Makiyi mu danga la kuchulukitsa

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yapadziko Lonse itatha, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu anadabwa kupeza mabwalo a ndege, mawailesi, ngakhalenso ndege zazikulu zokhala ndi moyo zomangidwa ndi mafuko akumeneko kuchokera ku nsungwi, matabwa, masamba, mipesa, ndi zinthu zina zokonzedwa bwino pazilumba zambiri za m’nyanja ya Pacific.

Posakhalitsa, njira yothetsera nyumba zachilendo zoterezi inapezedwa. Zonse ndi za zomwe zimatchedwa zipembedzo zonyamula katundu. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, anthu a ku America anamanga mabwalo a ndege pazilumbazi kuti azipereka asilikali. Katundu wamtengo wapatali anaperekedwa ku mabwalo a ndege: zovala, chakudya cham'chitini, mahema ndi zinthu zina zothandiza, zina zomwe zinaperekedwa kwa anthu a m'deralo kuti alandire alendo, maulendo otsogolera, ndi zina zotero. okha anayamba kupanga zofanana za ndege ndi chiyembekezo chodabwitsa kuti mwanjira imeneyi adzakopanso katundu (English cargo - cargo).

Inde, mofanana ndi magalimoto enieni, ndege za nsungwi sizimatha kuwuluka, kulandira mawailesi, kapena kutumiza katundu.

"Kufanana" sikutanthauza "zofanana".

Mode ndi tonality

Zofanana, koma osati zofanana, zochitika zimapezeka mu nyimbo.

Mwachitsanzo, a C yayikulu amatchedwa onse atatu ndi tonality. Monga lamulo, kuchokera pamutuwu mutha kumvetsetsa zomwe zikutanthawuza. Komanso, nyimbo mu C major ndi toni mu C major ndi ogwirizana.

Pali chitsanzo cha nzeru. Chinsinsi mu C major и Ionian mode kuchokera ku. Mukawerenga mabuku ogwirizana, amatsindika kuti izi ndi nyimbo zosiyana, imodzi ndi tonal, ina ndi modal. Koma sizikudziwikiratu kuti kusiyana kwake ndi chiyani, kupatula dzina. Zowonadi, izi ndizolemba 7 zomwezo: do, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si.

Ndipo mamba a machitidwe oimba awa amamveka mofanana kwambiri, ngakhale mutagwiritsa ntchito zolemba za Pythagorean pamayendedwe a Ionian, ndi zolemba zachilengedwe za zazikulu:

Natural C wamkulu

Ionian mode kuchokera ku

M'nkhani yapitayi, tidasanthula mwatsatanetsatane zomwe ma frets akale, kuphatikiza a Ionian. Mitundu iyi ndi ya dongosolo la Pythagorean, ndiye kuti, amamangidwa pochulukitsa ndi 2 (octave) ndikuchulukitsa ndi 3 (duodecime). Mu danga la kuchuluka (PC), mawonekedwe a Ionian kuchokera ku zidzawoneka chonchi (mkuyu 1).

Tsopano tiyeni tiyese kudziwa kuti tonality ndi chiyani.

Chinthu choyamba komanso chachikulu cha tonality ndichoti, zosangalatsa. Kodi tonic ndi chiyani? Zingawonekere kuti yankho ndilodziwikiratu: tonic ndiye cholemba chachikulu, malo enaake, malo ofotokozera dongosolo lonse.

Tiyeni tione chithunzi choyamba. Kodi ndizotheka kunena kuti mu rectangle ya Ionian fret cholemba ku chachikulu ndi? Timavomereza kuti sichoncho. Tapanga rectangle iyi kuchokera ku, koma titha kumanganso, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera F, zikanasanduka njira ya Lydia (mkuyu 2).

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, cholemba chomwe tinapanga sikelo chasintha, koma mawonekedwe onse a harmonic akhalabe ofanana. Komanso, dongosololi likhoza kumangidwa kuchokera ku phokoso lililonse mkati mwa rectangle (mkuyu 3).

Kodi tingapeze bwanji tonic? Kodi tingakhazikitse bwanji cholemba pakati, ndikuchipanga kukhala chachikulu?

Mu nyimbo za modal, "ulamuliro" nthawi zambiri umatheka ndi zomangamanga zosakhalitsa. Cholemba "chachikulu" chimamveka nthawi zambiri, ntchitoyo imayamba kapena imatha, imagwera pazitsulo zolimba.

Koma palinso njira yolumikizirana "pakati" cholemba.

