Canon |

kuchokera ku Greek kanon - mwachizolowezi, ulamuliro

1) Ku Dr. Greece, chipangizo chophunzirira ndikuwonetsa chiŵerengero cha matani opangidwa ndi dec. mbali za chingwe chogwedezeka; kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 2 analandira dzina monochord. K. amatchedwanso dongosolo lachiwerengero lachiwerengero chapakati chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi monochord, mu nthawi zotsatila - muses. zida, ch. ayi. zokhudzana ndi monochord malinga ndi chipangizo (mwachitsanzo, psalterium), zida za zida.

2) Ku Byzantium. hymnografia polystrophic mankhwala. zovuta kuyatsa. mapangidwe. K. anaonekera mu 1st floor. 8 ndi c. Pakati pa olemba oyambirira k. ndi Andrei wa ku Krete, Yohane wa ku Damasiko, ndi Kosma wa ku Yerusalemu (Mayumu), kumene anachokera ku Suriya. Pali osakwanira K., otchedwa. nyimbo ziwiri, nyimbo zitatu ndi zinayi. Complete K. inali ndi nyimbo 9, koma yachiwiri posakhalitsa inasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Cosmas waku Yerusalemu (Mayumsky) sanagwiritsenso ntchito, ngakhale adasungabe dzina la odes asanu ndi anayi.

Mu mawonekedwe awa, K. alipo mpaka lero. Gawo loyamba la nyimbo iliyonse ya K. ndi irmos, zotsatirazi (nthawi zambiri 1-4) zimatchedwa. troparia. Zilembo zoyamba za stanzas zidapanga acrostic, zomwe zikuwonetsa dzina la wolemba komanso lingaliro la ntchitoyi. Matchalitchi anayambika m’mikhalidwe ya kulimbana kwa ufumuwo ndi kulambira mafano ndipo ankaimira “nyimbo zamwano ndi zamphamvu” ( J. Pitra ) za zikondwerero. khalidwe, lolunjika motsutsana ndi nkhanza za mafumu a iconoclast. K. adapangidwa kuti aziyimba ndi anthu, ndipo izi zidatsimikiza mamangidwe a zolemba zake komanso mtundu wa nyimboyo. Mutu Nkhani za irmos zinali nyimbo za Chihebri. ndakatulo ndipo mocheperapo kwenikweni Mkhristu, m'mene chitetezero cha Mulungu kwa anthu pankhondo yake yolimbana ndi olamulira ankhanza chinalemekezedwa. The troparia inayamikira kulimba mtima ndi kuzunzika kwa omenyana ndi nkhanza.

Wopeka (yemwenso anali mlembi wa malembawo) anayenera kupirira mawu a irmos m'magulu onse a nyimboyo, kotero kuti muses. katchulidwe ka mawu kulikonse kogwirizana ndi tanthauzo la vesilo. Nyimboyo inkafunika kukhala yosavuta komanso yofotokoza maganizo. Panali lamulo lopanga K.: "Ngati wina akufuna kulemba K., ndiye kuti ayenera kutchula koyamba mawu a irmos, kenaka apereke troparia ndi silabiki yofanana ndi consonant ndi irmos, kusunga lingaliro" (zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu). Kuchokera m'zaka za m'ma 8 olemba nyimbo zambiri adalemba K., pogwiritsa ntchito ma irmoses a John waku Damasiko ndi Cosmas waku Mayum monga chitsanzo. Nyimbo za K. zinali pansi pa dongosolo la osmosis.

Mu mpingo wa ku Russia, mavawelo ogwirizana ndi K. anasungidwa, koma chifukwa cha kuphwanya ulemerero. kumasulira kwa masilabi achi Greek. ndi ma irmos okha omwe amatha kuyimba choyambirira, pomwe troparia inkayenera kuwerengedwa. Kupatulapo ndi Paschal K. - m'mabuku oimba pali zitsanzo zake, zolembedwa kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto.

