Mafungulo Atsopano

Usiku wa September 23-24, Johann Franz Encke, yemwe anali atangokondwerera kubadwa kwake kwa zaka 55, anagogoda mosalekeza panyumbapo. Wophunzira wina dzina lake Heinrich d'Arre, yemwe anali wotopa kwambiri, anaima pakhomo. Atasinthana mawu angapo ndi mlendoyo, Encke adakonzekera mwachangu, ndipo awiriwo adapita ku Berlin Observatory motsogozedwa ndi Encke, komwe Johann Galle yemwenso anali wokondwa amawadikirira pafupi ndi telesikopu yowala.

Zowonera, zomwe ngwazi wamasikuwo adalumikizana nawo motere, zidapitilira mpaka hafu koloko usiku. Choncho mu 1846, dziko lachisanu ndi chitatu la mapulaneti ozungulira dzuwa, Neptune, linapezeka.

Koma zimene akatswiri a zakuthambowa anapeza zinasintha pang’ono chabe kusiyana ndi mmene timaonera zinthu za m’dzikoli.

Chiphunzitso ndikuchita

Kukula kowoneka kwa Neptune ndikochepera masekondi atatu arc. Kuti mumvetse tanthauzo la izi, yerekezani kuti mukuyang'ana bwalo kuchokera pakati. Gawani bwalo mu magawo 3 (mkuyu 360).

Ngodya yomwe tapeza motere ndi 1 ° (digiri imodzi). Tsopano gawani gawo lopyapyalali kukhala magawo ena 60 (sizingathekenso kufotokoza izi pachithunzichi). Gawo lirilonse lidzakhala 1 arc miniti. Ndipo potsiriza, timagawanitsa ndi 60 ndi arc miniti - timapeza arc second.

Kodi akatswiri a zakuthambo anapeza bwanji chinthu chooneka ngati chooneka ngati chooneka ngati chooneka ngati chooneka ngati chooneka bwino kwambiri chooneka ngati buluu chotere m'mwamba, ndipo kukula kwake sikukwana 3 arc? Mfundo yake si mphamvu ya telescope, koma momwe mungasankhire mayendedwe pamlengalenga wamkulu wakumwamba komwe mungayang'ane dziko latsopano.

Yankho ndi losavuta: owonerera anauzidwa malangizo awa. Wofotokozerayo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa katswiri wa masamu wa ku France Urbain Le Verrier, ndiye amene, powona zolakwika za khalidwe la Uranus, adanena kuti pali pulaneti lina kumbuyo kwake, lomwe, kukopa Uranus kwa lokha, limapangitsa kuti apatuke pa "zolondola." ” njira. Le Verrier sanangopanga lingaliro lotere, koma adatha kuwerengera komwe dziko lapansi liyenera kukhala, adalemba za izi kwa Johann Galle, yemwe pambuyo pake malo osaka adachepa kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake Neptune idakhala pulaneti yoyamba yomwe idanenedweratu ndi chiphunzitso, ndipo idapezeka muzochita. Kupeza kotereku kumatchedwa "kutulukira kumapeto kwa cholembera", ndipo kunasintha kwanthawizonse malingaliro okhudza chiphunzitso cha sayansi. Lingaliro la sayansi lasiya kumveka ngati masewera amalingaliro chabe, pofotokoza bwino kwambiri "chomwe chiri"; chiphunzitso cha sayansi chasonyeza bwino lomwe luso lake lolosera.

Kupyolera mu nyenyezi kwa oimba

Tiyeni tibwerere ku nyimbo. Monga mukudziwa, pali zolemba 12 mu octave. Ndi mitundu ingati ya mawu atatu yomwe ingamangidwe kuchokera kwa iwo? Ndiosavuta kuwerengera - padzakhala 220 zotengera zotere.

Izi, ndithudi, si chiwerengero chachikulu cha zakuthambo, koma ngakhale m'magulu angapo a consonance ndizosavuta kusokonezeka.