Ngati tijambula mtanda (mkuyu 4 kumanzere), ndiye kuti timakhala ndi malo apakati.

Mogwirizana, mfundo yomweyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma mmalo mwa crosshair, gawo lokhalo limagwiritsidwa ntchito - kaya ngodya yolunjika kumanja ndi mmwamba, kapena ngodya yopita kumanzere ndi pansi (mkuyu 4 kumanja) . Ngodya zotere zimamangidwa mu PC ndikukulolani kuti muyike cholemba pakati. Mayina a ngodya izi amadziwika osati kwa oimba okha - iwo akuluakulu и ochepa (Mkuyu 5).

Mwa kulumikiza ngodya yotere ku cholemba chilichonse mu PC, timapeza katatu kakang'ono kapena kakang'ono. Zomanga zonsezi "zimayika pakati" zolemba. Komanso, iwo ndi magalasi zithunzi za wina ndi mzake. Ndizinthu izi zomwe zidakhazikitsa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono muzoimbaimba.

Mutha kuzindikira chinthu chimodzi chachilendo: triad yayikulu imatchedwa ndi cholembera, chomwe chili molunjika pamtanda, ndipo chaching'ono ndi cholembera chomwe chili kumanzere (chomwe chawonetsedwa mozungulira pazithunzi mumkuyu 5). Ndiye consonance c-ndi-g, momwe phokoso lapakati lili gAmatchedwa C wamng'ono ndi cholemba pamtengo wakumanzere. Kuti tiyankhe molondola funso la chifukwa chake izi zili choncho, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe ovuta kwambiri, makamaka, kuwerengera muyeso wa consonance ya chord. M'malo mwake, tiyeni tiyese kufotokoza izo mwadongosolo. Chachikulu, pazitsulo zonse ziwiri - zachisanu ndi zitatu - timapita "mmwamba", mosiyana ndi zazing'ono, kumene kusuntha kumbali zonse ndi "pansi". Choncho, phokoso lapansi la chord lalikulu ndilo lapakati, ndipo pamtundu waung'ono ndilo kumanzere. Popeza nyimboyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa bass, ndiye kuti, phokoso lapansi, wamng'onoyo adatchedwa dzina lake osati ndi zolemba zomwe zili pamtanda, koma ndi cholembera chamanzere.

Koma, tikugogomezera kuti chinthu chinanso n’chofunika apa. Centralization ndi yofunika, timamva kamangidwe kameneka mu zazikulu ndi zazing'ono.

Komanso zindikirani kuti, mosiyana ndi ma frets akale, tonality imagwiritsa ntchito tertian (yoyimirira) axis, ndizomwe zimakulolani kuti "harmonically" pakati pa cholembacho.

Koma ziribe kanthu kuti nyimbozi ndi zokongola bwanji, pali zolemba zitatu zokha, ndipo simungathe kulemba zambiri kuchokera ku zolemba zitatu. Kodi malingaliro a tonality ndi chiyani? Ndipo tidzakambirananso izi kuchokera pamalingaliro a mgwirizano, ndiye kuti, mu PC.

• Choyamba, popeza takwanitsa kuyika zolembazo pakati, sitingafune kutaya izi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kupanga china chake mozungulira cholemba ichi molingana.
• Kachiwiri, tinagwiritsa ntchito ngodya za chord. Ichi ndi dongosolo latsopano, lomwe silinali mu dongosolo la Pythagorean. Zingakhale bwino kuzibwereza kuti omvera amvetse kuti sizinangochitika mwangozi, kuti ichi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa ife.

Kuchokera paziganizo ziwirizi, njira yopangira fungulo ikutsatira: tiyenera kubwereza ngodya zosankhidwa molingana ndi zolemba za "pakati", ndipo ndizofunikira kuchita izi pafupi ndi momwe tingathere (mkuyu 6).

Izi ndi zomwe kubwereza kwa ngodya kumawoneka ngati chachikulu. Ngodya yapakati imatchedwa zosangalatsa, kumanzere - wolamulira, ndi kumanja chachikulu. Zolemba zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakona awa zimapereka kukula kwa kiyi yofananira. Ndipo kamangidwe kameneka kakugogomezera zapakati zomwe tapeza mu chord. Yerekezerani Chithunzi 6 ndi Chithunzi 1 - apa fanizo lomveka bwino la momwe tonality imasiyanirana ndi mawonekedwe.

Izi ndi zomwe sikelo yayikulu imamveka, ndikutembenuka kwa TSDT kumapeto.

