Ksenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya |

Ksenia Derzhinskaya

Theka la zaka zapitazo, mu June masiku a kutali 1951, Ksenia Georgievna Derzhinskaya anamwalira. Derzhinskaya ndi mlalang'amba waluntha wa oimba Russian a theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 20, amene luso la masiku ano zikuwoneka kwa ife pafupifupi muyezo. People's Artist of the USSR, laureate of Stalin Prize, soloist wa Bolshoi Theatre kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu, pulofesa ku Moscow Conservatory, yemwe ali ndi malamulo apamwamba kwambiri a Soviet - mungapeze zambiri za iye m'buku lililonse lachidziwitso. , nkhani ndi zolemba zinalembedwa za luso lake m'zaka zapitazi, ndipo choyamba, kuyenera kwa izi ndi kwa katswiri wotchuka wa nyimbo wa Soviet EA Grosheva, koma kwenikweni dzinali laiwalika lero.

Polankhula za ukulu wakale wa Bolshoi, nthawi zambiri timakumbukira achikulire a m'nthawi yake - Chaliapin, Sobinov, Nezhdanova, kapena anzawo, omwe luso lawo lidatchuka kwambiri m'zaka za Soviet - Obukhova, Kozlovsky, Lemeshev, Barsova, Pirogovs, Mikhailov. Zifukwa za izi mwina ndi dongosolo losiyana kwambiri: Derzhinskaya anali woimba wa kalembedwe okhwima maphunziro, iye pafupifupi sanali kuimba Soviet nyimbo, wowerengeka nyimbo kapena zachikondi akale, iye kawirikawiri ankaimba pa wailesi kapena konsati holo, ngakhale iye. anali wotchuka chifukwa chomasulira mosabisa mawu a nyimbo za m'chipinda, makamaka ntchito yake ya panyumba ya zisudzo, ndipo anasiya nyimbo zochepa. Luso lake nthawi zonse linali lapamwamba kwambiri, luntha loyengedwa bwino, mwina losamveka nthawi zonse kwa anthu a m'nthawi yake, koma nthawi yomweyo losavuta komanso labwino. Komabe, ziribe kanthu kuti zifukwa izi zingakhale zotani, zikuwoneka kuti kuiwalika kwa luso la mbuye woteroyo sikungatchulidwe kuti ndi chilungamo: Russia mwamwambo imakhala yolemera kwambiri, adapatsa dziko lapansi ma mezzo-sopranos ndi coloratura sopranos, ndipo oimba a dongosolo kwambiri pa mlingo wa Derzhinsky mu mbiri Russian osati mawu kwambiri. "Golden Soprano of the Bolshoi Theatre" ndi dzina loperekedwa kwa Ksenia Derzhinskaya ndi okonda chidwi cha talente yake. Choncho, lero tikukumbukira woimba wotchuka wa ku Russia, yemwe luso lake lakhala likulemekeza gawo lalikulu la dziko kwa zaka zoposa makumi atatu.

Derzhinskaya anabwera ku luso Russian pa nthawi yovuta, yovuta kwa iye ndi tsogolo la dziko lonse. Mwinamwake njira yake yonse yolenga inagwa pa nthawi yomwe moyo wa Bolshoi Theatre ndi moyo wa Russia, mosakayikira, umakhalapo, titero, zithunzi zochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana. Pamene anayamba ntchito yake monga woimba, ndi Derzhinskaya anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake mu 1913 mu opera wa Sergievsky People's House (iye anadza ku Bolshoi patatha zaka ziwiri), Russia ankakhala moyo wovuta wa munthu wodwala kwambiri. Mphepo yamkuntho yoopsayo inali itatsala pang'ono kufika. Bolshoi Theatre m'nthawi ya chisinthiko chisanachitike, m'malo mwake, inalidi kachisi waluso - patatha zaka makumi ambiri akulamulira gulu lachiwiri, mawonekedwe otumbululuka ndi mawonekedwe, mawu ofooka, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 colossus iyi idakhalapo. anasintha kupitirira kuzindikira, anayamba kukhala ndi moyo watsopano, wonyezimira ndi mitundu yatsopano, kusonyeza dziko zitsanzo zodabwitsa za chilengedwe changwiro kwambiri. Russian vocal sukulu, ndipo koposa zonse, mwa munthu wa soloists kutsogolera Bolshoi anafika pamwamba kwambiri, pa siteji ya zisudzo, kuwonjezera pa Chaliapin, Sobinov ndi Nezhdanova, Deisha-Sionitskaya ndi Salina. Smirnov ndi Alchevsky, Baklanov ndi Bonachich, Yermolenko-Yuzhina anawala ndi Balanovskaya. Zinali ku kachisi wotero kuti woimba wamng'ono anabwera mu 1915 kuti agwirizane tsogolo lake ndi iye ndi kutenga malo apamwamba kwambiri.

