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Mtundu waulere, zolemba zaulere
palibe kuyenda kwaufulu, kuwongolera kwa harmonic
1) Lingaliro lomwe limaphatikiza mu mbiri yakale ya polyphony, nyimbo (onani Polyphony) decomp. mayendedwe opanga, omwe adalowa m'malo mwa kalembedwe kolimba - polyphony ya High Renaissance. Mu musicology 19-kuyambira. Zaka za m'ma 20 mawu akuti "S. Ndi.” polyphonic anatsimikiza. mlandu 17 - ser. Zaka za m'ma 18; mpaka kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 kumasulira kowonjezereka kwa liwu lakuti “S. s”, lomwe tsopano likuyimira zochitika zonse za polyphonic kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17. mpaka pano.
Kuvomerezedwa kwa machitidwe a S. ndi. m’zaka za zana la 17 zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa chitukuko cha Western Europe yonse. mlandu wobwera chifukwa cha mbiri yakale. zifukwa (onani Baroque, Renaissance). Nyimbo zatsopano zophiphiritsira zikuyenda bwino: olemba amapeza mwayi wake wopanda malire potengera zamkati. dziko la munthu. N’zosatheka kutchula nthawi yeniyeni. malire pakati pa nyengo za S. s. ndi kalembedwe okhwima. S. s. linakonzedwa ndi zomwe akatswiri akale a wok masters adachita. polyphony, ndi zina mwa zolengedwa zake. mbali (mwachitsanzo, kuchulukira kwa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, chidwi mu nyimbo za instr.) zimapezeka zambiri. prod. kalembedwe okhwima. Kumbali ina, ambuye a S. s. gwiritsani ntchito zomwe adakumana nazo ndi luso la omwe adawatsogolera (mwachitsanzo, njira yotsanzira, zovuta zotsutsana nazo, njira zosinthira nkhani). T. O., S. S. sichimaletsa kalembedwe kolimba, koma imayamwa, ndikusintha ma polyphony azaka za 15th-16th. malinga ndi luso. ntchito za nthawi.
S. s. amawulula mbiri yake. kudziyimira pawokha makamaka ngati zida za polyphony. Ngakhale kwa nthawi yayitali mu instr. prod. kudalira kalembedwe kolimba kwakwaya kunatsalira (zowonekera, mwachitsanzo, m'mapangidwe a limba la J. Sweelinka), olemba nyimbo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za polyphonic zomwe adazipeza. Chida luso. Free instr. chinthucho chimatsimikizira kufunitsitsa kwa muses. Zolankhula za J. Frescobaldi mu fugues za cembalos, zimakonzeratu njira za oratorical za organ op. D. Buxtehude, amaganiziridwa mosavuta mu pulasitiki yapadera ya ma concerto a A. Vivaldi. The apamwamba mfundo chitukuko polyphonic. zida 17-18 zaka. amafika mu ntchito za JS Bach - mu Op yake. kwa solo violin komanso ndi clavier, mu fugues wa Well-Tempered Clavier (vol. 1, 1722, vol. 2, 1744), omwe ali osiyana modabwitsa ponena za kuwulula polyphony, mwayi wa chida. Mu ntchito ya ambuye a S. s. wok. njira zofotokozera zinalemeretsedwa ndi chikoka cha zida; chifukwa chake kalembedwe ka izi, mwachitsanzo, op. monga Gloria (No 4), Sanctus (No 20) kapena Agnus Dei (No 23) mu misa ya Bach mu h-moll, kumene wok. maphwando, kwenikweni, samasiyana ndi zida, amatchedwa wosakaniza wok.-instrumental.
Mawonekedwe a S. makamaka amasankha nyimbo. Kwa gulu lakwaya lolemba mosamalitsa, kuchuluka kwa nyimbo zanyimbo kunali kochepa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kwaya. mavoti; nyimbo, zotsatiridwa momveka bwino komanso zopanda masikweya, zidapangidwa ndi ziganizo za decomp. kutalika; kutumizidwa kwawo kuyeza kunkayendetsedwa ndi kuyenda kosalala pamasitepe a diatonic. malekezero, pamene phokoso likuwoneka kuti likusefukira wina ndi mzake. M’malo mwake, munyimbo ya S. s. (zonse mu fugues ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya non-fugue polyphony) mitundu ya mawu imakhala yopanda malire, kutsatizana kulikonse kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito munyimbo, kuphatikiza. amalumphira kumagulu ovuta-to-toni motalikirapo komanso osasinthika. Kuyerekeza zitsanzo kuchokera ku Op. Palestrina komanso kuchokera ku ntchito zokhudzana ndi S. s. zikuwonetsa kusiyana uku:
Palestrina. Benedictus wochokera ku Misa "O magnum misterium" (mawu apamwamba).