Mu 2nd floor. 15 ndi c. china chatsopano chinawonekera. kalembedwe K. Woyambitsa wake anali mmonke wochokera ku Athos Pachomius Logofet (kapena Pachomius Serb), yemwe analemba pafupifupi. 20 K., yoperekedwa ku Chirasha. maholide ndi oyera mtima. Chilankhulo cha zolemba za Pachomius chidasiyanitsidwa ndi kalembedwe kokongola, kodzitukumula. Kalembedwe ka Pachomius kanatsanziridwa ndi Markell Beardless, Hermogenes, kholo lakale pambuyo pake, ndi olemba nyimbo ena azaka za zana la 16.

3) Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, mawonekedwe a nyimbo polyphonic zochokera kutsanzira okhwima, akugwira zigawo zonse za proposta mu rispost kapena risposts. Mpaka zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18 adatchedwa fugue. Zomwe zimafotokozera za K. ndi chiwerengero cha mavoti, mtunda ndi nthawi pakati pa mawu awo oyamba, chiŵerengero cha proposta ndi risposta. Zofala kwambiri ndi 2- ndi 3-mawu K., komabe, palinso K. kwa mawu 4-5. K. odziwika kuchokera ku mbiri ya nyimbo zokhala ndi mawu ambiri amayimira kuphatikiza zingapo zosavuta za K.

Nthawi yolowera yodziwika kwambiri ndi prima kapena octave (nthawiyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zitsanzo zoyambirira za K.). Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi wachisanu ndi wachinayi; Nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, chifukwa posunga tonality, zimayambitsa kusintha kwa nthawi (kusintha kwa masekondi akuluakulu kukhala masekondi ang'onoang'ono mmenemo ndi mosemphanitsa). Mu K. kwa mawu atatu kapena kupitilira apo, mipata yolowera mawu ikhoza kukhala yosiyana.

Chiŵerengero chosavuta cha mavoti mu K. ndi kugwirizira ndendende kwa proposta mu rispost kapena risposts. Imodzi mwa mitundu ya K. imapangidwa “in direct motion” ( Canon ya Chilatini per motum rectum ). K. ingathenso kuganiziridwa ndi mtundu uwu pakuwonjezeka (kanon per augmentationem), mu kuchepa (canon per diminutionem), ndi decomp. metric kulembetsa mavoti (“mensural”, kapena “proportional”, K.). Pamitundu iwiri yoyambirira ya mitundu iyi, K. risposta kapena risposta imagwirizana kwathunthu ndi proposta m'mawu anyimbo. chitsanzo ndi chiŵerengero cha nthawi, Komabe, mtheradi nthawi ya aliyense wa matani mwa iwo motero kuchuluka kapena kuchepetsedwa angapo. nthawi (kuchulukitsa, kuwirikiza katatu, etc.). "Mensural", kapena "proportional", K. imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiyambi ndi zizindikiro za m'mimba, momwe magawo awiri (osakwanira) ndi magawo atatu (angwiro) akuphwanyidwa kwa nthawi yomweyo analoledwa.

