Tanthauzo |

German Takt, wochokera ku lat. tactus - kukhudza

Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17, gawo loyambira la mita mu nyimbo, gawo la nyimbo lomwe limayamba ndi mawu amphamvu. M'mawu oimba, T. amasiyanitsidwa ndi mizere yoyima yomwe imayima kutsogolo kwa mawu awa - mizere ya bar. M'mbiri, T. amachokera ku mabanki omwe ali nawo. nyimbo za kavinidwe ka mavinidwe a yunifolomu, mipata yomwe ili pafupi ndi mipata yapakati pa kugunda kwabwinobwino, komwe kuyerekezeredwa molondola kwambiri kukula kwake ndi kuzindikira kwachindunji. M’nyimbo zaumuna, “kumenya T” kwachikale kotereku. anapereka chilengedwe. kutalika kwa nthawi yolemba (chilatini mensura, motero misura ya ku Italy ndi French mesure, kutanthauza T.). Mu ars antiqua, longa amafanana ndi muyeso uwu; kenako kugwirizana ndi chiyambi cha polyphonic. nyimbo zokhala ndi nthawi yaying'ono, mtengo wake wonse womwe unakula, gawo la muyeso woyezera limapita ku brevis; m'zaka za zana la 16, mawu akuti tactus akayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito, amafanana ndi kukula kwake kwa semibrevis. Popeza kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepa ("kuchuluka") kungasinthe nthawi ya zolemba poyerekeza ndi mtengo wake wamba (integer valor), pamodzi ndi T. alla semibreve panali T. alla breve (chifukwa cha theka, brevis inali yofanana ndi mtengo wamba wa semibrevis) ndi alla minima (pawiri). M’zaka za zana la 17, pamene T. inali kupangidwa m’nthaŵi zamakono. sense, semibrevis, yomwe yakhala "chidziwitso chonse", imakhalabe gawo lolingana ndi mtengo wa T.; kuwonjezereka kwina kwa nthawi yake, komabe, kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutambasula kwa T., to-ry amataya mtengo wa tanthauzo. miyeso ya nthawi. New T. nthawi zambiri imagawidwa ndi katchulidwe kocheperako kukhala magawo (kawirikawiri 4) kapena kuwerengera nthawi (German Zdhlzeiten), pafupifupi, pafupifupi yolingana ndi nthawi ya mamuna T., koma b. maola, owonetsedwa ngati kotala la cholemba chonse (=semiminima).

