Paul Desau |

Paul Dessau

Mu kuwundana kwa mayina a ziwerengero zoimira zolemba ndi luso la GDR, amodzi mwa malo olemekezeka ndi a P. Dessau. Ntchito yake, monga masewero a B. Brecht ndi mabuku a A. Segers, ndakatulo za I. Becher ndi nyimbo za G. Eisler, ziboliboli za F. Kremer ndi zithunzi za V. Klemke, ndondomeko ya opera ya V. Felsenstein ndi mafilimu a kanema a K. Wulff, amasangalala ndi kutchuka koyenera osati kudziko lakwawo kokha, adadziwika kwambiri ndikukhala chitsanzo chowonekera cha luso la zaka za m'ma 5. Cholowa chachikulu cha Dessau chimaphatikizapo mitundu yodziwika bwino ya nyimbo zamakono: 2 operas, nyimbo zambiri za cantata-oratorio, ma symphonies XNUMX, nyimbo za orchestra, nyimbo zosewerera, makanema apawailesi ndi makanema, tinyimbo ta mawu ndi kwaya. Luso la Dessau linawonekera m'malo osiyanasiyana a ntchito yake yolenga - kupanga, kuchititsa, kuphunzitsa, kuchita, nyimbo ndi chikhalidwe.

Wolemba nyimbo wachikomyunizimu, Dessau adayankha mwachidwi zochitika zofunika kwambiri zandale za nthawi yake. Malingaliro odana ndi imperialist akufotokozedwa mu nyimbo yakuti "Msilikali Anaphedwa ku Spain" (1937), mu piyano "Guernica" (1938), mu "International ABC of War" (1945). Epitaph ya Rosa Luxemburg ndi Karl Liebknecht ya kwaya ndi orchestra (30) idaperekedwa ku chaka cha 1949 cha imfa yomvetsa chisoni ya anthu otchuka a gulu lachikominisi lapadziko lonse lapansi. Chikalata chodziwika bwino cha nyimbo ndi utolankhani choperekedwa kwa ozunzidwa ndi tsankho chinali Lumumba's Requiem (1963). Ntchito zina zachikumbutso za Dessau zikuphatikiza Epitaph to Lenin (1951), nyimbo ya orchestral In Memory of Bertolt Brecht (1959), ndi chidutswa cha mawu ndi piyano Epitaph to Gorky (1943). Dessau mofunitsitsa anatembenukira ku zolemba za olemba ndakatulo amakono opita patsogolo ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana - ku ntchito ya E. Weinert, F. Wolf, I. Becher, J. Ivashkevich, P. Neruda. Mmodzi mwa malo apakati amakhala ndi nyimbo zouziridwa ndi ntchito za B. Brecht. Wolembayo ali ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi mutu wa Soviet: opera "Lancelot" (yochokera pa sewero la E. Schwartz "Chinjoka", 1969), nyimbo za filimuyo "Russian Miracle" (1962). Njira ya Dessau mu luso la nyimbo inayendetsedwa ndi mwambo wautali wa banja.

Agogo ake aamuna, malinga ndi wopeka, anali cantor wotchuka m'nthawi yake, anapatsidwa luso lolemba. Bamboyo, wogwira ntchito m’fakitale ya fodya, mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake anasungabe chikondi chake cha kuimba ndipo anayesa kusonyeza chikhumbo chake chosakwaniritsidwa chokhala katswiri woimba wa ana. Kuyambira ali mwana, zomwe zinachitika ku Hamburg, Paul anamva nyimbo za F. Schubert, nyimbo za R. Wagner. Ali ndi zaka 6, anayamba kuphunzira kuimba violin, ndipo ali ndi zaka 14 anachita madzulo a payekha ndi pulogalamu yaikulu ya konsati. Kuyambira 1910, Dessau adaphunzira ku Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory ku Berlin kwa zaka ziwiri. Mu 1912, anapeza ntchito ku Hamburg City Theatre monga mkulu wa oimba nyimbo za oimba komanso wothandizira wotsogolera wamkulu, F. Weingartner. Pokhala ndikulakalaka kukhala kondakitala, Dessau adatengera mwachidwi zojambula zaluso kuchokera pakupanga kulumikizana ndi Weingartner, mokondwera adazindikira zomwe A. Nikisch, yemwe amayendera pafupipafupi ku Hamburg.

Ntchito yodziyimira payokha ya Dessau idasokonezedwa ndi kuyambika kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse komanso kulembetsa usilikali. Mofanana ndi Brecht ndi Eisler, Dessau mwamsanga anazindikira nkhanza zopanda pake za kupha anthu ambirimbiri kumene kunapha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, anamva mzimu wautundu wa asilikali a Germany ndi Austria.

