Robert Casadesus |

Robert Casadesus

M'zaka zapitazi, mibadwo ingapo ya oimba otchedwa Casadesus yachulukitsa ulemerero wa chikhalidwe cha ku France. Zolemba komanso maphunziro amaperekedwa kwa oimira ambiri a banja ili, mayina awo amapezeka m'mabuku onse a encyclopedic, m'mbiri yakale. Pali, monga lamulo, komanso kutchulidwa kwa woyambitsa mwambo wa banja - gitala la Chikatalani Louis Casadesus, yemwe anasamukira ku France pakati pa zaka zapitazo, anakwatira mkazi wa ku France ndipo anakhazikika ku Paris. Apa, mu 1870, mwana wake woyamba Francois Louis anabadwa, amene anapeza kutchuka kwambiri monga wopeka ndi wochititsa, publicist ndi woimba; iye anali mkulu wa nyumba imodzi ya zisudzo za ku Paris ndi amene anayambitsa bungwe lotchedwa American Conservatory ku Fontainebleau, kumene achinyamata aluso ochokera kutsidya lina la nyanja anaphunzira. Potsatira iye, azichimwene ake aang'ono adazindikiridwa: Henri, woyimba zenera wodziwika bwino, wolimbikitsa nyimbo zoyambirira (ankaseweranso bwino kwambiri pa viola d'amour), Marius woyimba violini, virtuoso poyimba chida chosowa cha quinton; nthawi yomweyo mu France adazindikira m'bale wachitatu - cellist Lucien Casadesus ndi mkazi wake - limba Rosie Casadesus. Koma kunyada kwenikweni kwa banja ndi chikhalidwe chonse cha Chifalansa ndi, ndithudi, ntchito ya Robert Casadesus, mphwake wa oimba atatu otchulidwa. Mwa iye yekha, France ndi dziko lonse lapansi adalemekeza mmodzi wa oimba piyano odziwika bwino a m'zaka za zana lathu, yemwe adadziwonetsera bwino kwambiri pa sukulu ya ku France ya kuimba piyano.

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Kuchokera pazomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa, zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi chikhalidwe chotani chomwe Robert Casadesus adakulira ndikuleredwa. Ali ndi zaka 13, adakhala wophunzira ku Paris Conservatory. Pophunzira piyano (ndi L. Liproverbiaire) ndi kupeka kwake (ndi C. Leroux, N. Gallon), patatha chaka chimodzi kuchokera pamene analoŵa, analandira mphoto chifukwa choimba Mutu wa Zosiyanasiyana wolembedwa ndi G. Fauré, ndipo pofika nthaŵi imene anamaliza maphunziro ake ku (mu 1921) anali mwini wa masiyanidwe enanso awiri apamwamba. M’chaka chomwecho, woyimba piyano anapita pa ulendo wake woyamba ku Ulaya ndipo mwamsanga anatchuka kwambiri pa dziko lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo anabadwa ubwenzi Casadesus ndi Maurice Ravel, umene unapitirira mpaka mapeto a moyo wa wolemba wamkulu, komanso Albert Roussel. Zonsezi zinathandizira kupangidwa koyambirira kwa kalembedwe kake, anapereka malangizo omveka bwino pa chitukuko chake.

Kawiri m'zaka za nkhondo isanayambe - 1929 ndi 1936 - woyimba piyano wa ku France adayendera USSR, ndipo chifaniziro chake chazaka zimenezo chinalandira zosunthika, ngakhale kuti otsutsawo sanagwirizane. Izi ndi zimene G. Kogan analemba panthawiyo: “Nthaŵi zonse kachitidwe kake kamakhala kodzazidwa ndi chikhumbo choulula ndi kufotokoza ndakatulo za m’bukulo. Ubwino wake waukulu ndi waufulu sizimasanduka mathero mwazokha, nthawi zonse zimamvera lingaliro la kutanthauzira. Koma mphamvu ya munthu wa Casadesus ndi chinsinsi cha kupambana kwake kwakukulu ndi ife ... chagona kuti mfundo zaluso, zomwe zakhala mwambo wakufa pakati pa ena, zimasunga mwa iye - ngati sikokwanira, ndiye kwakukulu - nthawi yomweyo, Casadesus amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusakhalapo kwachidziwitso, kukhazikika komanso kumveka bwino kwa kutanthauzira, zomwe zimayika malire okhwima pamalingaliro ake ofunikira, kuzindikira mwatsatanetsatane komanso kosangalatsa kwa nyimbo, zomwe zimatsogolera kukuyenda pang'onopang'ono (Beethoven) komanso Kuwonongeka kowonekera kwakumverera kwa mawonekedwe akulu, nthawi zambiri kusweka kwa wojambula kukhala magawo angapo (sonata ya Liszt) ... kutanthauzira kwa piyano, koma ndi kwa oyimira bwino kwambiri miyambo imeneyi pakali pano.

