhala chachilendo kwa oimira akale anzeru.

Kodi mawonekedwe a Polyakin akuyenera kusintha m'malo otere? Funsoli likhoza kuyankhidwa m'nkhani ya wasayansi waku Soviet, Pulofesa BA Struve, yolembedwa pambuyo pa imfa ya wojambulayo. Pofotokoza za kuwona mtima ndi kuwona mtima kwa Polyakin monga wojambula, Struve analemba kuti: “Ndipo ziyenera kugogomezera kuti Polyakin amafika pachimake cha kuwona mtima ndi kuwona mtima kwenikweni m'mikhalidwe ya kuwongolera kulenga m'zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazi za moyo wake. Kugonjetsa komaliza kwa Polyakin, woyimba zeze waku Soviet. N'zosadabwitsa kuti oimba Soviet pa zisudzo woyamba wa mbuye ku Moscow ndi Leningrad nthawi zambiri ankaona mu kusewera ake chinachake chimene chingatchedwe kukhudza "zosiyanasiyana", mtundu wa "salon", mokwanira khalidwe la ambiri Western Europe ndi America. oimba violin. Makhalidwe amenewa anali achilendo ku chikhalidwe cha luso la Polyakin, iwo ankatsutsana ndi umunthu wake waluso, pokhala chinthu chapamwamba. Mu chikhalidwe cha Soviet nyimbo chikhalidwe Polyakin mwamsanga anagonjetsa chofooka chake.

Kusiyanitsa kotere kwa ochita masewera a Soviet ndi akunja tsopano kumawoneka ngati kolunjika, ngakhale kuti mbali ina kumatha kuonedwa ngati chilungamo. Zoonadi, m'mayiko a chikapitalist m'zaka za Polyakin ankakhala kumeneko, panali oimba angapo amene ankakonda woyengedwa makongoletsedwe, aestheticism, zosiyanasiyana kunja ndi salonism. Pa nthawi yomweyo, panali oimba ambiri kunja amene anakhalabe mlendo ku zochitika zoterezi. Polyakin pa nthawi yomwe amakhala kunja amatha kukumana ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Koma podziwa Polyakin, tinganene kuti ngakhale kumeneko iye anali pakati pa zisudzo amene anali kutali kwambiri ndi zokongoletsa.

Pamlingo waukulu, Polyakin adadziwika ndi kulimbikira kodabwitsa kwa zokonda zaluso, kudzipereka kwambiri kumalingaliro aluso omwe adaleredwa mwa iye kuyambira ali mwana. Choncho, mbali za "zosiyanasiyana" ndi "salonness" mu kalembedwe ka Polyakin, ngati iwo anaonekera, tinganene (monga Struve) ngati chinachake chapamwamba ndipo mbisoweka kwa iye pamene anakumana ndi Soviet weniweni.

Chowonadi cha nyimbo za Soviet chinalimbikitsa Polyakin maziko a demokalase pamayendedwe ake. Polyakin anapita kwa omvera aliyense ndi ntchito zomwezo, osawopa kuti sangamumvetse. Sanagawanitse nyimbo zake kukhala "zosavuta" ndi "zovuta", "philharmonic" ndi "misa" ndipo adachita modekha mu kalabu ya antchito ndi Chaconne ya Bach.

Mu 1928, Polyakin anapitanso kudziko lina, kukaona Estonia, ndipo kenako anangopita kukaona konsati kuzungulira mizinda ya Soviet Union. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30, Polyakin adafika pamtunda wa kukhwima kwaluso. Makhalidwe ake komanso momwe amamutengera poyamba adapeza chikondi chapadera. Atabwerera kwawo, moyo wa Polyakin kuchokera kunja unadutsa popanda zochitika zapadera. Unali moyo wanthawi zonse wogwira ntchito wa wojambula waku Soviet.