Kulowa kwake mu moyo wa Bolshoi kunali kofulumira: atamupanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake monga Yaroslavna, kale mu nyengo yoyamba adayimba gawo la mkango wa nyimbo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, adachita nawo gawo loyamba la The Enchantress, lomwe linakonzedwanso pambuyo pa kuiwalika kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo patapita nthawi adasankhidwa ndi Chaliapin wamkulu, yemwe adasewera kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Bolshoi Verdi "Don Carlos" ndikuimba mu seweroli la Mfumu Philip, pa mbali ya Elizabeth Valois.

Derzhinskaya poyamba anabwera ku zisudzo monga woimba udindo wa dongosolo loyamba, ngakhale kuti anali ndi nyengo imodzi yokha kumbuyo kwake mu opera Entreprise. Koma luso lake lamawu komanso luso lapamwamba la siteji nthawi yomweyo zidamuyika pakati pa oyamba komanso abwino kwambiri. Atalandira chirichonse kuchokera ku zisudzo kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake - mbali yoyamba, repertoire kusankha, wochititsa - bambo wauzimu, bwenzi ndi mlangizi mu munthu Vyacheslav Ivanovich Suk - Derzhinskaya anakhalabe wokhulupirika kwa iye mpaka mapeto. za masiku ake. Impresario wa nyumba zabwino kwambiri za opera padziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo New York Metropolitan, Paris Grand Opera ndi Berlin State Opera, adayesetsa kuti apeze woimbayo kwa nyengo imodzi. Kamodzi kokha Derzhinskaya anasintha ulamuliro wake, kuchita mu 1926 pa siteji ya Paris Opera mu imodzi mwa ntchito zake zabwino - Fevronia wotsogoleredwa ndi Emil Cooper. Ntchito yake yokha yachilendo inali yopambana kwambiri - mu opera ya Rimsky-Korsakov, yosadziwika kwa omvera a ku France, woimbayo adawonetsa luso lake lonse la mawu, ndikutha kufotokozera omvera okondwa kukongola konse kwa luso lapamwamba la nyimbo za ku Russia, zolinga zake zamakhalidwe. , kuya ndi chiyambi. Nyuzipepala ya ku Parisian inasirira “kukomera mtima ndi kusinthasintha kwa mawu ake, maphunziro apamwamba, mawu omveka bwino, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kudzoza komwe adasewera masewera onse, ndipo adawononga kwambiri kuti pazochitika zinayi chidwi chake sichinafooke. miniti.” Kodi pali oimba ambiri aku Russia masiku ano omwe, atalandira chitsutso chodabwitsa chotere mu likulu la nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kukhala ndi zokopa zokopa kwambiri kuchokera kumakampani otsogola padziko lonse lapansi, sangathe kukhala kumadzulo kwazaka zingapo? ? N'chifukwa chiyani Derzhinskaya anakana malingaliro onsewa? Ndipotu, chaka cha 26, osati 37, komanso, panali zitsanzo zofanana (mwachitsanzo, soloist wa Bolshoi Theatre mezzo Faina Petrova anagwira ntchito kwa nyengo zitatu pa New York Metropolitan Theatre chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20). Ndizovuta kuyankha funsoli mosakayikira. Komabe, m'malingaliro athu, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zagona pa mfundo yakuti luso Derzhinskaya anali chibadwidwe kwambiri dziko: iye anali Russian woimba ndipo ankakonda kuimba kwa omvera Russian. Zinali mu repertoire ya ku Russia kuti talente ya wojambulayo inawululidwa kwambiri, inali maudindo mu zisudzo zaku Russia zomwe zinali pafupi kwambiri ndi luso la woimbayo. Ksenia Derzhinskaya adapanga chithunzi chonse cha zithunzi za akazi aku Russia m'moyo wake wolenga: Natasha mu Mermaid ya Dargomyzhsky, Gorislava ku Glinka's Ruslan ndi Lyudmila, Masha ku Napravnik's Dubrovsky, Tamara ku Rubinstein's The Demon, Yaroslavna ku Borodin's Prince Igor Igor ndi Mariam Kuma. Tchaikovsky's operas, Kupava, Militris, Fevronia ndi Vera Sheloga mu masewero a Rimsky-Korsakov. Maudindowa adapambana mu ntchito ya siteji ya woyimbayo. Koma chilengedwe changwiro kwambiri cha Derzhinskaya, malinga ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, chinali gawo la Lisa mu opera ya Tchaikovsky The Queen of Spades.