Mwamwayi, tili ndi chiphunzitso cha sayansi cha mgwirizano, tili ndi "mapu a dera" - malo ochulukitsa (PC). Momwe PC imapangidwira, tidakambirana m'modzi mwazolemba zam'mbuyomu. Komanso, tidawona momwe makiyi omwe amapezeka mu PC - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono.

Tiyeni titchulenso mfundo zomwe zili m'makiyi achikhalidwe.

Umu ndi momwe zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zimawonekera mu PC (mkuyu 2 ndi mkuyu 3).

Chigawo chapakati cha zomangamanga zoterezi ndi ngodya: kaya ndi kuwala kolunjika pamwamba - katatu, kapena ndi kuwala kopita pansi - katatu kakang'ono (mkuyu 4).

Ngodyazi zimapanga crosshair, zomwe zimakulolani kuti "centralize" imodzi mwazomveka, ikhale "yaikulu". Umu ndi momwe tonic imawonekera.

Ndiye ngodya yotereyi imakopera mofanana, m'mawu omveka bwino kwambiri. Kukopera uku kumapangitsa kukhala wocheperako komanso wolamulira.

Tonic (T), subdominant (S) ndi dominant (D) amatchedwa ntchito zazikulu mu kiyi. Zolemba zomwe zili m'makona atatuwa zimapanga kukula kwa kiyi yofananira.

Mwa njira, kuwonjezera pa ntchito zazikulu mu fungulo, zolembera zam'mbali nthawi zambiri zimasiyanitsidwa. Tikhoza kuwawonetsa mu PC (mkuyu 5).

Apa DD ndi yolamulira pawiri, iii ndi ntchito ya sitepe yachitatu, VIb ndi yachisanu ndi chimodzi yochepetsedwa, ndi zina zotero. Tikuwona kuti ndi ngodya zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zomwe zili kutali ndi tonic.

Cholemba chilichonse chikhoza kukhala ngati tonic, ntchito zidzamangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Mapangidwe - malo achibale a ngodya mu PC - sangasinthe, amangosunthira kumalo ena.

Chabwino, tasanthula momwe ma tonali achikhalidwe amasanjidwira mogwirizana. Kodi tidzapeza, kuyang'ana pa iwo, kumene kuli koyenera kuyang'ana "mapulaneti atsopano"?

Ndikuganiza kuti tipeza matupi akumwamba angapo.

Tiyeni tione mkuyu. 4. Ikuwonetsa momwe takhazikitsira phokoso pakati ndi ngodya ya triad. Nthawi ina, matabwa onsewo ankawongoleredwa m’mwamba, ndipo kwinanso - pansi.

Zikuwoneka kuti taphonya njira zina ziwiri, palibe choyipa kuposa kuyika cholemba pakatikati. Tiyeni tikhale ndi cheza chimodzi cholozera mmwamba ndi china pansi. Ndiye timapeza ngodya izi (mkuyu 6).

Mautatu awa amayika cholemba pakati, koma mwanjira yachilendo. Ngati muwamanga kuchokera ku zolemba ku, ndiye pamtengo iwo adzawoneka chonchi (mkuyu 7).

Tidzasunga mfundo zina zonse zamapangidwe a tonality osasinthika: tidzawonjezera ngodya ziwiri zofanana muzolemba zapafupi.

Adzapeza makiyi atsopano (Mkuyu 8).

Tiyeni tilembe masikelo awo kuti amveke bwino.

Tawonetsa zolemba zokhala ndi zokuthwa, koma, nthawi zina zimakhala zosavuta kuzilembanso ndi ma flats a enharmonic.

Ntchito zazikulu za makiyiwa zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 8, koma zolembera zam'mbali zikusowa kuti amalize chithunzicho. Poyerekeza ndi mkuyu 5 tikhoza kuwajambula mosavuta pa PC (mkuyu 10).

Tiyeni tilembe pa ndodo ya nyimbo (mkuyu 11).