Mu 1935 anakwatira Vera Emmanuilovna Lurie; mu 1936 banja anasamukira ku Moscow, kumene Polyakin anakhala pulofesa ndi mkulu wa kalasi ya violin pa School of Excellence (Meister shule) pa Moscow Conservatory. Kalelo mu 1933, Polyakin anatenga mbali kwambiri pa chikondwerero cha zaka 70 za Leningrad Conservatory, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa 1938 - pa chikondwerero cha zaka 75. Polyakin adasewera Concerto ya Glazunov ndipo madzulo amenewo anali pamtunda wosatheka. Ndi sculptural convexity, molimba mtima, zikwapu zazikulu, iye recreate sublimely zithunzi zokongola pamaso pa omvera enchanted, ndi chikondi cha nyimboyi modabwitsa zogwirizana mogwirizana ndi chikondi cha zojambulajambula chikhalidwe.

Pa April 16, 1939, ku Moscow kunakondwerera zaka 25 za luso la Polyakin. Madzulo anachitikira mu Great Hall of the Conservatory ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa State Symphony Orchestra yoyendetsedwa ndi A. Gauk. Heinrich Neuhaus anayankha ndi nkhani yosangalatsa yonena za tsikuli. Neuhaus analemba kuti: "Mmodzi mwa ophunzira abwino kwambiri a mphunzitsi wosapambana wa luso la violin, Auer wotchuka," adatero Neuhaus, "Polyakin madzulo ano adawoneka mwanzeru zonse za luso lake. Ndi chiyani chomwe chimatikopa kwambiri pamawonekedwe aluso a Polyakin? Choyamba, chilakolako chake monga wojambula-violinist. N'zovuta kulingalira munthu amene angachite ntchito yake ndi chikondi ndi kudzipereka kwambiri, ndipo ichi si chinthu chaching'ono: ndi bwino kuimba nyimbo zabwino pa violin yabwino. Zingawoneke zachilendo, koma kuti Polyakin samasewera bwino nthawi zonse, kuti ali ndi masiku opambana ndi olephera (kuyerekeza, ndithudi), kwa ine kachiwiri ndikugogomezera luso lenileni la chikhalidwe chake. Aliyense amene amachitira luso lake mwachidwi kwambiri, mwansanje, sadzaphunzira kupanga zinthu zoyenera - machitidwe ake a pagulu ndi kulondola kwa fakitale. Zinali zochititsa chidwi kuti pa tsiku lachikondwerero, Polyakin anachita Tchaikovsky Concerto (chinthu choyamba mu pulogalamuyo), yomwe anali atasewera kale zikwi ndi zikwi za maulendo (anasewera konsatiyi modabwitsa ali mnyamata - ndimakumbukira makamaka za zisudzo zake, m'chilimwe ku Pavlovsk mu 1915), koma ankasewera ndi chisangalalo ndi mantha, ngati kuti sanali kuchita izo kwa nthawi yoyamba, koma ngati anali kuchita izo kwa nthawi yoyamba pamaso lalikulu. omvera. Ndipo ngati ena "odziwa bwino kwambiri" angapeze kuti m'malo Concerto amamveka mantha pang'ono, ndiye ziyenera kunenedwa kuti mantha awa anali thupi ndi magazi a luso lenileni, ndi kuti Concerto, mopambanitsa ndi kumenyedwa, kumveka kachiwiri mwatsopano, wamng'ono. , zolimbikitsa komanso zokongola. .

Kumapeto kwa nkhani ya Neuhaus ndi chidwi, pamene iye amaona kulimbana kwa maganizo ozungulira Polyakin ndi Oistrakh, amene kale anapambana kutchuka pa nthawi imeneyo. Neuhaus analemba kuti: "Pomaliza, ndikufuna kunena mawu awiri: pagulu lathu pali "Polyakins" ndi "Oistrakhists", monga "Hilelists" ndi "Flierists", etc. Ponena za mikangano (nthawi zambiri yopanda zipatso) ndi ku mbali imodzi ya zolingalira zawo, wina amakumbukira mawu amene Goethe ananena pokambirana ndi Eckermann: “Tsopano anthu akhala akukangana kwa zaka makumi awiri ponena za amene ali wamkulu koposa: Schiller kapena ine? Iwo akanachita bwino akanakhala okondwa kuti pali anthu angapo abwino omwe ayenera kukangana nawo. Mawu ochenjera! Tiyeni tisangalale ndithu, anzanga, kuti tili ndi anthu oposera m'modzi ofunikira kukangana.