Ntchito yowonjezereka monga mtsogoleri wa oimba a nyumba za opera inachitika mothandizidwa ndi O. Klemperer (ku Cologne) ndi B. Walter (ku Berlin). Komabe, chikhumbo cha kupeka nyimbo pang’onopang’ono chinaloŵetsa m’malo chikhumbo choyambirira cha ntchito ya utsogoleri. Mu 20s. ntchito zingapo za nyimbo zoimbira zosiyanasiyana zimawonekera, mwa iwo - Concertino ya violin payekha, limodzi ndi chitoliro, clarinet ndi lipenga. Mu 1926 Dessau anamaliza Symphony Yoyamba. Iwo bwinobwino anachita mu Prague wochitidwa ndi G. Steinberg (1927). Patapita zaka 2, Sonatina kwa viola ndi cembalo (kapena piyano) anaonekera, imene munthu amamva kuyandikana miyambo ya neoclassicism ndi orientation kwa kalembedwe P. Hindemith.

Mu June 1930, nyimbo za Dessau za The Railway Game zidachitika pamwambo wa Berlin Music Week. Mtundu wa "sewero lolimbikitsa", monga mtundu wapadera wa opera wa kusukulu, wopangidwa kuti azindikire ndi kuchita bwino kwa ana, adapangidwa ndi Brecht ndipo adatengedwa ndi olemba ambiri otsogolera. Pa nthawi yomweyi, sewero loyamba la masewera a opera a Hindemith "Tikumanga mzinda" linachitika. Ntchito zonsezi zikadali zotchuka lero.

1933 inakhala chiyambi chapadera mu mbiri yolenga ya ojambula ambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri iwo anachoka kwawo, akukakamizika kusamuka ku Germany ya Nazi, A. Schoenberg, G. Eisler, K. Weil, B. Walter, O. Klemperer, B. Brecht, F. Wolf. Dessau nayenso adakhala ngati wandende wandale. Nyengo ya ku Paris ya ntchito yake (1933-39) inayamba. Mutu wotsutsana ndi nkhondo umakhala chikoka chachikulu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30. Dessau, kutsatira Eisler, adadziwa bwino mtundu wanyimbo zandale. Umu ndi momwe gawo la "Thälmann Column" lidawonekera - "... mawu amphamvu olekanitsa kwa ankhondo aku Germany odana ndi fascists, kudutsa Paris kupita ku Spain kukachita nawo nkhondo zolimbana ndi a Francoists."

Pambuyo pa kulandidwa kwa France, Dessau amakhala zaka 9 ku USA (1939-48). Ku New York, pali msonkhano wofunikira ndi Brecht, womwe Dessau adauganizira kwa nthawi yayitali. Kumayambiriro kwa 1936 ku Paris, wolemba nyimboyo analemba "Nyimbo ya Nkhondo ya Black Straw Hats" kutengera mawu a Brecht kuchokera mu sewero lake "Saint Joan of the Abattoirs" - chithunzithunzi chomwe chinaganiziranso za moyo wa Mtsikana wa Orleans. Ataidziwa bwino nyimboyi, Brecht nthawi yomweyo adaganiza zoyiphatikiza madzulo a wolemba wake ku studio ya New School for Social Research ku New York. Pamalemba a Brecht, Dessau adalemba ca. Zolemba 50 - zoyimba-zodabwitsa, cantata-oratorio, mawu ndi kwaya. Malo apakati pakati pawo amakhala ndi zisudzo za The Interrogation of Luculus (1949) ndi Puntila (1959), zomwe zidapangidwa pambuyo pobwerera kwa woimbayo kudziko lakwawo. Kuyandikira kwa iwo kunali nyimbo za masewero a Brecht - "99 Percent" (1938), kenako amatchedwa "Mantha ndi Umphawi mu Ufumu Wachitatu"; "Amayi Kulimba Mtima ndi ana ake" (1946); "Munthu Wabwino ku Sezuan" (1947); "Kupatulapo ndi Rule" (1948); "Bambo. Puntila ndi wantchito wake Matti” (1949); "Caucasian choko bwalo" (1954).

Mu 60-70s. masewero adawonekera - "Lancelot" (1969), "Einstein" (1973), "Leone ndi Lena" (1978), nyimbo ya ana "Fair" (1963), Second Symphony (1964), triptych ya orchestral ("1955" , "Nyanja ya Mkuntho", "Lenin", 1955-69), "Quattrodrama" ya ma cello anayi, pianos awiri ndi percussion (1965). "Mkulu Wopeka wa GDR" anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito mwakhama mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. Atatsala pang’ono kumwalira, F. Hennenberg analemba kuti: “Dessau anapitirizabe kupsa mtima ngakhale m’zaka zake XNUMX. Potsimikizira malingaliro ake, nthawi zina amatha kugunda tebulo ndi nkhonya. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthawi zonse amamvetsera zotsutsana za interlocutor, osadziwonetsera yekha ngati wodziwa zonse komanso wosalakwa. Dessau amadziwa kukopa popanda kukweza mawu. Koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalankhula ndi mawu osonkhezera. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi nyimbo zake. "

L. Rimsky