C. Monteverdi. "The Coronation of Poppea", 2nd act (mutu wa kwaya ya banja).
D. Buxtehude. Organ chacona mu C yaikulu (bass voice).
A. Mu Stanchinsky. Canon kwa fp. (chiyambi cha proposta)
Kwa nyimbo za S. ndi. yodziwika ndi kudalira ma harmonics. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa m'mafanizo (kuphatikiza mawonekedwe otsatizana); nyimbo, kuyenda kumayendetsedwa kuchokera mkati mwa harmonica. mndandanda:
JS Bach. Suite No 3 ya cello solo. Courant.
JS Bach. Mutu wa Fugue G-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri ya Well-Tempered Clavier.
Kusuntha kwamtunduwu kumadziwitsa nyimbo ya S. s. harmonic full sonority: mu nyimbo zomwe zimatchedwa. mawu obisika, ndipo mafotokozedwe a maupangiri amawonekera mosavuta kuchokera pakudumpha kwa mawu. mayendedwe.
Chithunzi cha GF. Trio Sonata g-moll op. 2 No 2, finale (gawo continuo losiyidwa).
JS Bach. Organ fugue a-moll, mutu.
Harmonic dongosolo la mawu obisika mumutu wa organ fugue a-moll wolemba JS Bach.
Mawu obisika "olembedwa" munyimboyo amatha kutsutsa (ndi chitsanzo pansipa), nthawi zina amatenga mawonekedwe a metric-reference line (yomwe ili pamitu yambiri ya Bach's fugues; onani b) ngakhale kutsanzira (c):
JS Bach. Partita No 1 ya violin payekha. Courant.
JS Bach. Mutu wa Fugue Cis-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya Well-Tempered Clavier.
WA Mozart. "Chitoliro chamatsenga", overture (chiyambi cha Allegro).
Kudzaza kwa mawu obisika kunakhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa 3- ndi 4-mawu monga chizolowezi cha S. ndi .; ngati mu nthawi ya kalembedwe okhwima nthawi zambiri ankalemba 5 kapena kuposa mawu, ndiye mu nthawi ya S. ndi. Mawu a 5 ndi osowa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa 48 fugues a Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, pali 2 mawu asanu okha - cis-moll ndi b-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba), ndipo mawu ambiri amakhala pafupifupi kupatula.
Mosiyana ndi kalata yolimba ya ilk mu zitsanzo zoyambirira za S. s. kupumula koyikidwa mwaufulu kunagwiritsidwa ntchito, kukongoletsa ziwerengero, ma syncopations osiyanasiyana. S. s. amalola kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi iliyonse komanso mulingo uliwonse. Kukhazikitsidwa kwapadera kwa dongosololi kumadalira Metrorhythm. zikhalidwe za izi nyimbo-mbiri. nthawi. Polyphony yolamulidwa ya baroque ndi classicism imadziwika ndi mawu omveka bwino. zojambula zokhala ndi metric yokhazikika (yofanana). Zachikondi. kufulumira kwa mawu omwe akunenedwa-ve 19 - oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 20 Zimafotokozedwanso mu ufulu wa kuyika kwa mawu omveka bwino ndi barline, khalidwe la polyphony ya R. Schumann, F. Chopin, R. Wagner. Kwa polyphony ya zaka za zana la 20. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mita zosakhazikika (nthawi zina pazophatikizira zama polymetric zovuta kwambiri, monga, mwachitsanzo, munyimbo za polyphonic za IF Stravinsky), kukana kumveketsa bwino (mwachitsanzo, m'mabuku ena a polyphonic ndi oimba a sukulu yatsopano ya Viennese) , kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yapadera ya polyrhythm ndi polymetry (mwachitsanzo, O. Messiaen) ndi ma metrorhythmic ena. zatsopano.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za S. s. - ubale wake wapamtima ndi Nar. mitundu yanyimbo. Nar. nyimbo zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu polyphony ya kulemba mosamalitsa (mwachitsanzo, cantus firmus), koma ambuye anali osasinthasintha pankhaniyi. Ku Nar. nyimbo zidayankhidwa ndi olemba ambiri azaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18 (kupanga, makamaka, kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana pamitu ya anthu). Makamaka olemera komanso osiyanasiyana ndikochokera mitundu - Chijeremani, Chitaliyana, Asilavo - mu polyphony ya Bach. Kulumikizana uku ndi maziko ofunikira a kutsimikizika kophiphiritsa kwa polyphonic. thematism ya S. s., kumveka bwino kwa nyimbo zake. chinenero. Konkriti polyphonic. omwe mu S. ndi. idatsimikiziridwanso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito melodic-rhythmic, yofanana ndi nthawi yake. Ziwerengero, "ma formula" amitundu yonse. Kudalira kwambiri pamtundu wamtundu ndi gawo lina la S. s. - chitukuko mkati mwa chimango chake cha polyphony yosiyana. Mumayendedwe okhwima, kuthekera kosiyanitsa polyphony kunali