Kalanga! Posakhalitsa panalibenso chifukwa "chotsutsana" za Polyakin - zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake anali atapita! Polyakin anamwalira kumayambiriro kwa moyo wake wolenga. Pobwerera pa May 21, 1941 kuchokera kukaona malo, sanamve bwino m’sitimamo. Mapeto anafika mofulumira - mtima unakana kugwira ntchito, kudula moyo wake pachimake cha kukula kwake kwa kulenga.

Aliyense ankakonda Polyakin, kuchoka kwake kunali ngati kumwalira. Kwa m'badwo wonse wa Soviet violinists, iye anali wapamwamba kwambiri wa wojambula, wojambula ndi wojambula, omwe anali ofanana, omwe amawagwadira ndi kuphunzira.

Mucikozyanyo, mulumbe uumwi wamumukwasyi, Heinrich Neuhaus, wakalemba kuti: “… Miron Polyakin waenda. Mwanjira ina simukhulupirira kukhazika mtima pansi kwa munthu yemwe nthawi zonse amakhala wosakhazikika m'mawu apamwamba komanso abwino kwambiri. Ife ku Polyakino timayamikira chikondi chake chaunyamata pa ntchito yake, ntchito yake yosalekeza ndi youziridwa, yomwe inakonzeratu luso lake lapamwamba kwambiri, komanso umunthu wowala, wosaiwalika wa wojambula wamkulu. Pakati pa oimba violini pali oimba otchuka monga Heifetz, amene nthawi zonse amasewera mu mzimu wa zilandiridwenso oimba kuti, potsiriza, inu kusiya kuzindikira makhalidwe a woimbayo. Uwu ndi mtundu wa "wosewera wa Parnassian", "Olympian". Koma ziribe kanthu kuti Polyakin anachita ntchito yotani, kusewera kwake nthawi zonse kumakhala kokonda kwambiri, kutengeka ndi luso lake, chifukwa chake sangakhale china chilichonse koma iyeyo. Makhalidwe a ntchito ya Polyakin anali: luso lanzeru, kukongola kodabwitsa kwa phokoso, chisangalalo ndi kuya kwa ntchito. Koma khalidwe lodabwitsa kwambiri la Polyakin monga wojambula ndi munthu anali kuwona mtima kwake. Zochita zake zamakonsati sizinali zofanana nthawi zonse chifukwa wojambulayo adabweretsa malingaliro ake, malingaliro ake, zomwe adakumana nazo pabwalo, ndipo kuchuluka kwamasewera ake kumadalira iwo ... "

Onse amene analemba za Polyakin nthawi zonse ankasonyeza chiyambi cha luso lake. Polyakin ndi "wojambula wodziwika kwambiri payekha, chikhalidwe chapamwamba komanso luso. Kaseweredwe kake ndi koyambirira kotero kuti munthu amalankhula za kusewera kwake ngati kusewera mwapadera - kalembedwe ka Polyakin. Munthu payekha adawonekera m'chilichonse - mwapadera, njira yapadera ya ntchito zochitidwa. Kaya ankaimba zotani, ankawerenga mabukuwo “m’njira ya Chipolishi.” Mu ntchito iliyonse, iye anaika, choyamba, yekha, moyo wokondwa wa wojambula. Ndemanga za Polyakin nthawi zonse amalankhula za chisangalalo chosakhazikika, kutentha kwa masewera ake, za chilakolako chake chaluso, za "mitsempha" ya Polyakin, yoyaka moto. Aliyense amene adamvapo woyimba violini uyu adadabwa mosaganizira ndi kuwona mtima komanso kufulumira kwa zomwe adakumana nazo panyimbo. Munthu akhoza kunena kwenikweni za iye kuti ndi wojambula wodzoza, njira zapamwamba zachikondi.