Popereka msonkho kwa Casadesus monga woyimba nyimbo mochenjera, wodziwa kutanthauzira mawu ndi kutulutsa mawu, osamveka kuzinthu zilizonse zakunja, atolankhani aku Soviet adawonanso kuti woyimba piyano amakonda kutsata ubale wapamtima komanso kufotokozera. Zowonadi, kutanthauzira kwake kwa ntchito za Romantics - makamaka poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri komanso zapafupi kwa ife - zinalibe sikelo, sewero, ndi chidwi champhamvu. Komabe, ngakhale pamenepo iye anazindikira moyenerera onse m'dziko lathu ndi m'mayiko ena monga womasulira kwambiri m'madera awiri - nyimbo Mozart ndi French Impressionists. (Pankhaniyi, ponena za mfundo zoyambirira zopanga zinthu, komanso kusinthika kwaukadaulo, Casadesus amafanana kwambiri ndi Walter Gieseking.)

Zomwe zanenedwa siziyenera kutengedwa kutanthauza kuti Debussy, Ravel ndi Mozart adapanga maziko a nyimbo za Casadesus. M'malo mwake, repertoire iyi inali yaikuludi - kuchokera ku Bach ndi harpsichordists kupita kwa olemba amakono, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri malire ake akuwonjezeka kwambiri. Ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe cha luso la wojambula chinasintha kwambiri, komanso, oimba ambiri - akale ndi achikondi - adatsegula pang'onopang'ono kwa iye ndi omvera ake mbali zonse zatsopano. Chisinthiko ichi makamaka anamva bwino mu zaka 10-15 ntchito yake konsati, amene sanasiye mpaka mapeto a moyo wake. Kwa zaka zambiri, nzeru za moyo sizinabwere, komanso kukulitsa malingaliro, zomwe zinasintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha piyano yake. Kusewera kwa ojambula kwakhala kophatikizana, kolimba, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo kumveka bwino, kowala, nthawi zina kumakhala kochititsa chidwi kwambiri - tempo yochepetsetsa imasinthidwa mwadzidzidzi ndi kamvuluvulu, zosiyana zimawonekera. Izi zinadziwonetsera ngakhale mu Haydn ndi Mozart, koma makamaka mu kutanthauzira kwa Beethoven, Schumann, Brahms, Liszt, Chopin. Chisinthiko ichi chikuwoneka bwino muzojambula za sonatas zinayi zotchuka kwambiri, Concerto ya Beethoven Yoyamba ndi Yachinayi (yotulutsidwa kokha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70), komanso ma concerto angapo a Mozart (ndi D. Sall), ma concerto a Liszt, ntchito zambiri za Chopin. (kuphatikizapo Sonatas mu B wamng'ono), Schumann's Symphonic Etudes.

Tiyenera kutsindika kuti kusintha koteroko kunachitika mkati mwa umunthu wamphamvu ndi wopangidwa bwino wa Casadesus. Iwo adalemeretsa luso lake, koma sanapange kukhala chatsopano. Monga kale - ndipo mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku - zizindikiro za piyano ya Casadesus zinakhalabe zozizwitsa zodabwitsa za luso la zala, kukongola, chisomo, luso lotha kuchita ndime zovuta kwambiri ndi zokongoletsera mwatsatanetsatane, koma nthawi yomweyo zotanuka komanso zolimba, popanda kutembenuza rhythmic motor kukhala wonyada. Ndipo koposa zonse - "jeu de perle" yake yotchuka (kwenikweni - "masewera a mikanda"), yomwe yakhala ngati yofanana ndi kukongola kwa piyano yaku France. Mofanana ndi ena ochepa, iye anatha kupereka moyo ndi zosiyanasiyana mafanizo ooneka ofanana kwathunthu ndi mawu, mwachitsanzo, mu Mozart ndi Beethoven. Ndipo komabe - chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha phokoso, kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse kwa "mtundu" wake payekha malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zomwe zikuchitidwa. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nthawi ina anapereka zoimbaimba ku Paris, imene ankaimba ntchito za olemba osiyanasiyana pa zida zosiyanasiyana - Beethoven pa Steinway, Schumann pa Bechstein, Ravel pa Erar, Mozart pa Pleyel - poyesera kupeza. pa chilichonse "chofanana ndi mawu" chokwanira.

Zonse zomwe tatchulazi zimapangitsa kuti timvetse chifukwa chake masewera a Casadesus anali achilendo kukakamiza kulikonse, mwano, kunyozedwa, kusamveka kulikonse kwa zomangamanga, zokopa kwambiri mu nyimbo za Impressionists ndi zoopsa kwambiri mu nyimbo zachikondi. Ngakhale muzojambula zomveka bwino kwambiri za Debussy ndi Ravel, kutanthauzira kwake kumafotokoza momveka bwino zomanga zonse, zinali zamagazi komanso zogwirizana. Kuti mutsimikize izi, ndikwanira kumvetsera momwe Ravel's Concerto akuchitira kumanzere kapena zoyambira za Debussy, zomwe zasungidwa muzojambula.