kochepa, mu S. s. ndizofunika kwambiri, zomwe zimasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi kalembedwe kokhwima. Kusiyanitsa polyphony ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. Dramaturgy ya Bach: zitsanzo zimapezeka mu org. makonzedwe a chorales, mu arias kumene chorale imayambitsidwa, ndi kusiyana kwa mawu kungagogomezedwe ndi kugwirizana kwawo kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, mu No. 1 kuchokera ku cantata No. 68, nyimbo ya kwaya imatsagana ndi orc. mutu mu chikhalidwe cha Italy Siciliana); mu dram. zigawo, kutsutsa kwa maphwando kumafika malire (mwachitsanzo, mu No. 1, mu gawo loyamba la No. 33 ya Mateyu Passion). Pambuyo pake, polyphony yosiyanitsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazopanga za opera. (mwachitsanzo, m'magulu oimba a W. A. Mozart). Umboni wa kufunikira kosiyanitsa polyphony mu S. s. ndiko kutsanzira. mawonekedwe, otsutsa amasewera gawo la mawu otsagana nawo, othandizira. Munthawi yamawonekedwe okhwima, panalibe lingaliro la polyphony. Mitu, yokhazikika mu liwu limodzi, ndipo polyphony idapangidwa motsatizana. kutumizidwa kosalowerera ndale mu mawu. zokhudzana ndi zinthu. Munthu wochulukirapo pazowonetsera zonse za nyimbo za S. s. yazikidwa pa mutu wa mpumulo, wozindikirika mosavuta pa ulaliki uliwonse. Mutuwu ndi wodziwika bwino, womwe uli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. lingaliro la nyimbo, lingaliro loti lipangidwe, limakhala ngati maziko a polyphonic. prod. Mu nyimbo za oimba a m'ma 17-18. (kutanthauza makamaka fugue) Mitundu iwiri yamitu idapangidwa: yofanana, kutengera kakulidwe ka chimodzi kapena zingapo zosagwirizana komanso zogwirizana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, mitu ya c-moll fugues kuchokera mu voliyumu 2 ndi 1 ya Bach's Well. -Kutentha kwa Clavier ), ndi kusiyanitsa, kutengera kutsutsa kwa zolinga zosiyana (mwachitsanzo, mutu wa g-moll fugue kuchokera ku 2 voliyumu ya kuzungulira komweko). Pamitu yosiyana, iye adzafotokoza kwambiri. kutembenuka ndi kuzindikira rhythmic. ziwerengero nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pachiyambi, kupanga melodic. theme core. Mosiyana ndi mitu yofanana imatanthawuza.
NDI Bach. Organ fugue mu C chachikulu, mutu.
Kufotokozera mitu ndi nyimbo zawo. mpumulo pakati pa olemba a zaka za 17th-18th. makamaka zimatengera kusakhazikika (nthawi zambiri kuchepetsedwa), zomwe zimachitika poyambira kumanga:
JS Bach. Mutu wa A-moll fugue kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri ya Well-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. Mutu wa Fugue cis-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya Well-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. Misa mu h wamng'ono, Kyrie, No 3 (fugue mutu).
JS Bach. Matthew Passion, No 54 (mutu).
Ngati mu kalembedwe okhwima ulaliki anapambana, ndiye olemba 17-18 zaka. mutuwo umanenedwa kotheratu ndi liwu limodzi, ndipo pambuyo pake mawu otsanzira amalowa, ndipo woyambitsa amapita kukutsutsana. Kupambana kwa semantic kwa mutuwo kumawonekera kwambiri ngati zolinga zake zili pansi pa mbali zina zonse za fugue-zotsutsana, zophatikizira; malo apamwamba a mutu mu S. s. zotsatiridwa ndi ma interludes, omwe amakhala pansi poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a mutuwo ndipo nthawi zambiri amadalira pa mawuwo.
Makhalidwe onse ofunika kwambiri a S. s. - melodic, ma harmonic, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe - kutsatira kuchokera ku dongosolo la tonal lomwe liripo, makamaka lalikulu ndi laling'ono. Mitu, monga lamulo, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kutsimikizika kwathunthu kwa tonal; zopatuka zimasonyezedwa melodic-chromatic. kusintha kwa harmonic; ma chromatism odutsa amapezeka mu polyphony ya nthawi ina motengera masiku ano. mfundo harmonic (mwachitsanzo, mu limba fugue cis-moll op. 101 No 2 Glazunov). Chitsogozo cha ma modulations pamitu chimachepa ndi olamulira; kusinthika kwamutuwo kukhala makiyi akutali - kukwaniritsidwa kwazaka za zana la 20. (mwachitsanzo, mu fugue kuchokera ku chitukuko cha Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21, mutuwo umayamba mu C wamng'ono ndi Dorian tinge, ndipo umathera mu gis minor). Chiwonetsero chofunikira cha bungwe la modal la S. s. ndi yankho la tonal, mfundo zomwe zidatsimikiziridwa kale mu ricercar ndi zitsanzo zoyambirira za fugue.