M'mbuyomu, makamaka mu nthawi ya ulamuliro wa polyphony, K. ndi chiŵerengero chovuta kwambiri cha mawu ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito - pozungulira (canon per motum contrarium, all 'inverse), mu countermovement (canon cancrisans), ndi mirror- nkhanu. K. mu kufalitsidwa amakhala ndi chakuti proposta ikuchitika mu risposta kapena rispostas mu mawonekedwe inverted, ndiko kuti, aliyense akukwera imeneyi ya proposta limafanana ndi kutsika yofanana imeneyi chiwerengero cha masitepe mu risposta ndi vice. versa (onani Inversion of the Theme). Mu chikhalidwe cha K., mutu wa rispost umadutsa "mosiyana" poyerekeza ndi proposta, kuchokera ku phokoso lomaliza mpaka loyamba. Mirror-crustaceous K. amaphatikiza zizindikiro za K. mu kuzungulira ndi crustacean.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, pali ziwiri zofunika. lembani K. - K., kutha nthawi imodzi m'mawu onse, ndi K. ndi kusamalitsa kumveka kwa mawu nthawi imodzi. Mu nkhani yoyamba, adzamaliza. cadence, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zotsanzira imathyoledwa, yachiwiri imasungidwa mpaka kumapeto, ndipo mawuwo amakhala chete muzotsatira zomwe adalowamo. Mlandu umatheka pamene, pokonzekera kutumizidwa, mawu a K. amabweretsedwa pachiyambi chake, kotero kuti akhoza kubwerezedwa nthawi zambiri, kupanga zomwe zimatchedwa. kanoni kosatha.

Palinso mitundu ingapo yapadera ya ma canon. K. okhala ndi mawu aulere, kapena osakwanira, osakanikirana ndi K., ndi kuphatikiza kwa K. mu 2, 3, ndi zina zotero. K. pa mitu iwiri, itatu kapena kuposerapo (kawiri, katatu, ndi zina zotero) imayamba ndi kulowa panthawi imodzi ya ma proposts awiri, atatu kapena kuposerapo, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kulowa kwa chiwerengero chofanana cha risposts. Palinso K., kusuntha motsatizana (zotsatira zovomerezeka), zozungulira, kapena zozungulira, K. (canon pa tonos), momwe mutuwo umasinthira, kotero kuti pang'onopang'ono umadutsa makiyi onse a bwalo lachisanu.

M'mbuyomu, proposta yokha inalembedwa mu K., pachiyambi pomwe, ndi zilembo zapadera kapena zapadera. malongosoledwewo anasonyeza kuti ndi liti, motsatizana zotani za mavoti, pazigawo ziti komanso m’njira zotani zimene otsutsa ayenera kulowa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Misa ya Dufay “Se la ay pole” palembedwa kuti: “Cresut in triplo et in duplo et pu jacet”, kutanthauza kuti: “Imakula patatu ndi kuwirikiza kawiri ndi momwe imakhalira.” Mawu akuti "K". ndi chizindikiro chofanana; kokha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi lidakhala dzina la mawonekedwe enieniwo. Mu dipatimenti milandu proposta anatulutsidwa popanda c.-l. zisonyezo za zikhalidwe zolowa mu rispost - ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa, "kulingalira" ndi woimbayo. Zikatero, otchedwa. enigmatic canon, yomwe inalola kuti zingapo zosiyana. mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulowa kwa risposta, naz. polymorphic.

Zinanso zovuta komanso zenizeni zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito. mitundu ya K. - K., yomwe dec yokha. mbali za proposta, K. ndi zomangamanga za risposta kuchokera ku phokoso la proposta, zokonzedwa mwadongosolo lotsika la nthawi, ndi zina zotero.

Zitsanzo zakale kwambiri za 2-voice chimes kuyambira zaka za zana la 12, ndipo mawu atatu amawu kuyambira zaka za 3th. "Summer Canon" yochokera ku Reading Abbey ku England idachokera cha m'ma 13, zomwe zikuwonetsa chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha polyphony. Pofika m’chaka cha 1300 (kumapeto kwa nyengo ya ars nova) K. analowa mu nyimbo zachipembedzo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 1400 pali K. oyambirira okhala ndi mawu aufulu, K. mu chiwonjezeko.

A Dutch J. Ciconia ndi G. Dufay amagwiritsa ntchito canons mu motets, canzones, ndipo nthawi zina mu unyinji. Mu ntchito ya J. Okegem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Despres ndi a m'nthawi yawo, yovomerezeka. ukadaulo umafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri.