Kusintha kwa T. kuchokera ku gawo lowerengera kukhala gulu la mayunitsi owerengera (Gruppentakt, mu terminology ya H. Schunemann) ndi kusintha kwa zolemba zamakono za msambo kumasonyeza kutuluka kwa nyimbo yatsopano, yomwe inkagwirizana ndi kulekana kwa nyimbo kuchokera. zokhudzana ndi luso, chitukuko cha instr. nyimbo ndi instr. kuperekeza ku wok. nyimbo ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyimbo. chinenero. M'zaka za zana. kuganiza polyphonic analowa njira kwa chordal, amene anapeza kunja. kufotokozera m'mawuwo mwa mawonekedwe a zigoli, zomwe zidalowa m'malo mwa zaka za zana la 17. njira yakale yolembera otd. mawu, ndi kutuluka m'zaka za zana la 17 lomwelo. kutsagana mosalekeza - basso continuo. Kutsagana uku kumasonyeza momveka bwino mawonekedwe aŵiri a nyimbo zatsopano; pamodzi ndi katchulidwe koyimba kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe m'magawo odzazidwa ndi matanthauzo. kugwirizana, komwe kumayamba pa nthawi yamphamvu, nthawi zambiri kugwirizana ndi mapeto a mbali za nyimboyo. Mawu awa amayendetsedwa ndi nyimbo zatsopano. mita - T., zomwe sizimadula nyimbo, koma, ngati bass mosalekeza, zimamveketsa bwino. Chizindikiro cha metric. mizere yotchinga (yomwe imapezeka mwa apo ndi apo m'mabuku a bungwe kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 14, koma idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za zana la 17) sikuwonetsa kuyima kapena kupuma (monga malire a mzere wa vesi), koma mzere wa metrical. katchulidwe ka mawu (mwachitsanzo, malo abwinobwino a kamvekedwe ka mawu, komwe, monga m'mavesi amtundu wa kamvekedwe ka mawu, katchulidwe kake sikangakhale kogwirizana). Mosiyana ndi mitundu yonse ya mita ya vesi (yonse yokhudzana ndi nyimbo ndi makulidwe a mawu olekanitsidwa ndi iyo, pomwe kuchuluka kwa zopsinjika nthawi zonse kumathandizira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa vesi kapena mzere), makamaka muses. Mu mita, chizolowezi chimangotanthauza katchulidwe kake ndipo sichimatsimikizira kukula kwa mawu ndi nthawi. Koma metric. kutsindika mu nyimbo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi ndakatulo: mmalo mwa kutsutsa kosavuta kwa mawu omveka (olimba) ndi osakanizidwa (ofooka), T. amapangidwa ndi mndandanda wa zovuta zomwe zimasiyana ndi mphamvu. Mu 4-beat T., gawo la 1 likugogomezedwa kwambiri, lachitatu ndi lamphamvu, ndipo 3 ndi 2 ndi ofooka. Kutsatizana kotereku kumatha kuzindikirika mosasamala kanthu kuti kumenyedwa komwe kumatengedwa ngati kofanana kuli kofanana kwenikweni, kapena ngati kufanana uku kumaphwanyidwa ndi mitundu yonse yamatsenga. zopotoka, accelerations, decelerations, fermats, etc. Kusiyana kwa magawo amasonyezedwa osati mokweza mtheradi, koma molunjika kwa kusintha kwake: kwa magawo amphamvu, ubwino ndi khalidwe. chiyambi champhamvu chotsatiridwa ndi kuchepa kwa voliyumu, chifukwa cha kugunda kofooka - m'malo mwake, kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu (ndi voliyumu).

Chiwembu cha mawu a T. ndichokhazikika, chomwe kutsindika kwenikweni kuyenera kulumikizidwa, koma m'mphepete mwake simungamveke bwino. Kusungidwa kwa chiwembuchi mu choyimira kumathandizidwa ndi kuphweka kwake, makamaka, ngakhale kugawanika kwa mfundo zolembera. Pachiwerengero chotengera mamuna, ma juxtapositions amtengo wosagwirizana (1: 2) amakondedwa, chifukwa chake ma noti akuluakulu mu mawonekedwe awo "angwiro" ndi ofanana ndi ang'onoang'ono atatu. Kukula kofunikira kwa kugawa kwa zolemba "zopanda ungwiro" kukhala magawo awiri ofanana (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 3) kumatilola kuti tiziwona nthawi iyi ngati yosinthira kuchokera kumayendedwe a modal (onani Modus), kapena mamuna mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, mpaka koloko, kumene zonse zazikulu. nthawi yolemba imapangidwa pogawa cholemba chonse mu halves, kotala, eyiti, khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi zina zotero. Mapangidwe a "square" 2-beat, omwe magawo amatsimikizira tempo ya nyimbo, amadziwika kwambiri. lembani T., “ukulu wokhazikika” (nthawi yachingerezi), mawu akuti-rogo (C) m'mawu osonyeza kuti tempus imperfectum (brevis = 14 semibreves, mosiyana ndi , kutanthauza tempus perfectum) ndi prolatio minor (kusakhalapo kwa dontho, mosiyana ndi и , anasonyeza kuti semibrevis ndi 2, osati 3 minimae). Mipiringidzo yowongoka kudzera pakuzindikira kukula (), kusonyeza kugawanika kwa nthawi zonse ndikufananiza brevis ku mtengo wamba wa semibrevis, anayamba kutchula T. alla breve, momwe, ndi kugawanika kwa 4-beat, tempo unit inakhala. Ndipo ayi . Chigawo cha tempo choterocho ndicho chachikulu. osati chizindikiro cha "big alla breve" (4/2), komanso chodziwika bwino kwambiri "small alla breve" (2/2), mwachitsanzo, 2-lobed T., yomwe nthawi yake sifanananso ndi brevis, koma cholemba chonse (monga mu siginecha ya nthawi ya C). Maonekedwe a miyeso ina ya T. mu mawonekedwe a tizigawo ting'onoting'ono. Miyeso imabweranso kuchokera ku zilembo zamamuna za magawo, zomwe, komabe, zasinthiratu tanthauzo lake. M'mawu a mensural, mawerengero amasintha nthawi ya zolemba popanda kusintha mtengo wa nthawi, gawo la nthawi; 3/2, mwachitsanzo, zikutanthauza kuti zolemba zitatu ndi zofanana mu nthawi ndi zolemba ziwiri zofanana za kukula kwake (m'mawu amakono, izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi katatu -