JS Bach. "Art of the Fugue", Contrapunctus I.
JS Bach. Fugue Es-dur kuchokera mu voliyumu yoyamba ya Well-Tempered Clavier.
The modal dongosolo la zazikulu ndi zazing'ono mu S. s. imalamulira, koma si yokhayo. Olemba sanasiye kumveketsa kwachilendo kwa diatonic yachilengedwe. frets (onani, mwachitsanzo, fugue Credo No 12 kuchokera ku misa ya Bach mu h-moll, kayendetsedwe ka 3 "in der lydischer Tonart" ya L. Beethoven's quartet No 15, yodziwika ndi chikoka cha kalembedwe kokhwima). Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi iwo ndi ambuye azaka za zana la 20. (mwachitsanzo, fugue kuchokera ku Ravel's suite "The Tomb of Couperin", ma fugues ambiri a DD Shostakovich). Polyphonic prod. amapangidwa pa modal maziko, khalidwe la decomp. nat. zikhalidwe zanyimbo (mwachitsanzo, magawo a polyphonic a symphony ya zingwe ndi timpani yolembedwa ndi EM Mirzoyan amawulula mtundu wa dziko la Armenia, piyano ndi ma fugues a bungwe lopangidwa ndi GA Muschel amagwirizana ndi luso lanyimbo la dziko la Uzbek). Mu ntchito ya olemba ambiri a m'zaka za zana la 20 bungwe la zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, mawonekedwe apadera a tonal amawuka (mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la tonal la P. Hindemith), zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. mitundu ya poly- ndi atonality.
Olemba a 17th-18th century mafomu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, omwe adapangidwa kale m'nthawi yolemba mosamalitsa: motet, zosiyana (kuphatikiza zomwe zidachokera pa ostinato), canzona, ricercar, decomp. kutsanzira. mitundu yamakwaya. Kuti kwenikweni S. ndi. zikuphatikizapo fugue ndi zambiri. mawonekedwe, momwe polyphonic. kuyankhulana kumagwirizana ndi ma homophonic. M'zaka za m'ma XVII-XVIII. ndi maubwenzi awo omveka bwino a modal-functional, chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za polyphony ya S. s. - kudalira kutalika kwa mawu, kudalirana kwawo. kukopana wina ndi mzake, chikhumbo chophatikizana mu chord (mtundu uwu wa bwino pakati pa polyphonic kudziyimira pawokha wa mawu ndi harmonically ofunika ofukula makhalidwe, makamaka, kalembedwe JS Bach). Izi S. s. Zaka za m'ma 17-18 zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku polyphony yolemba mosamalitsa (pomwe mawu olumikizirana mofooka amayimiridwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa mawu ophatikizika angapo), komanso kuchokera ku polyphony yatsopano yazaka za zana la 17.
Mchitidwe wofunikira wa kuumba mu nyimbo za 17th-18th century. - kutsatizana kwa magawo osiyanasiyana. Izi zimatsogolera ku kutuluka kwa mbiri yokhazikika ya prelude - fugue (nthawi zina m'malo mwa chiyambi - fantasy, toccata; nthawi zina, kuzungulira kwa magawo atatu kumapangidwa, mwachitsanzo, org. toccata, Adagio ndi Bach's C-dur fugue. ). Kumbali ina, ntchito zimabuka pomwe magawo osiyanitsa amalumikizidwa pamodzi (mwachitsanzo, mu org. ntchito. Buxtehude, mu ntchito za Bach: magawo atatu org. fantasy G-dur, triple 5-voice org. fugue Es-dur kwenikweni ndi mitundu yamitundu yophatikizika).