Kukonda nyimbo za ku Russia ndi kupambana komwe kunatsagana ndi woimbayo sikumasokoneza mayendedwe ake ku Western repertoire, komwe adamva bwino mumitundu yosiyanasiyana - Chitaliyana, Chijeremani, Chifalansa. "Omnivorousness" wotere, poganizira kukoma kosakhwima, chikhalidwe chapamwamba kwambiri chomwe chinali chobadwa mwa wojambula, ndi kukhulupirika kwa chilengedwe, zimalankhula za chilengedwe chonse cha luso la mawu a woimbayo. The Moscow siteji lero pafupifupi kuiwala za Wagner, kupereka Mariinsky Theatre kutsogolera ntchito yomanga "Russian Wagneriana", pamene mu nthawi isanayambe nkhondo, masewero a Wagner nthawi zambiri anachita pa Bolshoi Theatre. M'zinthu izi, luso la Derzhinskaya monga woimba wa Wagnerian linawululidwa mwachilendo, yemwe anaimba nyimbo zisanu ndi Bayreuth Genius - Tannhäuser (gawo la Elizabeti), The Nuremberg Mastersingers (Eva), Valkyrie (Brünnhilde), Lohengrin (Ortrud) , konsati ya "Tristan ndi Isolde" (Isolde). Derzhinskaya sanali mpainiya mu "umunthu" wa ngwazi za Wagnerian; pamaso pake, Sobinov ndi Nezhdanova anali ataika kale mwambo wofanana ndi kuwerenga kwawo kwanzeru kwa Lohengrin, komwe adatsuka zachinsinsi komanso kulimba mtima kwamphamvu, ndikudzaza ndi mawu owala, opatsa moyo. Komabe, iye anasamutsira chochitika ichi ku mbali za ngwazi za masewero a Wagner, zomwe mpaka nthawiyo zinamasuliridwa ndi ochita masewerawa makamaka mu mzimu wa malingaliro a Teutonic a superman. The epic ndi nyimbo zoyambira - zinthu ziwiri, kotero mosiyana ndi mzake, anali wopambana mofanana kwa woimba, kaya anali Rimsky-Korsakov kapena Wagner. Mu heroines Wagnerian Derzhinskaya panalibe chinthu choposa umunthu, chochititsa mantha, chodzikuza kwambiri, chodetsa nkhaŵa komanso chochititsa mantha moyo: anali amoyo - okondana ndi ovutika, odana ndi kumenyana, oimba ndi olemekezeka, mwa mawu akuti, anthu amitundu yonse. kumverera komwe kunawakwiyitsa, komwe kuli kobadwa m'mbiri zosakhoza kufa.

Mu zisudzo za ku Italy, Derzhinskaya anali mbuye weniweni wa bel canto kwa anthu, komabe, sanalole kuti ayambe kusilira phokoso popanda chifukwa. Pa heroines Verdi, Aida anali wapamtima woimba, amene sanapatuke pafupifupi mu moyo wake wonse kulenga. Mawu a woimbayo anamulola kuti ayimbire mbali zambiri za nyimbo zochititsa chidwi ndi zikwapu zazikulu, mu mzimu wa miyambo yeniyeni. Koma Derzhinskaya nthawi zonse amayesa kuchoka mumaganizo amkati a nyimbo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkapangitsa kuti aganizirenso kutanthauzira kwachikhalidwe ndi kumasulidwa kwa chiyambi cha nyimbo. Umu ndi momwe wojambulayo adathetsera "ake" Aida: popanda kuchepetsa kuchulukira kwa zilakolako muzochitika zazikulu, komabe adatsindika za gawo la heroine wake, ndikupangitsa maonekedwe ake kukhala malo otanthauzira chithunzicho.

Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa za Turandot ya Puccini, yemwe woimba wake woyamba pa siteji ya Bolshoi anali Derzhinskaya (1931). Kugonjetsa momasuka zovuta za tessitura za gawo ili, lodzaza ndi Forte fortissimo, Derzhinskaya adayesetsa kuwafotokozera mwachikondi, makamaka pazochitika za kusintha kwa mfumukazi kuchokera kwa munthu wodzikuza kukhala cholengedwa chachikondi.