ndi kusiyana komwe kutchulidwa kwachimuna sikukhudzana ndi katchulidwe kake ndipo sikumatchula 1st note ya gulu ngati yamphamvu). Mawu a wotchi 3/2 poyerekeza ndi T. 2/2 () sichimasintha mtengo wa nthawi ya zolemba, koma imawonjezera T. ndi nthawi imodzi ndi theka.

Monga lamulo, mu kachigawo kakang'ono kamene kamasonyeza kukula kwa T., nambalayi imasonyeza chiwerengero cha magawo, ndipo chiwerengero chimasonyeza mtengo wawo wa nyimbo, koma pali zolengedwa kuchokera ku lamulo ili. kupatula. Malingana ndi chiwerengero cha magawo, nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsa T. yosavuta ndi nthawi imodzi yamphamvu (2- ndi 3-gawo) ndi zovuta, zomwe zimakhala ziwiri kapena zingapo zosavuta, ndi Ch. kamvekedwe ka mawu (kanthawi kolimba) koyambirira kwa iwo ndi yachiwiri (nthawi yamphamvu kwambiri) mu zina zonse. Ngati magawowa ali ofanana, T. adayitana. symmetrical (zovuta - m'lingaliro lochepetsetsa), ngati sizili zofanana - zosakanizika kapena zosakanikirana. Complex (symmetry.) T. imaphatikizapo 4-, 6-, 9- ndi 12-beat, yosakaniza - 5-, 7-beat, ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo. T. 3/3, 1/3, 2/3, 4/3, 8/3 amagawidwa kukhala magawo 16. Kusiyanitsa, mwachiwonekere, sikuli mu nthawi ya kumenyedwa kwa muyeso (kwa L. Beethoven, gawo lapang'onopang'ono mu nthawi ya 3/8 likhoza kutsatiridwa ndi gawo lachangu mu 3/4 nthawi, pamene T. yonse ndi yayifupi. kuposa chachisanu ndi chitatu cha tempo yapitayi), koma kulemera kwake (zolemba zazing'ono, zopepuka zikuwoneka). M'zaka za m'ma 18 kusankha kwamtengo wapatali kwa kugunda nthawi zambiri kunali kokwanira kotala ( tempo ordinario ) ndi theka ( tempo alla breve ); potengera kukula kwa 8, manambala nthawi zonse amagawidwa ndi 3 (3/8, 6/8, 9/8, 12/8) ndipo samawonetsa kuchuluka kwa maziko. magawo omwe amatsimikizira mayendedwe, ndi kutuluka kwawo. kugawikana ndi 3 (m'malo mwa magawano abwinobwino). The bipartiteness ya T. 6/8 ikuwonekera bwino poyerekezera (nthawi imodzi kapena motsatizana) ndi T. 2/4: pokhalabe ndi tempo yomweyo, kawirikawiri