Mu nyimbo za Viennese classics, polyphony ya S. s. imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, ndipo m'mabuku apambuyo a Beethoven - gawo lotsogola. Haydn, Mozart ndi Beethoven amagwiritsa ntchito polyphony kuwululira tanthauzo ndi tanthauzo la mutu wa homophonic, amaphatikiza polyphony. ndalama mu ndondomeko ya symphony. chitukuko; kutsanzira, counterpoint zovuta kukhala njira zofunika kwambiri pamutu. ntchito; mu nyimbo za Beethoven, polyphony imakhala imodzi mwa njira zamphamvu kwambiri zokakamiza sewero. mavuto (mwachitsanzo, fugato mu "Maliro March" kuchokera symphony 3). Nyimbo za Viennese classics zimadziwika ndi polyphonization ya kapangidwe kake, komanso kusiyanitsa kwa homophonic ndi polyphonic. ulaliki. Polyphonization imatha kufika pamtunda wapamwamba kwambiri kotero kuti kusakanikirana kwa homophonic-polyphonic kumapangidwa. mtundu wanyimbo, momwe gulu limawonekera. polyphonic mavuto mzere zigawo (otchedwa lalikulu polyphonic mawonekedwe). Polyphonic magawo "ophatikizidwa" muzolemba za homophonic amabwerezedwa ndi tonal, contrapuntal, ndi kusintha kwina, motero amalandira luso. chitukuko mkati mwa chimango chonse monga mawonekedwe amodzi, "kutsutsa" mawu a homophonic (chitsanzo chapamwamba ndi chomaliza cha Mozart's G-dur quartet, K.-V. 387). Mawonekedwe akuluakulu a polyphonic mumitundu yambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za 19-20. (mwachitsanzo, kupitirira kuchokera ku Wagner's The Mastersingers of Nuremberg, Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21). Mu ntchito ya Beethoven ya nthawi mochedwa, mtundu wovuta wa polyphonized sonata allegro anatanthauzidwa, kumene homophonic ulaliki mwina kulibe kapena alibe zotsatira noticeable pa muses. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu (mbali zoyamba za pianoforte sonata No 32, symphony 9). Miyambo ya Beethovenian iyi ikutsatira Op. I. Brahms; imabadwanso mwathunthu m’njira zambiri. mankhwala ovuta kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20: mu kwaya yomaliza No. 9 kuchokera ku cantata "Nditawerenga Salmo" ndi Taneyev, gawo loyamba la symphony "The Artist Mathis" ndi Hindemith, gawo loyamba la symphony No. Shostakovich. The polyphonization mawonekedwe nayenso anakhudza bungwe la kuzungulira; mapeto anayamba kuwoneka ngati malo a polyphonic synthesis. zinthu zachiwonetsero chapitachi.
Pambuyo pa Beethoven, olemba nyimbo samakonda kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zachikhalidwe. zamitundumitundu. mafomu C. s., koma kulipidwa chifukwa chakugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano kwa polyphonic. ndalama. Chifukwa chake, pokhudzana ndi machitidwe ambiri a nyimbo m'zaka za zana la 19. ku konkriti kophiphiritsa ndi kukongola, fugue ndi fugato zimamvera ntchito za muses. fanizo (mwachitsanzo, "Nkhondo" kumayambiriro kwa symphony "Romeo ndi Juliet" ndi Berlioz), nthawi zina amatanthauziridwa modabwitsa. (mwachitsanzo, mu sewero la The Snow Maiden lolembedwa ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, fugato ikuwonetsa nkhalango yomwe ikukula; onani p. nambala 253), koma. plan (comic. Fugue mu "Fight Scene" kuchokera kumapeto kwa chochitika chachiwiri cha Wagner's "Mastersingers of Nuremberg", chiwombankhanga chochititsa mantha pamapeto a "Fantastic Symphony" ya Berlioz, ndi zina zotero). Pali mitundu yatsopano yovuta yodziwika bwino ya 2nd floor. 19 mkati. kaphatikizidwe wa mawonekedwe: Mwachitsanzo, Wagner kumayambiriro kwa opera Lohengrin Chili mbali ya polyphonic. zosiyanasiyana ndi fugues; Taneyev amaphatikiza katundu wa fugue ndi sonata mu gawo loyamba la cantata "Yohane waku Damasiko". Chimodzi mwazopambana za polyphony m'zaka za zana la 19. chinali symphonization ya fugue. Mfundo ya fugue (pang'onopang'ono, popanda kufananiza chakuthwa mophiphiritsira, kuwululidwa kwa mawu ophiphiritsa. zomwe zili pamutuwu, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuvomereza) zidasinthidwanso ndi Tchaikovsky mu gawo loyamba la suite No 1. Mu nyimbo za ku Russia, mwambo umenewu unakhazikitsidwa ndi Taneyev (onani, mwachitsanzo, fugue yomaliza kuchokera ku cantata "Yohane waku Damasiko"). Chibadwa mu nyimbo. art-wu zaka za zana la 19. chikhumbo chapadera, chiyambi cha chithunzicho chinatsogolera ku polyphony ya S. ndi. kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitu yosiyana. Kuphatikiza kwa leitmotifs ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la nyimbo. masewero a Wagner; Zitsanzo zambiri zakuphatikiza mitu yosiyanasiyana zitha kupezeka mu Op. Olemba Russian (mwachitsanzo, "Polovtsian Dance" kuchokera ku opera "Prince Igor" ndi Borodin, "Nkhondo ya Kerzhents" kuchokera ku opera "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ndi Maiden Fevronia" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, "Waltz ” kuchokera ku ballet "Petrushka" ndi Stravinsky, etc. ). Kuchepetsa mtengo wa mafomu oyerekeza mu nyimbo zazaka za zana la 19. moyenera ndi chitukuko chatsopano cha polyphonic. madyerero (muzonse zaulere, kulola kusintha kwa mavoti). Zina mwa izo - polyphonic. "nthambi" ya mitu yamtundu wanyimbo (mwachitsanzo, mu Etude XI gis-moll kuchokera ku "Symphonic etudes" ya Schumann, mu nocturne cis-moll op. 27 No 1 ndi Chopin); m'lingaliro ili b. A. Zuckerman amalankhula za "lyric. polyphony" ndi Tchaikovsky, ponena za nyimbo. utoto mawu. mitu (mwachitsanzo, mu mbali ya 1 gawo la symphony 4 kapena pa chitukuko cha mitu yaikulu ya kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa symphony 5); Mwambo wa Tchaikovsky unatengedwa ndi Taneyev (mwachitsanzo, mbali zochepetsetsa za symphony mu c-moll ndi piyano. quintet g-moll), Rachmaninoff (mwachitsanzo, piyano. kuyambika Es-dur, pang'onopang'ono gawo la ndakatulo "The Bells"), Glazunov (main. mitu ya gawo loyamba la concerto ya violin ndi orchestra). Kulandila kwatsopano kwa polyphonic kunalinso "polyphony of layers", pomwe counterpoint siyili yosiyana. mawu anyimbo, koma nyimbo ndi ma harmonic. zovuta (mwachitsanzo, mu etude II kuchokera ku "Symphonic etudes" ya Schumann). Mtundu uwu wa nsalu za polyphonic pambuyo pake unalandira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu nyimbo, kutsata mtundu ndi mtundu. ntchito (onani, mwachitsanzo, fp. kuyambika kwa "Sunken Cathedral" yolembedwa ndi Debussy), makamaka mu polyphony yazaka za zana la 20. Harmony nyimbo. mavoti si atsopano kwa C. ndi. kulandiridwa, koma m'zaka za zana la 19. amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, Wagner motere amakwaniritsa polyphonic yapadera - melodic - kukwanira pamapeto pake. kupanga Ch. Magawo ena opitilira opera "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg" (muyeso 71 et seq.). Harmony nyimbo. zotsatizana zikhoza kugwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa decomp. Zosankha zamawu omveka (mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza kotala ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kumayambiriro kwa "Ocian-sea blue", kuphatikiza kwa orc. ndi kwaya. mitundu ya mawu apamwamba kumayambiriro kwa gawo la 4 la opera epic "Sadko" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov). Mbaliyi ikukhudzana ndi "kuphatikiza kwa ziwerengero zofanana" - njira yomwe yalandira chitukuko chodabwitsa mu nyimbo za con. 19 - pemphani. 20 cc (mwachitsanzo
Zamakono "Polyphony yatsopano" ilipo pakulimbana pakati pa zaluso zaumunthu, zokonda, zamakhalidwe odzaza ndi luso, momwe nzeru zachilengedwe za polyphony zimasinthira kukhala zomveka, ndi kulingalira kukhala zomveka. Polyphony S. s. m'zaka za zana la 20 - dziko la zotsutsana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana. Lingaliro lodziwika bwino ndilokuti polyphony m'zaka za zana la 20. inakhala dongosolo lalikulu ndi lokhazikika la muse. kuganiza kuli koona. Ena ambuye azaka za zana la 20 nthawi zambiri samamva kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito ma polyphonic. amatanthauza (mwachitsanzo, K. Orff), pamene ena, omwe ali ndi zovuta zawo zonse, amakhalabe oimba "homophonic" (mwachitsanzo, SS Prokofiev); kwa ambuye angapo (mwachitsanzo, P. Hindemith), polyphony ndiyo ikutsogolera, koma osati yokhayo. njira yolankhulira. Komabe, zochitika zambiri zoimba komanso zopanga zazaka za zana la 20. dzukani ndikukula mogwirizana ndi polyphony. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, sewero lomwe silinachitikepo. Kufotokozera mu ma symphonies a Shostakovich, "kumasulidwa" kwa mphamvu ya mita ku Stravinsky kumadalira kwambiri polyphonic. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zawo. Njira zina. polyphonic prod. Zaka za m'ma 20 zimagwirizana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za 1st floor. Zaka zana - neoclassicism yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri zolinga za muses. zomwe zili, kubwereka mfundo za mapangidwe ndi njira kuchokera kwa polyphonists a kalembedwe okhwima ndi baroque oyambirira ("Ludus tonalis" ndi Hindemith, ntchito zingapo za Stravinsky, kuphatikizapo "Symphony of Psalms"). Njira zina zomwe zapangidwa m'munda wa polyphony zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira yatsopano mu dodecaphony; pl. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. chilankhulo cha m'zaka za zana la 20 chimatanthawuza, monga polytonality, zovuta za polymetry, zomwe zimatchedwa. mawu a tepi ndizochokera mosakayikira za polyphony.