X. de Lantins. Nyimbo ya zaka za zana la 15

Njira yovomerezeka inali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri muzolemba zakale. creativity 2nd floor. 15 ndi c. ndipo adathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. luso. Wopanga. kumvetsa nyimbo. mwayi amasiyana. mitundu ya ma canon idatsogolera, makamaka, pakupanga magulu a canon. misa dec. olemba (omwe ali ndi mutu wakuti Missa ad fugam). Panthawiyi, mawonekedwe omwe amangotsala pang'ono kutha omwe amatchedwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. proportional canon, pomwe mutu wa risposta umasintha poyerekeza ndi risposta.

Kugwiritsa ntchito k. m'njira zazikulu m'zaka za zana la 15. amachitira umboni kuzindikira kwathunthu za kuthekera kwake - mothandizidwa ndi K., mgwirizano wofotokozera mawu onse unakwaniritsidwa. Pambuyo pake, njira yovomerezeka ya Dutch sinalandire chitukuko china. Ku. nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati paokha. mawonekedwe, penapake nthawi zambiri - monga gawo la mawonekedwe otsanzira (Palestrina, O. Lasso, TL de Victoria). Komabe, K. adathandizira ku ladotonal centralization, kulimbitsa kufunikira kwa mayankho enieni achinayi ndi tonal muzotsanzira zaulere. Tanthauzo lakale kwambiri la K. limatanthauza con. 15 ndi c. (R. de Pareja, "Musica practica", 1482).

Josquin Wokhumudwa. Agnus Dei secundum kuchokera ku "L'Homme arme super voces".

M'zaka za zana la 16 njira zovomerezeka zimayamba kulembedwa m'mabuku (G. Zarlino). Komabe, k. amatchulidwanso ndi mawu akuti fuga ndipo amatsutsana ndi lingaliro la kutsanzira, lomwe limatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito mosagwirizana ndi zotsanzira, ndiko kuti, kutsanzira kwaulere. Kusiyanitsa kwa malingaliro a fugue ndi canon kumayamba mu theka lachiwiri. Zaka za zana la 2 Mu nthawi ya Baroque, chidwi cha K. chimawonjezeka; K. imalowa mkati. nyimbo, imakhala (makamaka ku Germany) chizindikiro cha luso la wolemba, atafika pachimake chachikulu kwambiri cha ntchito ya JS Bach (ovomerezeka a cantus firmus, mbali za sonatas ndi misa, kusiyana kwa Goldberg, "zopereka zoimba"). Mumitundu yayikulu, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri za Bach ndi nthawi zotsatila, zovomerezeka. njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mukutambasula; K. imagwira ntchito pano ngati chiwonetsero chokhazikika cha chithunzi-chithunzi, chopanda zotsutsana ndi zina zambiri.

A. Кальдара. "Tiyeni tipite ku caocia." 18 pa.

Poyerekeza ndi JS Bach, akale a Viennese amagwiritsa ntchito K. mocheperako. Olemba a m'zaka za zana la 19 R. Schumann ndi I. Brahms mobwerezabwereza anatembenukira ku mawonekedwe a k. Chidwi china mu K. ndi chikhalidwe cha zaka za zana la 20 kumlingo wokulirapo. (M. Reger, G. Mahler). P. Hindemith ndi B. Bartok amagwiritsira ntchito mitundu yovomerezeka mogwirizana ndi chikhumbo cha kulamulira kwa mfundo yanzeru, kaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a constructivist.

