Shura Cherkassky |

Shura Cherkassky

Pamakonsati a wojambula uyu, omvera nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kumverera kwachilendo: zikuwoneka kuti si wojambula wodziwa bwino yemwe akuchita pamaso panu, koma mwana wamng'ono. Mfundo yakuti pa siteji pa piyano pali munthu wamng'ono yemwe ali ndi dzina lachibwana, lochepa, pafupifupi kutalika kwa mwana, ndi manja aafupi ndi zala zazing'ono - zonsezi zimangosonyeza kuyanjana, koma zimabadwa ndi kalembedwe ka wojambula yekha. zimazindikirika osati mwachibwana modzidzimutsa, koma nthawi zina downright childish naivete. Ayi, masewera ake sangakane mtundu wa ungwiro wapadera, kapena kukopa, ngakhale kukopa. Koma ngakhale mutatengeka, zimakhala zovuta kusiya lingaliro lakuti dziko la malingaliro omwe wojambula amakumitsirani si la munthu wokhwima, wolemekezeka.

Pakadali pano, njira yaukadaulo ya Cherkassky imawerengedwa kwazaka zambiri. Wobadwira ku Odessa, kuyambira ali mwana, anali wosalekanitsidwa ndi nyimbo: ali ndi zaka zisanu, adalemba opera wamkulu, ali ndi zaka khumi adatsogolera gulu la oimba amateur ndipo, ndithudi, ankaimba limba kwa maola ambiri pa tsiku. Analandira maphunziro ake oyambirira a nyimbo m'banja, Lidia Cherkasskaya anali woimba piyano ndipo ankasewera ku St. Petersburg, anaphunzitsa nyimbo, pakati pa ophunzira ake ndi woimba piyano Raymond Leventhal. Mu 1923, banja la Cherkassky, atayendayenda kwa nthawi yaitali, anakhazikika ku United States, mumzinda wa Baltimore. Apa virtuoso wamng'ono posakhalitsa anayamba kuwonekera kwa anthu ndipo anali ndi chipambano chamkuntho: matikiti onse a makonsati otsatirawa anagulitsidwa m'maola ochepa chabe. Mnyamatayo adadabwitsa omvera osati ndi luso lake laumisiri, komanso ndi kumverera kwa ndakatulo, ndipo panthawiyo nyimbo yake inali ndi ntchito zoposa mazana awiri (kuphatikizapo ma concerto a Grieg, Liszt, Chopin). Pambuyo pa kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake ku New York (1925), nyuzipepala ya World inati: “Ndi kuleredwa mosamalitsa, makamaka m’nyumba ina ya nyimbo zobiriwira, Shura Cherkassky angakule m’zaka zoŵerengeka kukhala katswiri wa piyano wa m’badwo wake.” Koma ndiye kapena pambuyo pake Cherkassky sanaphunzire mwadongosolo kulikonse, kupatula kwa miyezi ingapo ya maphunziro ku Curtis Institute motsogozedwa ndi I. Hoffmann. Ndipo kuyambira 1928 adadzipereka kwathunthu ku ntchito zoimbaimba, molimbikitsidwa ndi ndemanga zabwino za zowunikira za piyano monga Rachmaninov, Godovsky, Paderevsky.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kwa zaka zoposa theka la zaka, wakhala "akusambira" mosalekeza panyanja ya konsati, mobwerezabwereza omvera omvera ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi chiyambi cha kusewera kwake, zomwe zinayambitsa mkangano waukulu pakati pawo, akudzitengera yekha matalala. mivi yovuta, yomwe nthawi zina sangathe kuteteza ndi zida za kuwomba m'manja kwa omvera. Sitinganene kuti kusewera kwake sikunasinthe nthawi zonse: m'zaka za makumi asanu, pang'onopang'ono, anayamba kudziŵa bwino kwambiri madera omwe sankatha kufikako - sonatas ndi maulendo akuluakulu a Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms. Komabe, ponseponse, matembenuzidwe ambiri a matanthauzidwe ake amakhalabe ofanana, ndipo mzimu wamtundu waukoma wosasamala, ngakhale wosasamala, umayenda pa iwo. Ndipo ndizo zonse - "zikuwoneka": ngakhale zala zazifupi, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti mulibe mphamvu ...