Chofunikira kwambiri cha polyphony chazaka za zana la 20. - kutanthauzira kwatsopano kwa dissonance, ndi zamakono. counterpoint nthawi zambiri dissonant counterpoint. Kalembedwe kokhwima kumatengera ma consonances: dissonance yomwe imapezeka pokhapokha ngati phokoso lodutsa, lothandizira kapena lochedwa limakhala lozunguliridwa ndi consonances mbali zonse ziwiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa S. ndi. zagona pa mfundo yakuti zotengedwa mwaufulu dissonances ntchito pano; safuna kukonzekera, ngakhale kuti amapeza chilolezo chimodzi kapena china, mwachitsanzo dissonance amatanthauza consonance kokha mbali imodzi - pambuyo palokha. Ndipo, potsiriza, mu nyimbo pl. Olemba a zaka za zana la 20 dissonance amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi consonance: sichimangika ndi zikhalidwe za kukonzekera kokha, komanso chilolezo, mwachitsanzo. limakhalapo ngati chochitika chodziyimira pawokha popanda consonance. Kusagwirizana kwakukulu kapena kucheperako kumafooketsa kulumikizana kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikulepheretsa "kusonkhanitsa" kwa polyphonic. mawu motsatizanatsatizana, kukhala omveka moyima monga mgwirizano. Kutsatizana kwa chord kumasiya kuwongolera kuyenda kwa mutuwo. Izi zikufotokozera kulimbikitsa kwa melodic-rhythmic (ndi tonal, ngati nyimbo ndi tonal) kudziyimira pawokha kwa polyphonic. mawu, liniya chikhalidwe cha polyphony mu ntchito za ena ambiri. Olemba amakono (omwe n'zosavuta kuwona fanizo ndi zotsutsana ndi nthawi yolemba zolimba). Mwachitsanzo, chiyambi cha melodic (chopingasa, chozungulira) chimalamulira kwambiri kumapeto kwa canon ziwiri kuchokera ku chitukuko cha 1 symphony 5th symphony (nambala 32) ndi Shostakovich kotero kuti khutu silizindikira harmonic, mwachitsanzo. mgwirizano woyima pakati pa mawu. Olemba a m'zaka za zana la 20 amagwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe. amatanthauza polyphonic. chinenero, komabe, izi sizingaganizidwe ngati kubereka kosavuta kwa njira zodziwika bwino: m'malo mwake, tikukamba za zamakono. kuwonjezereka kwa njira zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimatengera mtundu watsopano. Mwachitsanzo, mu Symphony Shostakovich symphony, fugato kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko (nambala 17 ndi 18), chifukwa cha kulowa yankho mu octave kuchuluka, zikumveka mwankhanza zachilendo. Imodzi mwa njira zofala kwambiri zazaka za zana la 20. imakhala "polyphony of layers", ndipo mawonekedwe a posungira akhoza kukhala ovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kusanjikiza nthawi zina kumapangidwa kuchokera kumayendedwe ofananira kapena otsutsana a mawu ambiri (mpaka kupanga masango), njira za aleatoric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera pamawu operekedwa a mndandanda) ndi sonoristics (rhythm). canon, mwachitsanzo, za zingwe zomwe zikusewera poyimilira), etc. Wodziwika kuchokera ku nyimbo zapamwamba za polyphonic. orc kutsutsa. magulu kapena zida za olemba ambiri azaka za zana la 20 zimasinthidwa kukhala "polyphony of rhythmic timbres" (mwachitsanzo, m'mawu oyamba a Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring) ndikubweretsedwa ku zomveka. pomaliza, kukhala "polyphony of sonorous effects" (mwachitsanzo, m'masewero a K. Penderecki). Momwemonso, kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za dodecaphonic zoyenda molunjika ndi zam'mbali ndi ma inversions awo zimachokera ku njira zamawonekedwe okhwima, koma kugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo, komanso kuwerengera kwenikweni kwa bungwe lonse (osati nthawi zonse mokomera). expressiveness) apatseni mtundu wina. Mu polyphonic. Nyimbo zamitundu yazaka za zana la 20 zimasinthidwa ndipo mawonekedwe atsopano amabadwa, mawonekedwe ake omwe amalumikizidwa mosalekeza ndi chikhalidwe cha thematism ndi gulu lazomveka (mwachitsanzo, mutu wakumapeto kwa symphony op.