Kwa iye, panalibe nyimbo wamba, ndipo sakadatembenukira ku nyimbo zotere. Amadziwa momwe angapangire chithunzi chilichonse chanyimbo mwapadera, kuti chikhale chokongola, chokongola mwachikondi. Luso la Polyakin linali lokongola, koma osati ndi kukongola kwa chilengedwe chodziwika bwino, chomveka bwino, koma ndi kukongola kwa zochitika zomveka zaumunthu.

Iye anali ndi malingaliro otukuka modabwitsa a kukongola, ndipo chifukwa cha changu chake chonse ndi chilakolako chake, sanadutse malire a kukongola. Kukoma kosayenera ndi zofuna zapamwamba pa iyemwini nthawi zonse zimamuteteza ku kukokomeza komwe kungathe kusokoneza kapena kuphwanya mgwirizano wa zithunzi, miyambo ya luso. Chilichonse chomwe Polyakin adakhudza, kukongola kokongola sikunamusiye kwa mphindi imodzi. Ngakhale mamba a Polyakin ankaimba nyimbo, kukwaniritsa kufanana kodabwitsa, kuya ndi kukongola kwa phokoso. Koma sikunali kokha kukongola ndi kufanana kwa mawu awo. Malinga ndi MI Fikhtengolts, amene anaphunzira ndi Polyakin, Polyakin ankasewera masikelo momveka bwino, mophiphiritsira, ndipo ankawoneka ngati mbali ya ntchito ya luso, osati zipangizo zamakono. Zinkawoneka kuti Polyakin anawatulutsa mu sewero kapena konsati ndipo anawapatsa fanizo linalake. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti chithunzicho sichinapereke chithunzithunzi cha kukhala chochita kupanga, chomwe nthawi zina chimachitika pamene ochita masewera amayesa "kuyika" fano mu sikelo, kupanga mwadala "zokhutira" zake. Kumverera kophiphiritsa kunalengedwa, mwachiwonekere, chifukwa chakuti luso la Polyakin linali lotero mwachibadwa.

Polyakin adatenga kwambiri miyambo ya sukulu ya Auerian ndipo, mwinamwake, anali Auerian wangwiro mwa ophunzira onse a mbuyeyo. Pokumbukira zimene Polyakin anachita ali wamng’ono, mnzake wa m’kalasi, woimba wotchuka wa ku Soviet LM Zeitlin, analemba kuti: “Kusewera kwa katswiri ndi luso la mnyamatayo n’kofanana kwambiri ndi zimene mphunzitsi wake wotchuka anachita. Nthaŵi zina zinali zovuta kukhulupirira kuti mwana waima pa siteji, osati wojambula wokhwima.

Zokonda zokongola za Polyakin zimatsimikiziridwa momveka bwino ndi zolemba zake. Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Mendelssohn, ndi ena a ku Russia opeka nyimbo Tchaikovsky ndi Glazunov anali mafano ake. Tribute idaperekedwa kwa mabuku a virtuoso, koma kwa omwe Auer adazindikira ndikukonda - ma concerto a Paganini, Ernst's Otello ndi Hungarian Melodies, zovina za Sarasate za Chisipanishi, zochitidwa ndi Polyakin mosayerekezeka, nyimbo ya Lalo ya Chisipanishi. Analinso pafupi ndi luso la Impressionists. Adasewera mofunitsitsa zolembedwa za violin zamasewera a Debussy - "Mtsikana wokhala ndi Tsitsi la Flaxen", ndi zina zambiri.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zapakati pa repertoire yake inali ndakatulo ya Chausson. Komanso ankakonda masewero a Shimanovsky - "Nthano", "Nyimbo ya Roxana". Polyakin analibe chidwi ndi zolemba zaposachedwa za 20s ndi 30s ndipo sanachite masewero a Darius Miio, Alban Berg, Paul Hindemith, Bela Bartok, osatchula ntchito ya olemba ochepa.