Zing'onozing'ono zidzamangidwa ndendende molingana ndi mfundo yomweyi, ngodya yokhayo idzakhala ndi kuwala osati mmwamba, koma pansi (mkuyu 7).

Monga mukuonera, mfundo yomanga ndi yofanana ndi yaikulu: ngodya zitatu (zocheperako, tonic ndi zazikulu), zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi zapakati.

Titha kupanga dongosolo lomwelo osati pacholemba ku, koma kuchokera kwa wina aliyense. Timapeza kiyi yayikulu kapena yaying'ono kuchokera pamenepo.

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tipange kamvekedwe ndiwe wamng'ono. Timamanga ngodya yaying'ono kuchokera anu, ndiyeno yonjezerani ngodya ziwiri kumanja ndi kumanzere, timapeza chithunzichi (Mkuyu 8).

Chithunzicho nthawi yomweyo chikuwonetsa zolemba zomwe zimapanga fungulo, ndi zizindikiro zingati zomwe zili mu kiyi pa kiyi, zomwe zolembazo zikuphatikizidwa mu gulu la tonic, lomwe liri lalikulu, lomwe liri mu subdominant.

Mwa njira, ku funso la ngozi zazikulu. Mu PC, tidawonetsa zolemba zonse ngati zakuthwa, koma ngati zingafunike, zitha kulembedwa ngati ma enharmonic ofanana ndi ma flats. Kodi ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zidzakhale mfungulo?

Izi zitha kuzindikirika mosavuta. Ngati cholemba popanda lakuthwa chikuphatikizidwa kale mu kiyi, ndiye kuti simungagwiritse ntchito lakuthwa - timalemba enharmonic ndi flat flat m'malo mwake.

Ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa izi ndi zitsanzo. mu ngodya zitatu ndiwe wamng'ono (mkuyu 8) osati zolemba c, palibe chidziwitso f palibe, kotero, tikhoza kuyika zizindikiro zazikulu motetezeka kwa iwo. M'malo motere tidzakhala ndi zolemba Kodi muli pompo и fis, ndipo tonality idzakhala yakuthwa.

В C wamng'ono (Mkuyu 7) ndi kuzindikira g ndi kuzindikira d alipo kale "mu mawonekedwe ake oyera", kotero, sizingagwire ntchito kuwagwiritsa ntchito ndi zowotcha. Kutsiliza: Pankhaniyi, timasintha zolemba ndi zolemba zakuthwa ku zolemba ndi ma flats. Chinsinsi C wamng'ono adzakhala chete.

Mitundu Yaikulu ndi Yaing'ono

Oimba amadziwa kuti kuwonjezera pa zachilengedwe palinso mitundu yapadera ya zazikulu ndi zazing'ono: melodic ndi harmonic. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kukumbukira ndendende masitepe okweza kapena kutsitsa makiyi oterowo.

Chilichonse chimakhala chosavuta ngati mumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka makiyi awa, ndipo chifukwa cha izi timawajambula pa PC (mkuyu 9).

Kuti timange mitundu iyi yaying'ono ndi yaying'ono, timangosintha ngodya yakumanzere ndi kumanja kuchokera ku zazikulu kupita zazing'ono kapena mosemphanitsa. Ndiko kuti, kaya tonality idzakhala yayikulu kapena yaying'ono imatsimikiziridwa ndi ngodya yapakati, koma zowopsya zimatsimikizira maonekedwe ake.

Mu ma harmonic chachikulu, ngodya yakumanzere (yocheperako) imasintha kukhala yaying'ono. Mu Harmonic yaying'ono, ngodya yakumanja (yolamulira) imasintha kukhala yayikulu.

M'makiyi a melodic, ngodya zonse ziwiri - kumanja ndi kumanzere - kusintha kukutsutsana ndi chapakati.

Inde, tikhoza kumanga mitundu yonse ya zazikulu ndi zazing'ono kuchokera ku zolemba zilizonse, mawonekedwe awo a harmonic, ndiko kuti, momwe amawonekera pa PC, sichidzasintha.

Wowerenga mwachidwi angadabwe kuti: kodi tingapange makiyi mwanjira zina? Bwanji ngati mutasintha mawonekedwe a ngodya? Kapena ma symmetry awo? Ndipo kodi tiyenera kudziletsa tokha ku "symmetrical" machitidwe?

Tidzayankha mafunso amenewa m’nkhani yotsatila.

Wolemba - Roman Oleinikov

Wolembayo akuthokoza woimba Ivan Soshinsky chifukwa cha thandizo lake popanga zida zomvera.