Polyphony 20th century imapanga mawonekedwe atsopano. mtundu umene umapitirira lingaliro lofotokozedwa ndi mawu akuti “S. Ndi.” Kufotokozera momveka bwino malire a kalembedwe kameneka kameneka kamene kamatchedwa "super-free" ka 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 20 zilibe, ndipo palibe mawu omwe amavomerezedwa kuti afotokoze tanthauzo lake (nthawi zina tanthauzo la "polyphony yatsopano ya zaka za zana la 20" imagwiritsidwa ntchito).
S. amaphunzira ndi. kwa nthawi yaitali ankangofuna zothandiza. uwu. zolinga (F. Marpurg, I. Kirnberger, etc.). Katswiri. maphunziro a mbiri yakale komanso ongoyerekeza adawonekera m'zaka za zana la 19. (X. Riemann). Ntchito zokhazikika zidapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 20. (mwachitsanzo, "Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint" lolemba E. Kurt), komanso apadera. zokongoletsa ntchito pa polyphony zamakono. Pali mabuku ambiri a Chirasha. lang., kafukufuku wodzipereka wa S. ndi. BV Asafiev adalankhula mobwerezabwereza mutuwu; kuchokera ku ntchito za chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, "Principles of Artistic Styles" yolembedwa ndi SS Skrebkov ndi "History of Polyphony" yolembedwa ndi VV Protopopov. Nkhani zambiri za chiphunzitso cha polyphony zimaphatikizidwanso mu zina zambiri. nkhani za opanga polyphony.
2) Gawo lachiwiri, lomaliza (pambuyo pa kalembedwe kolimba (2)) gawo la maphunziro a polyphony. Mu nyimbo M'mayunivesite a USSR, polyphony amaphunzira pa theoretical compositional level ndipo adzachitidwa ndi ena. f-max; kusukulu za sekondale. mabungwe - pa mbiri-yongopeka chabe. dipatimenti (m'madipatimenti ochita masewerawa, kudziwana ndi mafomu a polyphonic kumaphatikizidwa mu maphunziro onse owunikira nyimbo). Zomwe zili mumaphunzirowa zimatsimikiziridwa ndi akaunti. mapulogalamu ovomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe cha USSR ndi Republic. min-inu. S. maphunziro ndi. kumakhudza kukhazikitsa ntchito zolembedwa ch. ayi. mu mawonekedwe a fugue (kanoni, zopanga, passacaglia, kusiyanasiyana, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyambira, masewero a fugues, etc.) amapangidwanso. Zolinga za maphunzirowa zikuphatikizapo kusanthula polyphonic. ntchito za olemba amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso masitayilo. Pamadipatimenti oimba a ena uch. mabungwe adachita chitukuko cha luso la polyphonic. improvisation (onani "Mavuto mu Polyphony" ndi GI Litinsky); pa mbiri yakale ndi zongopeka za nyimbo za f-max. mayunivesite a USSR anakhazikitsa njira yophunzirira zochitika za polyphony m'mbiri. mbali. Kwa njira yophunzitsira kadzidzi. uwu. mabungwe amadziwika ndi kugwirizana kwa polyphony ndi maphunziro okhudzana - solfeggio (onani, mwachitsanzo, "Zosonkhanitsa zitsanzo kuchokera ku mabuku a polyphonic. Kwa 2, 3 ndi 4 voice solfeggio" ndi VV Sokolova, M.-L., 1933, "Solfeggio Zitsanzo zochokera m'mabuku a polyphonic" ndi A. Agazhanov ndi D. Blum, Moscow, 1972), mbiri ya nyimbo, ndi zina zotero.
Kuphunzitsa polyphony kuli ndi mbiri yakale yophunzitsa. miyambo. Mu zaka 17-18. pafupifupi wolemba aliyense anali mphunzitsi; chinali chizoloŵezi chopereka chokumana nacho kwa oimba achichepere akuyesa dzanja lawo pakupeka. Maphunziro a S. amaonedwa kuti ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa oimba akuluakulu. Uch. utsogoleri wasiya JP Sweelinck, JF Rameau. JS Bach adapanga ntchito zake zambiri zabwino. - zopangidwa, "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "The Art of the Fugue" - ngati zothandiza. malangizo pakupanga ndi kupanga polyphonic. prod. Pakati pa amene anaphunzitsa S. s. - J. Haydn, S. Frank, J. Bizet, A. Bruckner. Nkhani za polyphony zimayang'aniridwa muakaunti. amatsogolera P. Hindemith, A. Schoenberg. Kukula kwa chikhalidwe cha polyphonic mu Russian ndi kadzidzi. nyimbo zinalimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito za olemba NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, SI Taneev, RM Glier, AV Aleksandrov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky Mabuku angapo ophunzirira apangidwa omwe akufotokoza mwachidule zomwe zidachitika pophunzitsa S. s. mu USSR.
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VP Frayonov