Rus. olemba nyimbo zakale sanawonetse chidwi kwambiri ndi k. ngati mawonekedwe odziyimira pawokha. ntchito, koma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mitundu yovomerezeka. kutsanzira mu matalala a fugues kapena polyphonic. kusiyanasiyana (MI Glinka - fugue kuchokera koyambirira kwa "Ivan Susanin"; PI Tchaikovsky - gawo lachitatu la quartet yachiwiri). K., kuphatikizapo. zopanda malire, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ya braking, kutsindika mlingo wa mavuto kufika (Glinka - quartet "Ndi mphindi yodabwitsa bwanji" kuchokera pa chithunzi choyamba cha "Ruslan ndi Lyudmila" 3; Tchaikovsky - duet "Adani" kuchokera pa chithunzi cha 2 1 - zochita za "Eugene Onegin"; Mussorgsky - choyimba "Guide" kuchokera ku "Boris Godunov"), kapena kuwonetsa kukhazikika ndi "chilengedwe chonse" chamalingaliro (AP Borodin - Nocturne kuchokera ku quartet yachiwiri; AK Glazunov - 1 -I ndi 2 mbali ya symphony 2; SV Rachmaninov - pang'onopang'ono gawo loyamba la symphony), kapena mu mawonekedwe ovomerezeka. zotsatizana, komanso mu K. ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wina wa K. kupita ku wina, monga njira yamphamvu. kuwonjezeka (AK Glazunov - gawo la 2 la symphony ya 1; SI Taneev - gawo la 2 la cantata "Yohane waku Damasiko"). Zitsanzo za 5 quartet ya Borodin ndi 1 symphony ya Rachmaninov zimasonyezanso k. ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba awa omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yosinthika yotsanzira. Miyambo yaku Russia. zakale anapitiriza ntchito kadzidzi. olemba.

N. Ayi. Myaskovsky ndi DD Shostakovich ndi ovomerezeka. mafomu apeza ntchito yaikulu (Myaskovsky - gawo loyamba la 1 ndi mapeto a symphonies 24, gawo la 27 la quartet No. op. 2, 3- I gawo la symphony 24, etc.).

N. Ayi. Myaskovsky 3rd quartet, gawo 2, 3rd kusintha.

Mafomu ovomerezeka samangowonetsa kusinthasintha kwakukulu, kuwalola kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso ali olemera kwambiri mumitundu. Rus. ndi akadzidzi. Ofufuza (SI Taneev, SS Bogatyrev) adathandizira ntchito zazikulu pa chiphunzitso cha k.

Zothandizira: 1) Yablonsky V., Pachomius the Serb ndi zolemba zake za hagiographic, SPB, 1908, M. Skaballanovich, Tolkovy typikon, vol. 2, K., 1913; Ritra JV, Analecta sacra spicilegio Solesmensi, parata, t. 1, Paris, 1876; Wellesz E., Mbiri ya Byzantine nyimbo ndi hymnograph, Oxf., 1949, 1961.

2) Taneev S., Doctrine of the Canon, M., 1929; Bogatyrev S., Double canon, M. - L., 1947; Skrebkov S., Buku la polyphony, M., 1951, 1965, Protopopov V., Mbiri ya polyphony. Nyimbo za ku Russia zachikale ndi za Soviet, M., 1962; wake, Mbiri ya polyphony mu zochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Zakale za ku Western Europe, M., 1965; Klauwell, OA, Die historische Entwicklung des musikalischen Kanons, Lpz., 1875 (Diss); Jöde Fr., Der Kanon, Bd 1-3, Wolfenbüttel, 1926; ake omwe, Vom Geist und Gesicht des Kanons in der Kunst Bachs?, Wolfenbüttel, 1926; Mies R., Der Kanon im mehrstzigen klassischen Werk, “ZfMw”, Jahrg. VIII, 1925/26; Feininger LK, Die Frühgeschichte des Kanons bis Josquin des Prez (um 1500), Emsdetten ku W., 1937; Robbins RH, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kontrapunkts von Zarlino bis Schütz, B., 1938 (Diss); Blankenburg W., Die Bedeutung des Kanons in Bachs Werk, “Bericht über die wissenschaftliche Bachtagung Leipzig, 1950”, Lpz., 1951; Walt JJ van der, Die Kanongestaltung im Werk Palestrinas, Köln, 1956 (Diss.).

HD Uspensky, TP Muller