siteji moyo Derzhinskaya pa Bolshoi Theatre anali wokondwa. Woimbayo sankadziwa otsutsana nawo pafupifupi ntchito yake yonse, ngakhale gulu la zisudzo m'zaka zimenezo linali makamaka ambuye kwambiri. Komabe, palibe chifukwa cholankhula za mtendere wamaganizo: wanzeru wa ku Russia ku mafupa ake, Derzhinskaya anali thupi ndi magazi a dziko lapansi, lomwe linathetsedwa mopanda chifundo ndi boma latsopano. Creative bwino, amene anaonekera makamaka mu zisudzo mu 30s pambuyo chipwirikiti cha zaka chisinthiko, pamene kukhalapo kwa zisudzo ndi mtundu wanyimbo anali kukankhira, zinachitika motsutsana maziko a zochitika zoopsa zimene zikuchitika mu dziko. Zotsutsazo sizinakhudze Bolshoi - Stalin ankakonda zisudzo "zake" - komabe, sizinali mwangozi kuti woimba wa opera amatanthauza zambiri mu nthawi imeneyo: pamene mawuwo analetsedwa, zinali kupyolera mwa kuyimba kwawo kwangwiro kuti oimba abwino kwambiri a Russia inanena za chisoni chonse ndi zowawa zomwe zinasesa dziko lakwawo , kupeza kuyankha kosangalatsa m'mitima ya omvera.

Liwu la Derzhinskaya linali chida chobisika komanso chapadera, chodzaza ndi ma nuances ndi chiaroscuro. Idapangidwa ndi woimbayo atangoyamba kumene, motero adayamba maphunziro a mawu pomwe akuphunzira ku bwalo la masewera olimbitsa thupi. Sikuti zonse zinayenda bwino panjira iyi, koma pamapeto pake Derzhinskaya adapeza mphunzitsi wake, yemwe adalandira sukulu yabwino kwambiri, yomwe inamulola kuti akhalebe mbuye wa mawu kwa zaka zambiri. Elena Teryan-Korganova, woimba wotchuka yekha, wophunzira wa Pauline Viardot ndi Matilda Marchesi, anakhala mphunzitsi.

Derzhinskaya anali ndi soprano yamphamvu, yowala, yofatsa komanso yofatsa ya timbre yokongola kwambiri, ngakhale m'mabuku onse, okhala ndi kuwala, zowuluka, zolembera zapakati komanso zodzaza magazi, zolembera pachifuwa. Chinthu chapadera cha mawu ake chinali kufewa kwake kwachilendo. Mawuwo anali aakulu, ochititsa chidwi, koma osinthasintha, osasunthika, omwe, kuphatikizapo ma octave awiri ndi theka, amalola woimbayo kuchita bwino (ndi bwino kwambiri) mbali za lyric-coloratura (mwachitsanzo, Marguerite mu Gounod's Faust). Woimbayo adadziwa bwino njira yoyimba bwino, kotero m'magawo ovuta kwambiri, omwe amafunikira kuwonjezereka kwa umunthu ndi kufotokozera, kapena ngakhale kupirira mwakuthupi - monga Brunhilde kapena Turandot - sanakumane ndi zovuta. Chosangalatsa kwambiri chinali legato ya woimbayo, yotengera kupuma kofunikira, kwautali komanso ngakhale, ndi nyimbo yayikulu, yachi Russia, komanso kupatulira kosayerekezeka ndi piyano pamanotsi apamwamba kwambiri - apa woyimbayo analidi mbuye wosayerekezeka. Kukhala ndi mawu amphamvu, Derzhinskaya mwachibadwa anakhalabe wochenjera komanso woimba nyimbo wamoyo, zomwe, monga taonera kale, zinamulola kuti zichitike mu repertoire ya chipinda. Komanso, mbali iyi ya talente woimba anaonekeranso oyambirira kwambiri - kuyambira konsati chipinda mu 1911 anayamba ntchito yake yoimba: ndiye iye anachita mu konsati wolemba Rachmaninov ndi zokonda zake. Derzhinskaya anali womasulira wachikondi komanso woyambirira wa nyimbo zachikondi za Tchaikovsky ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, omwe adamuyimba kwambiri.

Atachoka ku Bolshoi Theatre mu 1948, Ksenia Georgievna anaphunzitsa ku Moscow Conservatory, koma osati kwa nthawi yayitali: Tsogolo lake linamusiya zaka 62 zokha. Anamwalira pa tsiku lokumbukira zisudzo kwawo ku 1951 - chaka chazaka zake 175.

Tanthauzo la luso la Derzhinskaya ndi mu utumiki wake ku zisudzo kwawo, dziko lakwawo, mu kudziletsa wodzichepetsa ndi chete. M'mawonekedwe ake onse, muzochita zake zonse pali chinachake kuchokera ku Fevronia ya Kitezhan - muzojambula zake palibe chinthu chakunja, chodabwitsa anthu, chirichonse chiri chophweka kwambiri, chomveka komanso nthawi zina chochepa. Komabe, izo - ngati gwero la masika lopanda mitambo - limakhalabe laling'ono komanso lokongola.

A. Matusevich, 2001