Koma izi zimaphatikizanso zitonzo - kungoyang'ana, kudzikonda ndi kuyesetsa kuchita zinthu zakunja, kunyalanyaza zonse ndi miyambo yambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Joachim Kaiser, amakhulupirira kuti: “Katswiri waluso ngati Shura Cherkassky wakhama, ndithudi, amatha kudabwitsa ndi kuwomba m’manja kuchokera kwa omvetsera anzeru – koma panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ku funso la mmene timayimbira piyano lerolino, kapena momwe chikhalidwe chamakono chikugwirizanirana ndi luso lazolemba za piyano, kulimbikira kwachangu kwa Cherkassky sikungathe kupereka yankho.

Otsutsa amalankhula - osati popanda chifukwa - za "kukoma kwa cabaret", za kunyanyira kwa subjectivism, za ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito zolemba za wolemba, za kusalinganika kwa stylistic. Koma Cherkassky samasamala za chiyero cha kalembedwe, kukhulupirika kwa lingaliro - amangosewera, amasewera momwe amamvera nyimbo, mophweka komanso mwachibadwa. Ndiye, kodi kukopa ndi kukopa kwa masewera ake ndi chiyani? Kodi ndi luso lokhalokha? Ayi, ndithudi, palibe amene akudabwa ndi izi tsopano, ndipo pambali, ambiri a virtuosos achinyamata amasewera mofulumira komanso mokweza kuposa Cherkassky. Mphamvu zake, mwachidule, zimangochitika mwachisawawa, kukongola kwa mawu, komanso m'zinthu zodabwitsa zomwe kusewera kwake kumanyamula nthawi zonse, mwa luso la woyimba piyano "kuwerenga pakati pa mizere." Zoonadi, muzojambula zazikulu izi nthawi zambiri sizokwanira - zimafuna kukula, kuzama kwa filosofi, kuwerenga ndi kufotokoza maganizo a wolemba muzovuta zawo zonse. Koma ngakhale kuno ku Cherkassky nthawi zina amasilira nthawi yodzaza ndi chiyambi ndi kukongola, zomwe zimapeza, makamaka mu sonatas za Haydn ndi Mozart oyambirira. Pafupi ndi kalembedwe kake ndi nyimbo za okondana komanso olemba amakono. Izi ndizodzaza ndi kuwala ndi ndakatulo "Carnival" ndi Schumann, sonatas ndi zongopeka za Mendelssohn, Schubert, Schumann, "Islamei" ndi Balakirev, ndipo potsiriza, sonatas ndi Prokofiev ndi "Petrushka" ndi Stravinsky. Koma limba limba, apa Cherkassky nthawi zonse mu chinthu chake, ndipo mu chinthu ichi pali ochepa ofanana ndi iye. Monga palibe wina aliyense, amadziwa kupeza zambiri zosangalatsa, kuwunikira mawu am'mbali, kuyambitsa kuvina kosangalatsa, kukhala ndi luso lodziwika bwino m'masewera a Rachmaninoff ndi Rubinstein, Toccata ya Poulenc ndi "Training the Zuave" ya Mann-Zucca, "Tango" ya Albéniz ndi "zinthu zazing'ono" zambiri zochititsa chidwi.