Mozart ndi Haydn ku Casadesus zaka pambuyo pake anamveka amphamvu ndi osavuta, ndi virtuoso scope; tempos yofulumira sinasokoneze kusiyanitsa kwa mawu ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu. Ma classics oterowo anali kale osati okongola okha, komanso aumunthu, olimba mtima, owuziridwa, "kuyiwala za miyambo yamakhothi." Kutanthauzira kwake kwa nyimbo za Beethoven kukopeka ndi mgwirizano, kukwanira, ndipo mu Schumann ndi Chopin woyimba piyano nthawi zina ankasiyanitsidwa ndi chilakolako chenicheni chachikondi. Ponena za malingaliro a mawonekedwe ndi malingaliro a chitukuko, izi zikutsimikiziridwa motsimikizika ndi machitidwe ake a ma concerto a Brahms, omwe adakhalanso mwala wapangodya wa nyimbo za ojambula. “Wina, mwinamwake, angatsutse,” wotsutsayo analemba motero, “kuti Casadesus ndi wokhwimitsa mtima kwambiri ndipo amalola kulingalira kuopseza malingaliro apa. Koma kukhazikika kwachikale kwa kumasulira kwake, kukhazikika kwachitukuko chodabwitsa, chopanda kutengeka maganizo kapena masitayelo mopambanitsa, zimaposa nthawi imene ndakatulo imakankhidwira kumbuyo ndi kuwerengetsera ndendende. Ndipo izi zikunenedwa za Concerto Yachiwiri ya Brahms, kumene, monga zimadziwika bwino, ndakatulo iliyonse ndi njira zofuula kwambiri sizingathe kusintha malingaliro a mawonekedwe ndi lingaliro lochititsa chidwi, popanda zomwe ntchito ya ntchitoyi imasandulika kukhala mayesero ovuta. kwa omvera ndi fiasco wathunthu kwa wojambula!

Koma zonsezo, nyimbo za Mozart ndi French oimba (osati Debussy ndi Ravel yekha, komanso Fauré, Saint-Saens, Chabrier) nthawi zambiri anakhala pachimake pa luso lake. Mwanzeru komanso mwachidziwitso chodabwitsa, adapanganso kukongola kwake komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamalingaliro, mzimu wake womwe. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Casadesus anali woyamba kukhala ndi ulemu wojambulira nyimbo zonse za piyano za Debussy ndi Ravel pa zolemba. “Nyimbo za ku France sizinakhale ndi kazembe wabwino kuposa iye,” analemba motero katswiri wanyimbo Serge Berthomier.

Ntchito ya Robert Casadesus mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake inali yovuta kwambiri. Iye sanali woyimba piyano komanso mphunzitsi wodziwika bwino, komanso anali wolimbikira komanso, malinga ndi akatswiri, wopeka nyimboyo amamunyozabe. Analemba nyimbo zambiri za piyano, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi wolemba, komanso ma symphonies asanu ndi limodzi, ma concerto angapo oimba (kwa violin, cello, piyano imodzi, ziwiri ndi zitatu ndi oimba), ma ensembles a chipinda, chikondi. Kuyambira 1935 - kuyambira kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake mu USA - Casadesus ntchito mu kufanana mu Europe ndi America. Mu 1940-1946 iye ankakhala mu United States, kumene iye anakhazikitsa makamaka pafupi kulenga kukhudzana ndi George Sall ndi Cleveland Orchestra ankawatsogolera; Pambuyo pake zojambula zabwino kwambiri za Casadesus zidapangidwa ndi gululi. M'zaka za nkhondo, wojambulayo adayambitsa Sukulu ya Piano ya ku France ku Cleveland, kumene oimba piyano ambiri aluso adaphunzira. Pokumbukira ubwino wa Casadesus pa chitukuko cha luso la piano ku United States, bungwe la R. Casadesus Society linakhazikitsidwa ku Cleveland pa moyo wake, ndipo kuyambira 1975 mpikisano wa piyano wapadziko lonse wotchedwa pambuyo pake wachitika.

M'zaka pambuyo pa nkhondo, ndikukhala tsopano mu Paris, tsopano mu USA, iye anapitiriza kuphunzitsa kalasi limba pa American Conservatory wa Fontainebleau, anakhazikitsidwa ndi agogo ake, ndipo kwa zaka zingapo anali mkulu wake. Nthawi zambiri Casadesus anachita mu zoimbaimba ndi onse osewera; anzake anthawi zonse anali woyimba violini Zino Francescatti ndi mkazi wake, woyimba piyano waluso Gaby Casadesus, omwe adachita nawo zida zambiri za piyano, komanso concerto yake ya piano ziwiri. Nthaŵi zina iwo anaphatikizidwa ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna ndi wophunzira Jean, woyimba piyano wodabwitsa, amene moyenerera adawona wolowa m'malo woyenera wa banja loimba la Casadesus. Jean Casadesus (1927-1972) anali kale wotchuka monga virtuoso wanzeru, amene amatchedwa "m'tsogolo Gilels". Anatsogolera zochitika zazikulu za konsati zodziimira payekha ndikuwongolera kalasi yake ya piyano kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale monga abambo ake, pamene imfa yomvetsa chisoni ya ngozi ya galimoto inafupikitsa ntchito yake ndi kumulepheretsa kukwaniritsa ziyembekezo zimenezi. Motero mzera wanyimbo wa Kazadezyus unasokonekera.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.