Kuyerekeza gamma mu Mkuyu 9 ndi mayina a ntchito mu mkuyu. 11, mutha kuwona kuti kumangirira pamasitepe apa kumakhala kosasunthika, "kusiyidwa ndi cholowa" kuchokera kumakiyi achikhalidwe. Ndipotu, ntchito ya digiri yachitatu ikhoza kumangidwa osati konse kuchokera ku cholemba chachitatu muyeso, ntchito yachisanu ndi chimodzi yochepetsedwa - osati kuchokera kuchepetsedwa chachisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi zina zotero. Nanga mayinawa amatanthauza chiyani? Mayinawa amatsimikizira tanthauzo la utatu winawake. Ndiko kuti, ntchito ya sitepe yachitatu mu fungulo latsopano adzakhala ndi udindo womwewo kuti ntchito ya sitepe yachitatu ikuchitika zazikulu kapena zazing'ono, ngakhale kuti zimasiyana kwambiri structurally: katatu amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndipo ili. m'malo osiyana pa sikelo.

Mwina zatsala kuwunikira mafunso awiri ongoganizira

Yoyamba ikugwirizana ndi tonality ya kotala yachiwiri. Timawona izi poyika zolembazo pakati mchere, ngodya yake ya tonic imamangidwa kuchokera ku (ku - kuchepetsa mawu mu chord). Komanso kuchokera ku kukula kwa tonality uku kumayamba. Ndipo kawirikawiri, tonality yomwe tawonetsera iyenera kutchedwa tonality ya chigawo chachiwiri cha ku. Izi ndizodabwitsa poyang'ana koyamba. Komabe, ngati tiyang'ana pa mkuyu 3, tidzapeza kuti takumana kale ndi "kusintha" komweko mumng'ono wamba wamba. M'lingaliro ili, palibe chodabwitsa chomwe chimachitika mu fungulo la gawo lachiwiri.

Funso lachiwiri: chifukwa chiyani dzina loterolo - makiyi a magawo a II ndi IV?

M'masamu, nkhwangwa ziwiri zimagawaniza ndegeyo m'magawo a 4, omwe nthawi zambiri amawerengedwa motsatira (mkuyu 12).

Timayang'ana komwe kuwala kwa ngodya yofananira kumayendetsedwa, ndipo timatcha makiyi molingana ndi kotala ili. Pankhaniyi, chachikulu chidzakhala chinsinsi cha kotala loyamba, wamng'ono adzakhala gawo lachitatu, ndi makiyi awiri atsopano, motero, II ndi IV.

Khazikitsani ma telescopes

Monga mchere, tiyeni timvetsere nkhani yaing'ono yolembedwa ndi woimba Ivan Soshinsky mu fungulo la gawo lachinayi.

"Etulle" I. Soshinsky

Kodi makiyi anayi omwe tili nawo ndi otheka okha? Kunena zowona, ayi. Kunena zoona, mapangidwe a tonal nthawi zambiri sikofunikira kuti pakhale nyimbo zoimbira, titha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zina zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi centralization kapena symmetry.

Koma tiyimitsa nkhaniyo pazosankha zina pakadali pano.

Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti mbali ina ndi yofunika. Zolemba zonse zamaganizo zimakhala zomveka pokhapokha zitachoka ku chiphunzitso kupita ku machitidwe, kupita ku chikhalidwe. Momwe kupsya mtima kudakhazikitsidwira mu nyimbo pokhapokha atalembedwa ndi Well-Tempered Clavier ndi JS Bach ndi machitidwe ena aliwonse adzafunika pamene akuyenda kuchokera pamapepala kupita ku zigoli, kupita kuholo zamakonsati, ndipo pamapeto pake nyimbo za omvera.

Chabwino, tiyeni tikhazikitse matelesikopu athu ndi kuwona ngati opeka angasonyeze kukhala apainiya ndi atsamunda a dziko latsopano la nyimbo.

Wolemba - Roman Oleinikov