Panalibe ntchito zochepa za olemba Soviet mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30s (Polyakin anamwalira pamene chiyambi cha zilandiridwe za violin Soviet chinali chiyambi chabe). Pakati pa ntchito zomwe zilipo, si zonse zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda. Choncho, iye anapambana ma concerto Prokofiev a violin. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, anayamba kudzutsa chidwi ndi nyimbo za Soviet. Malinga ndi Fikhtengoltz, m'chilimwe cha 1940 Polyakin anagwira ntchito mwakhama pa Concerto ya Myaskovsky.

Kodi zolemba zake, machitidwe ake, momwe adakhalabe wokhulupirika ku miyambo ya sukulu ya Auer, amachitira umboni kuti "adatsalira" kutsogolo kwa luso, kuti adziwike ngati woimba "wachikale", wosagwirizana ndi nthawi yake, yachilendo ku zatsopano? Kulingalira koteroko pokhudzana ndi wojambula wodabwitsayu kukanakhala kopanda chilungamo. Mukhoza kupita patsogolo m'njira zosiyanasiyana - kukana, kuswa mwambo, kapena kukonzanso. Polyakin anali wobadwa pambuyo pake. Kuchokera pamiyambo ya luso la violin m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, Polyakin, ndi chidwi chake, adasankha zomwe zimalumikizana bwino ndi dziko latsopano.

Pakuseweredwa kwa Polyakin kunalibe ngakhale lingaliro loyengedwa bwino la subjectivism kapena stylization, la chidwi ndi kumverera, zomwe zidadzipangitsa kumva mwamphamvu kwambiri pakuchita kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Mwa njira yakeyake, adayesetsa kuti akhale ndi sewero lolimba mtima komanso lolimba, kuti azitha kusiyanitsa momveka bwino. Owunikira onse nthawi zonse amatsindika seweroli, "mitsempha" ya machitidwe a Polyakin; Zinthu za salon zidazimiririka pang'onopang'ono pamasewera a Polyakin.

Malinga ndi Pulofesa wa Leningrad Conservatory N. Perelman, yemwe kwa zaka zambiri anali mnzake wa Polyakin pamasewera a konsati, Polyakin adasewera Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata ngati oimba violin m'zaka za zana la XNUMX - adachita gawo loyamba mwachangu, ndikukangana komanso sewero zomwe zidachokera. virtuoso pressure, osati kuchokera mkati modabwitsa zomwe zili mu cholemba chilichonse. Koma, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotere, Polyakin adayika ndalama zake pakusewera kwake mwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kusewera kwake kufanane kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe amasewera amakono.

Mbali yapadera ya Polyakin monga wosewera anali sewero, ndipo ngakhale ankaimba nyimbo molimba mtima, mosamalitsa. Nzosadabwitsa kuti anali wopambana pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kuyimba modabwitsa - Bach's Chaconne, makonsati a Tchaikovsky, Brahms. Komabe, nthawi zambiri ankaimba Concerto ya Mendelssohn, komabe, adayambitsanso kulimba mtima m'mawu ake. Kulankhula molimba mtima mu kutanthauzira kwa Poliakin kwa concerto ya Mendelssohn kudadziwika ndi wolemba wa ku America pambuyo pa sewero lachiwiri la violinist ku New York mu 1922.

