Phokoso ndi katundu wake
Zamkatimu
Phokoso ndi thupi cholinga chodabwitsa. Gwero lake ndi thupi lililonse lotanuka lomwe limatha kupanga mawotchi kugwedezeka. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mafunde amawu amapangidwa amene amafika m’khutu la munthu kudzera mumlengalenga. Imazindikira mafunde ndi kuwasandutsa minyewa yomwe imatumizidwa ku ubongo ndikusinthidwa ndi ma hemispheres ake. Zotsatira zake, munthu amazindikira phokoso linalake.
Pali magulu atatu a mawu:
- Musical - kukhala ndi kutalika kwina, kuchuluka kwake, sitampu ndi makhalidwe ena; amaonedwa kuti ndi okonzeka kwambiri, amasiyanitsidwa ndi chuma champhamvu komanso sitampu katundu.
- phokoso - mawu omwe mamvekedwe ake amakhala osatha. Izi zikuphatikizapo phokoso la nyanja, kuwomba mluzu, creaking, kudina ndi zina zambiri.
- Zimamveka popanda mawu olunjika .
Kupanga nyimbo, nyimbo zokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zina - phokoso.
mafunde akumva
Uku ndi kusinthasintha kwa mawu mu zotanuka, kapena zowongolera mawu. Pamene a mawotchi kugwedezeka kwa thupi kwachitika, mafundewa amapatukana kudzera m'njira yotulutsa mawu: mpweya, madzi, gasi, ndi zakumwa zosiyanasiyana. Kufalitsa kumachitika pamlingo wosiyana, zomwe zimadalira sing'anga yeniyeni ndi kusungunuka kwake. Mumlengalenga, chizindikiro ichi cha phokoso ndi 330-340 m / s, m'madzi - 1450 m / s.
Phokoso la phokoso silikuwoneka, koma limamveka kwa munthu, chifukwa limakhudza makutu ake. Imafunika sing'anga kuti ifalikire. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti mu vacuum, ndiko kuti, malo opanda mpweya, phokoso la phokoso likhoza kupanga, koma osati kufalitsa.
Zolandila mawu
- Mafonifoni - kwa airspace ;
- ma geophone - kuti azindikire phokoso la kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi;
- ma hydrophone - kulandira mawu m'madzi.
Pali zolandilira zomveka zachilengedwe - zothandizira kumva za anthu ndi nyama - komanso zaukadaulo. Thupi lotanuka likamazungulira, mafunde otulukapo amafika ku ziwalo zakumva pakapita nthawi. Khoma la m’khutu limanjenjemera mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mmene akumvekera. Kunjenjemera kumeneku kumatumizidwa ku minyewa yamakutu, ndipo imatumiza zikhumbo ku ubongo kuti zitheke kukonzanso. Motero, kumveka kwina kumaonekera mwa anthu ndi nyama.
Olandira mawu aukadaulo amasintha siginecha yamayimbidwe kukhala yamagetsi. Chifukwa cha izi, phokosolo limafalikira pamtunda wosiyana, likhoza kulembedwa, kukulitsidwa, kusanthula, ndi zina zotero.
Katundu ndi makhalidwe a phokoso
msinkhu
Ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha phokoso, malingana ndi maulendo afupipafupi omwe thupi limagwedezeka. Muyeso wake ndi hertz ( Hz ): kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka kwa mawu nthawi ndi nthawi mu sekondi imodzi. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa kugwedezeka, mawu amasiyanitsidwa:
- otsika-pafupipafupi - ndi ma oscillations ochepa (osati apamwamba kuposa 300 Hz );
- pakati -Frequency - phokoso lozungulira ndi mafupipafupi a 300-3,000 Hz ;
- pafupipafupi - ndi ma oscillations angapo opitilira 3,000 Hz .
Kutalika
Kuti mudziwe khalidwe ili la phokoso, m'pofunika kuyeza nthawi ya kugwedezeka kwa thupi lomwe limatulutsa phokoso. Phokoso la nyimbo limachokera ku 0.015-0.02 s. mpaka mphindi zingapo. Phokoso lalitali kwambiri limapangidwa ndi pedal organ.
Volume
Mwa njira ina, khalidweli limatchedwa mphamvu ya phokoso, yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi matalikidwe a oscillations: zazikuluzikulu, phokoso lamphamvu komanso mosiyana. Kulira kumayezedwa ndi ma decibel (dB). Mu chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, gradation imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza mphamvu ya mawu yomwe imafunika kutulutsanso nyimbo:
- wamphamvu;
- piyano;
- mezzo forte;
- piyano ya mezzo;
- fortissimo;
- pianissimo;
- forte-fortissimo;
- piyano-pianissimo, etc.
Chikhalidwe china chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kumveka kwa phokoso muzoimba nyimbo - dynamics. Chifukwa cha mithunzi yosunthika, mutha kupatsa kapangidwe kake mawonekedwe.
Zimatheka ndi luso la woimbayo, mphamvu zomveka za chipinda ndi zida zoimbira.
Makhalidwe ena
Chiwerengero
Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimakhudza kuchuluka kwa phokoso. The matalikidwe ndi theka kusiyana pakati pa pazipita ndi osachepera kachulukidwe zikhalidwe.