; 9/8 ndi 12/8 ndi 3- ndi 4-beat T. (mu nyimbo zachikale, chiwerengero cha kumenyedwa mu T. sichidutsa 4). Mu 3/8 nthawi, T. yonse (monga mamuna T.) nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati gawo la tempo ndipo, chifukwa chake, iyenera kuzindikirika ngati monolithic (mu 3 nthawi zambiri imachitika pa tempos yocheperako, momwe manja a conductor amachitira. sizikugwirizana ndi magawo akuluakulu, koma ndi magawo awo). Mawerengero omwewo okhala ndi denominator ya 4 amatha kuwonetsa magawo atatu mu tempo alla breve: 6/4 ndi bh osati T. yovuta, koma gawo losavuta la magawo awiri . 3/4 ikhoza kukhala 3-gawo ndi monopart: mu nthawi yachangu ya L. Beethoven, mlandu wa 1 umaperekedwa mu fugue kuchokera ku sonata op. 106 ( = 144), yachiwiri - mu scherzo symphonic ( . = kuchokera 96 ​​mpaka 132). Equality T. 3/4 ndi mu scherzo ya Beethoven's 3rd ndi 9th symphonies ( ... = = 116) akuwonetsa kuti T. Nthawi zina amatha kumveka ngati monocot. Momwemonso, ndinagwiritsa ntchito zolembazo AP Borodin mu gawo lachiwiri la symphony yachiwiri; mu mphambu, ed. NA Rimsky-Korsakov ndi AK Glazunov adasinthidwa ndi 2/1. Monocotyledonous ndi ma T ena osavuta nthawi zambiri amagawidwa kukhala "T. dongosolo lapamwamba” (nthawi zina izi zimasonyezedwa ndi mawu a wolemba, mwachitsanzo “ritmo a tre battute” mu scherzo kuchokera ku symphony ya 1 ya Beethoven; onani Art. Meter).

M'nthawi yachikondi, kusankha kwamitengo yama beats kumakhala kosiyanasiyana. Mu sonatas zomaliza za Beethoven, mayina 13/16 ndi 9/16 akuwonetsa kuti kugunda kumakhala ., ndi 6/16 ndi 12/32 mu nkhani ya 2 amasonyeza kuti mu 3-gawo T., pamene kumenyedwa ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, magawo atatu amasinthidwa ndi ngakhale chimodzi (kusintha komweko kwa intralobar pulsation mu 4- gawo T. lingatchulidwe ngati 8/8 pambuyo pa 12/8, mwachitsanzo mu Liszt's Preludes). Kusiyanasiyana kowonjezereka kumagwiranso ntchito pa chiwerengero cha magawo, omwe salinso anayi. 6/4 ikhoza kukhala yovuta kwenikweni T., yomwe ili ndi magawo awiri a 3 ndi magawo atatu a 2 (omwe ali ndi magawo atatu amphamvu ndi achisanu; T. yotereyi imapezeka F. Liszt, SV Rachmaninov, IF Stravinsky). Miyeso yosakanikirana (asymmetrical) imawonekeranso: 3/5 (mtundu wa katatu ndi 5/4, mwachitsanzo, mu Madyerero a Debussy), 15/8, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zina payekha asymmetrical. T. amalowetsedwa pakati pa zofananira monga kukulitsa kapena kuchepetsa. B. maola osakanikirana T. amaimira mgwirizano wa 7 T. (ndikokwanira kuyerekezera 4/2 mu Dante Symphony ya Liszt ndi kusintha kwa 7/4 ndi C mu Faust Symphony yake). Chifukwa chake, osakanikirana T. amakonda kusandulika kukhala mawu, omwe mzere wa bar umakhala ngati chizindikiro cha malire, osati kumenya mwamphamvu. Kugawanika koteroko kukhala T. kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pojambula nyimbo zamitundu ina mu wotchi. machitidwe, mwachitsanzo. Russian ndi. nyimbo ("Folk T." Sokalsky), m'mitu yobwerekedwa ndi olemba kuchokera ku zopeka kapena zolembedwa monga izo (3/4 ndi MI Glinka, 5/4 ndi NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 11/4

ali nazo mu The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh, etc.). T.-mawu oterowo akhoza kukhala ofanana mu chiwerengero cha magawo ku ma symmetries osavuta kapena ovuta. T. (mwachitsanzo, 2/4 mu chomaliza cha 2 symphony Tchaikovsky). Kunja kwa nyimbo za ku Russia, chitsanzo ndi choyambilira cha Chopin mu c-moll, pomwe T. iliyonse ndi mawu omwe gawo la 1 silingaganizidwe ngati nthawi yamphamvu, ndipo 3 - ngati nthawi yolimba.

Zothandizira: Agarkov O., Pakukwanira kwa kuzindikira kwa mita ya nyimbo, mu: Art and Science, vol. 1, M., 1970; Kharlap MG, Clock system mu nyimbo zanyimbo, m'magulu: Mavuto a nyimbo, M., 1978; onaninso kuwala. ku Art. Meter, metric.

MG Harlap