Polyakin anali wotanthauzira modabwitsa wa nyimbo za violin za Tchaikovsky, makamaka concerto yake ya violin. Malinga ndi zikumbutso za anthu a m'nthawi yake komanso zowona za wolemba mizere iyi, Polyakin adasewera kwambiri Concerto. Anawonjezera kusiyanitsa mwa njira iliyonse mu Gawo I, akusewera mutu wake waukulu ndi njira zachikondi; mutu wachiwiri wa sonata allegro unadzazidwa ndi chisangalalo chamkati, kunjenjemera, ndipo Canzonetta inadzazidwa ndi kuchonderera kwachangu. Pamapeto pake, ukoma wa Polyakin adadzipangitsanso kumva, akutumikira cholinga chopanga chinthu chovuta kwambiri. Ndi chilakolako chachikondi, Polyakin adachitanso ntchito monga Bach's Chaconne ndi Brahms Concerto. Anayandikira ntchitozi monga munthu wokhala ndi dziko lolemera, lakuya komanso lambiri la zochitika ndi malingaliro, ndipo adakopa omvera ndi chilakolako chachangu chofotokozera nyimbo zomwe adachita.

Pafupifupi ndemanga zonse za Polyakin zimawonetsa kusagwirizana pakusewera kwake, koma nthawi zambiri zimanenedwa kuti adasewera tinthu tating'ono popanda cholakwika.

Ntchito zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimamalizidwa ndi Polyakin mosamalitsa modabwitsa. Anasewera kakang'ono kalikonse ndi udindo wofanana ndi ntchito iliyonse yamtundu waukulu. Amadziwa momwe angakwaniritsire kalembedwe kakang'ono, zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala wogwirizana ndi Heifetz ndipo, mwachiwonekere, adaleredwa ndi Auer. Nyimbo za Polyakin za Beethoven zidamveka mozama komanso mwaulemu, zomwe ziyenera kuyesedwa ngati chitsanzo chapamwamba cha kutanthauzira kwa kalembedwe kakale. Monga chithunzi chojambulidwa m’zikwapu zazikulu, Melancholic Serenade ya Tchaikovsky inaonekera pamaso pa omvera. Polyakin adayisewera modziletsa komanso molemekezeka, popanda kudandaula kapena melodrama.

Mu mtundu wawung'ono, zaluso za Polyakin zidakopeka ndi kusiyanasiyana kwake kodabwitsa - kukongola, chisomo ndi kukongola, ndipo nthawi zina kusinthika kwapang'onopang'ono. Mu nyimbo ya Tchaikovsky ya Waltz-Scherzo, imodzi mwa zochitika zazikulu za konsati ya Polyakin, omvera adakopeka ndi kamvekedwe kowala koyambira koyambirira, kuchulukirachulukira kwa ndime, kamvekedwe kosinthika modabwitsa, komanso kunjenjemera kwa mawu anyimbo. Ntchitoyi idachitidwa ndi Polyakin ndi luntha la virtuoso komanso ufulu wopatsa chidwi. N'zosatheka kukumbukiranso cantilena yotentha ya wojambula m'mavinidwe a ku Hungary a Brahms-Joachim ndi kukongola kwa phokoso la phokoso lake mu masewera achi Spanish a Sarasate. Ndipo pakati pa masewero ang'onoang'ono, adasankha omwe amadziwika ndi kupsinjika maganizo, kukhudzidwa kwakukulu. Kukopa kwa Polyakin ku ntchito monga "ndakatulo" ya Chausson, "Song of Roxanne" ndi Szymanowski, pafupi ndi iye mu chikondi, ndizomveka.

N'zovuta kuiwala chithunzi cha Polyakin pa siteji ndi violin yake ikukwera pamwamba ndi mayendedwe ake odzaza ndi kukongola. Sitiroko yake inali yayikulu, kumveka kulikonse mwanjira ina modabwitsa, mwachiwonekere chifukwa champhamvu yogwira ntchito komanso kuchotsa zala pang'onopang'ono pa chingwecho. Nkhope yake inayaka ndi moto wa kudzoza kwa kulenga - inali nkhope ya munthu yemwe mawu akuti Art nthawi zonse amayamba ndi chilembo chachikulu.