Spectral kapangidwe
Sipekitiramu ndi kugawa kwa mafunde omveka mkati pafupipafupi m mu kugwedezeka kwa harmonic. Khutu la munthu limamva phokoso malinga ndi mafunde omwe amapanga phokosolo. Amazindikira mamvekedwe: ma frequency apamwamba amapereka ma toni apamwamba komanso mosemphanitsa. Phokoso la nyimbo lili ndi ma toni angapo:
- Chofunikira - kamvekedwe kamene kamayenderana ndi mafupipafupi ocheperako kuchokera ku ma frequency okwana omwe amayikidwa paphokoso linalake.
- Mwachidule ndi kamvekedwe kogwirizana ndi ena onse maulendo . Pali ma harmonic overtones ndi maulendo ndiwo machulukitsidwe a ma frequency a Basic.
Nyimbo zanyimbo zomwe zimakhala ndi mawu ofanana zimasiyanitsidwa ndi awo sitampu . Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi amplitudes ndi maulendo za overtones, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa matalikidwe kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa phokoso.
Mphamvu
Ili ndilo dzina loperekedwa ku mphamvu yomwe imasamutsidwa ndi phokoso la phokoso kwa nthawi yaitali kupyolera pamtunda uliwonse. Khalidwe lina mwachindunji zimadalira mphamvu - mokweza. Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi matalikidwe a oscillation mu phokoso la phokoso. Ponena za kuzindikira kwa ziwalo za anthu akumva, malire akumva amasiyanitsidwa - mphamvu yochepa yomwe ilipo kuti anthu azindikire. Malire opitirira omwe khutu silingathe kuzindikira kukula kwa phokoso la phokoso popanda ululu limatchedwa kupweteka.
Zimatengeranso ma audio pafupipafupi.
Chizindikiro
Kupanda kutero kumatchedwa kupaka utoto. The sitampu imakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo: chipangizo cha gwero la mawu, zinthu, kukula ndi mawonekedwe. The timbre kusintha chifukwa cha zotsatira zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo. Muzoimba nyimbo, katunduyu amakhudza kufotokoza kwa ntchitoyo. The timbre kumapangitsa nyimboyo kukhala ndi mawu ake.
Za mawu osamveka
Ponena za kuzindikira kwa khutu la munthu, ma ultrasound (ndi ma frequency opitilira 20,000 Hz ) ndi ma infrasound (pansi pa 16 kHz) amasiyanitsidwa. Amatchedwa zosamveka, chifukwa ziwalo zakumva za anthu siziwazindikira. Ma Ultrasound ndi ma infrasound amamveka kwa nyama zina; amalembedwa ndi zida.
Mbali ya mafunde a infrasonic ndikutha kudutsa munjira ina, popeza mlengalenga, madzi kapena kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi kumayamwa bwino. Choncho, imafalikira pa mtunda wautali. Magwero a mafunde mu chilengedwe ndi zivomezi, mphepo yamphamvu, kuphulika kwa mapiri. Chifukwa cha zida zapadera zomwe zimajambula mafunde oterowo, ndizotheka kuneneratu za tsunami ndikuzindikira komwe kunachitika chivomezi. Palinso magwero opangidwa ndi anthu a infrasound: ma turbines, injini, kuphulika kwapansi ndi pansi, kuwombera mfuti.
Mafunde akupanga ali ndi chinthu chapadera: amapanga matabwa olunjika ngati kuwala. Amayendetsedwa bwino ndi zakumwa ndi zolimba, mopanda mpweya. The apamwamba pafupipafupi ultrasound, m'pamene imafalikira kwambiri. M'chilengedwe, zimawonekera pamabingu, phokoso la mathithi, mvula, mphepo.
Nyama zina zimaberekana paokha - mileme, anamgumi, ma dolphin ndi makoswe.
Amamveka m'moyo wamunthu
Khutu la munthu limakhudzidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa khutu la khutu. Kuchuluka kwa malingaliro omveka a anthu kumagwera pazaka zazing'ono, pamene khalidwe ili la chiwalo chomveka sichinataye ndipo munthu amamva phokoso la 20 kHz. Paukalamba, anthu, mosasamala kanthu za jenda, amawona mafunde amphamvu kwambiri: amangomva pafupipafupi osapitirira 12-14 kHz.
Mfundo Zokondweretsa
- Ngati malire akumtunda omwe amawonedwa ndi khutu la munthu ndi 20,000 Hz , ndiye wapansi ndi 16 Hz . Ma infrasounds, omwe pafupipafupi ndi ochepera 16 Hz , komanso ma ultrasound (oposa 20,000 Hz ), ziwalo za makutu a munthu sizizindikira.
- WHO yakhazikitsa kuti munthu akhoza kumvetsera bwinobwino phokoso lililonse pa voliyumu yosapitirira 85 dB kwa maola 8.
- Kwa kuzindikira kwa phokoso ndi khutu la munthu, ndikofunikira kuti kumatenga masekondi osachepera 0.015.
- Ultrasound sichimveka, koma imatha kumveka. Ngati muyika dzanja lanu mumadzimadzi omwe amachititsa ultrasound, ndiye kuti padzakhala ululu waukulu. Komanso, ultrasound imatha kuwononga zitsulo, kuyeretsa mpweya, ndi kuwononga maselo amoyo.
M'malo motulutsa
Phokoso ndiye maziko a nyimbo iliyonse. Makhalidwe a phokoso, mawonekedwe ake amachititsa kuti apange nyimbo zosiyanasiyana. Kutengera phula, nthawi, voliyumu, matalikidwe kapena sitampu , pali mawu osiyanasiyana. Kupanga ntchito, makamaka nyimbo zomveka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe mamvekedwe ake amatsimikiziridwa.