Inde, ichi si chinthu chachikulu mu luso la pianoforte; mbiri ya wojambula wamkulu nthawi zambiri samamangidwa pa izi. Koma Cherkassky ndi ameneyo - ndipo iye, kupatulapo, ali ndi "ufulu wokhalapo." Ndipo mutangozolowera kusewera kwake, mumangoyamba kupeza zokopa pakutanthauzira kwina, mumayamba kumvetsetsa kuti wojambulayo ali ndi umunthu wake, wapadera komanso wamphamvu. Ndiyeno kusewera kwake sikumayambitsanso kukwiyitsa, mukufuna kumumvetsera mobwerezabwereza, ngakhale kudziwa zolephera za luso la wojambulayo. Ndiye mumamvetsetsa chifukwa chake otsutsa kwambiri ndi odziwa piyano amachiyika kwambiri, amachitcha, monga R. Kammerer, "wolandira cholowa cha I. Hoffman". Kwa izi, kulondola, pali zifukwa. "Cherkassky," analemba B. Jacobs chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70 ndi imodzi mwa matalente oyambilira, iye ndi wanzeru wakale ndipo, monga ena mwa anthu ena ochepa, ali pafupi kwambiri ndi zomwe tikuzizindikira tsopano monga mzimu weniweni wa akatswiri apamwamba kwambiri komanso okondana kwambiri kuposa ena. zolengedwa zambiri "zokongola" za kukoma kouma kwapakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX. Mzimu uwu umapereka ufulu wochuluka wa kulenga kwa wochita masewerawo, ngakhale kuti ufuluwu suyenera kusokonezedwa ndi ufulu wachinyengo. Akatswiri ena ambiri amavomereza kuwunika kwakukulu kotere kwa wojambulayo. Nawa malingaliro ena awiri ovomerezeka. Katswiri wanyimbo K. AT. Kürten analemba kuti: “Kuimba kwake kwa kiyibodi kochititsa chidwi sikuli kokhudzana kwambiri ndi masewera kuposa luso. Mphamvu zake zamkuntho, njira yabwino kwambiri, luso la piyano zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zosinthika. Maluwa a Cantilena pansi pa manja a Cherkassky. Amatha kukongoletsa mbali zapang'onopang'ono m'mitundu yomveka bwino, ndipo, monga ena owerengeka, amadziwa zambiri zachinsinsi cha rhythmic. Koma panthawi yodabwitsa kwambiri, amakhalabe ndi luso lofunika kwambiri la piano, zomwe zimapangitsa omvera kudabwa modabwa: kodi munthu wamng'ono, wofooka uyu amapeza kuti mphamvu zodabwitsa komanso kusungunuka kwakukulu komwe kumamulola kuti azitha kugonjetsa mphamvu zonse zapamwamba? "Paganini Piano" imatchedwa Cherkassky chifukwa cha luso lake lamatsenga. Kujambula kwa chithunzi cha wojambula wachilendo kumathandizidwa ndi E. Orga: "Pochita bwino kwambiri, Cherkassky ndi katswiri wodziwa piyano, ndipo amabweretsa kumasulira kwake kalembedwe ndi kachitidwe kosadziwika bwino. Touché, pedalization, phrasing, kumverera kwa mawonekedwe, kufotokozera kwa mizere yachiwiri, kulemekezeka kwa manja, ubwenzi wa ndakatulo - zonsezi zili mu mphamvu yake. Iye akuphatikizana ndi limba, osalola konse kuti amugonjetse iye; amalankhula momasuka. Posafuna kuchita chilichonse chotsutsana, komabe samangoyang'ana pamwamba. Kudekha kwake komanso kudekha kumamaliza kuthekera kwake kwa XNUMX% kupanga chidwi. Mwina alibe luntha laukali ndi mphamvu zonse zomwe timapezamo, kunena, Arrau; alibe chithumwa cha Horowitz. Koma monga wojambula, amapeza chinenero chodziwika bwino ndi anthu m'njira yomwe ngakhale Kempf sangathe kufikako. Ndipo muzopambana zake zapamwamba ali ndi kupambana kofanana ndi Rubinstein. Mwachitsanzo, m’zidutswa ngati Tango ya Albéniz, akupereka zitsanzo zomwe sitingaziyerekezere.

Mobwereza bwereza - mu nthawi ya nkhondo isanayambe komanso m'ma 70-80, wojambulayo adabwera ku USSR, ndipo omvera aku Russia amatha kudziwonera okha kukongola kwake kwaluso, kuwunika malo omwe ali a woimba wachilendo uyu pazithunzi zokongola za piyano. luso la masiku athu.

Kuyambira m’ma 1950 Cherkassky anakhazikika ku London, kumene anamwalira mu 1995. Anaikidwa m’manda ku Highgate Cemetery ku London.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.