Polyakin anali wodzifunira yekha. Amatha kutsiriza mawu amodzi a nyimbo kwa maola ambiri, kukwaniritsa kumveka bwino kwa mawu. Ndicho chifukwa chake mosamala kwambiri, movutikira, adaganiza zomuyimbira ntchito yatsopano mu konsati yotseguka. Mlingo wa ungwiro umene unamkhutiritsa unafika kwa iye kokha chifukwa cha ntchito yolimbikitsira zaka zambiri. Chifukwa chodziwonetsera yekha, adaweruzanso ojambula ena mwamphamvu komanso mopanda chifundo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawatsutsa.

Polyakin kuyambira ali mwana amasiyanitsidwa ndi khalidwe lodziimira, kulimba mtima m'mawu ake ndi zochita zake. Mwachitsanzo, ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zitatu, polankhula ku Winter Palace, sanazengereze kusiya kusewera pamene mmodzi wa olemekezeka analowa mochedwa ndikuyamba kusuntha mipando mwaphokoso. Auer adatumiza ophunzira ake ambiri kuti akagwire ntchito yovuta kwa wothandizira wake, Pulofesa IR Nalbandian. M'kalasi la Nalbandyan nthawi zina ankapezekapo ndi Polyakin. Tsiku lina, pamene Nalbandian analankhula ndi woimba piyano za chinachake m’kalasi, Miron anasiya kuimba nasiya phunzirolo, mosasamala kanthu za zoyesayesa zake zomletsa.

Anali ndi malingaliro akuthwa komanso mphamvu zosowa zowonera. Mpaka pano, Polyakin wanzeru aphorisms, zododometsa omveka, amene anamenyana ndi adani ake, ndi wamba mwa oimba. Malingaliro ake okhudza zaluso anali atanthauzo komanso osangalatsa.

Kuchokera ku Auer Polyakin adatengera kulimbikira kwakukulu. Ankasewera violin kunyumba kwa maola osachepera asanu patsiku. Anali wovuta kwambiri kwa operekeza ndipo adabwereza zambiri ndi woyimba piyano aliyense asanakwere naye siteji.

Kuyambira 1928 mpaka imfa yake, Polyakin anayamba kuphunzitsa ku Leningrad kenako ku Moscow Conservatories. Pedagogy inali yofunika kwambiri pamoyo wake. Komabe, ndizovuta kutcha Polyakin mphunzitsi momwe zimamvekera. Iye kwenikweni anali wojambula, wojambula, ndipo mu pedagogy adachokeranso ku luso lake lojambula. Sanaganizepo za zovuta za chikhalidwe cha methodical. Choncho, monga mphunzitsi, Polyakin anali wothandiza kwambiri kwa ophunzira apamwamba omwe anali atadziwa kale luso lofunikira.

Kusonyeza kunali maziko a chiphunzitso chake. Anakonda kusewera zidutswa kwa ophunzira ake m'malo "kuwauza" za iwo. Nthawi zambiri, akuwonetsa, adatengeka kwambiri kuti adagwira ntchito kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto, ndipo maphunzirowo adasanduka mtundu wa "masewera a Polyakin". Masewera ake adasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu umodzi wosowa - umawoneka kuti ukutsegula chiyembekezo chachikulu kwa ophunzira pakupanga kwawo, kudzutsa malingaliro atsopano, kudzutsa malingaliro ndi zongopeka. Wophunzirayo, amene ntchito ya Polyakin inakhala "poyambira" pa ntchito ya ntchito, nthawi zonse amasiya maphunziro ake. Chitsanzo chimodzi kapena ziŵiri zoterozo zinali zokwanira kumveketsa bwino kwa wophunzira mmene ayenera kugwirira ntchito, kumene akuyenera kupita.

Polyakin adafuna kuti ophunzira onse a m'kalasi mwake azikhala nawo pamaphunziro, mosasamala kanthu kuti amasewera okha kapena amangomvetsera masewera a anzawo. Nthawi zambiri maphunziro amayamba masana (kuyambira 3 koloko).

Anasewera mwaumulungu m'kalasi. Kaŵirikaŵiri pa siteji ya konsati luso lake linafika pamtunda womwewo, kuya ndi kukwanira kwa mawu. Pa tsiku la phunziro la Polyakin, chisangalalo chinalamulira pa Conservatory. “Anthu onse” anadzaza m’kalasi; kuwonjezera pa ophunzira ake, ophunzira a aphunzitsi ena, ophunzira akatswiri ena, aphunzitsi, mapulofesa ndi chabe "alendo" ku dziko luso komanso anayesa kufika kumeneko. Anthu amene sakanatha kulowa m’kalasi ankamvetsera kuseri kwa zitseko zomwe zinali zitatsekedwa. Nthawi zambiri, mkhalidwe womwewo udachitikanso ngati m'kalasi la Auer. Polyakin mofunitsitsa analola alendo kulowa m'kalasi mwake, chifukwa ankakhulupirira kuti izi zinawonjezera udindo wa ophunzira, zinapanga chikhalidwe chojambula chomwe chinamuthandiza kudzimva ngati wojambula yekha.

Polyakin ankaona kufunika kwakukulu kwa ntchito ya ophunzira pa masikelo ndi etudes (Kreutzer, Dont, Paganini) ndipo ankafuna kuti wophunzirayo azisewera maphunziro ophunzirira ndi masikelo kwa iye m'kalasi. Iye sanali kuchita ntchito yapadera luso. Wophunzirayo anayenera kubwera m’kalasimo ndi nkhani zokonzedwa kunyumba. Polyakin, kumbali ina, "panjira" yekha anapereka malangizo aliwonse ngati wophunzira sanapambane pa malo amodzi.

Popanda kulimbana mwachindunji ndi njira, Polyakin amatsatira kwambiri ufulu wosewera, kupereka chidwi chapadera ku ufulu wa lamba wapaphewa lonse, dzanja lamanja ndi kugwa bwino kwa zala pazingwe kumanzere. Mu njira ya dzanja lamanja, Polyakin ankakonda mayendedwe akuluakulu "kuchokera pa phewa" ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoterezi, adapeza kumverera kwabwino kwa "kulemera" kwake, kuphedwa kwaufulu ndi zikwapu.

Polyakin anali wotopa kwambiri ndi matamando. Sanaganizirenso za "maulamuliro" konse ndipo sanadumphe mawu achipongwe komanso achipongwe omwe amaperekedwa kwa opambana oyenerera, ngati sanakhutire ndi momwe adachitira. Kumbali ina, iye anakhoza kutamanda ophunzira ofooka kwambiri ataona kupita kwake patsogolo.

Kodi, ambiri, tinganene za Polyakin mphunzitsi? Ndithudi anali ndi zambiri zoti aphunzire. Ndi mphamvu ya luso lake lodabwitsa la zojambulajambula, adakhudza kwambiri ophunzira ake. Kutchuka kwake kwakukulu, luso lazojambula linakakamiza achinyamata omwe anabwera ku kalasi yake kuti adzipereke mopanda dyera kuntchito, kubweretsa luso lapamwamba mwa iwo, kudzutsa chikondi cha nyimbo. Maphunziro a Polyakin amakumbukiridwabe ndi omwe anali ndi mwayi wolankhulana naye ngati chochitika chosangalatsa m'miyoyo yawo. Opambana mpikisano wapadziko lonse M. Fikhtengolts, E. Gilels, M. Kozolupova, B. Feliciant, wotsogolera nyimbo za symphony orchestra ya Leningrad Philharmonic I. Shpilberg ndi ena adaphunzira naye.

Polyakin anasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika pa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Soviet, ndipo ndikufuna kubwereza pambuyo pa Neuhaus kuti: "Oimba achichepere omwe analeredwa ndi Polyakin, omvera omwe adawasangalatsa kwambiri, adzakhalabe ndi chikumbukiro choyamikira cha iye."

L. Raaben