Amphamvu dissonance

Kodi dissonance ndi chiyani? M'mawu osavuta, ndi kuphatikiza kosagwirizana, kosasangalatsa kwa mawu osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chiyani kuphatikiza kotereku kulipo pakati pa ma intervals ndi chords? Kodi zinachokera kuti ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani zili zofunika?

Ulendo wa Odysseus

Monga taonera m'nkhani yapitayi, mu Antiquity, dongosolo la Pythagorean linkalamulira. Mmenemo, phokoso lonse la dongosolo limapezeka mwa kungogawanitsa chingwecho mu 2 kapena 3 magawo ofanana. Kuchepetsako kumangosuntha phokoso ndi octave. Koma kugawikana ndi katatu kumabweretsa zolemba zatsopano.

Funso lovomerezeka likubuka: kodi tiyenera kusiya liti magawanowa? Kuchokera pa cholemba chatsopano chilichonse, kugawa chingwe ndi 3, titha kupeza china. Choncho, tikhoza kupeza 1000 kapena 100000 phokoso mu nyimbo dongosolo. Kodi tiyime kuti?

Pamene Odysseus, ngwazi ya ndakatulo yakale yachigiriki, anabwerera ku Ithaca yake, zopinga zambiri zinali kumuyembekezera panjira. Ndipo aliyense waiwo adachedwetsa ulendo wake mpaka adapeza momwe angachitire.

Panjira yopita ku chitukuko cha machitidwe oimba, panalinso zopinga. Kwa nthawi ndithu iwo amachepetsa ndondomeko ya maonekedwe a zolemba zatsopano, kenako adawagonjetsa ndikuyenda, komwe adakumana ndi chopinga chotsatira. Zotchinga izi zinali dissonances.

Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa kuti dissonance ndi chiyani.

Titha kupeza tanthauzo lenileni la chodabwitsa ichi tikamvetsetsa momwe mamvekedwe amamvekera. Koma tsopano sitifunikira kulondola, m’pofunika kuti tifotokoze m’mawu osavuta kumva.

Kotero ife tiri ndi chingwe. Titha kugawa magawo awiri kapena atatu. Chifukwa chake timapeza octave ndi duodecim. Octave imamveka ngati consonant, ndipo izi ndizomveka - kugawanitsa ndi 2 ndikosavuta kusiyana ndi kugawanika ndi 3. Komanso, duodecima idzamveka ngati consonant kuposa chingwe chogawidwa mu magawo 2 (kugawanika koteroko kudzapereka gawo lachitatu pambuyo pa octaves awiri), chifukwa kugawa ndi 3 ndikosavuta, kusiyana ndi kugawa ndi 5.

Tsopano tiyeni tikumbukire momwe, mwachitsanzo, gawo lachisanu linamangidwira. Tidagawa chingwecho kukhala magawo atatu, ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwake ndi nthawi 3 (mkuyu 2).

Monga mukuonera, kuti timange chachisanu, sitiyenera kutenga chimodzi, koma masitepe awiri, choncho, chachisanu chidzamveka chochepa kwambiri kuposa octave kapena duodecime. Ndi sitepe iliyonse, tikuwoneka kuti tikuyenda motalikirana ndi cholemba choyambirira.

Titha kupanga lamulo losavuta kuti tidziwe consonance:

masitepe ochepa omwe timatenga, komanso ngati masitepewa asavuta, ndiye kuti nthawiyo imakhala yolumikizana kwambiri.

Tiyeni tibwerere ku zomangamanga.

Kotero, anthu asankha phokoso loyamba (kuti zikhale zosavuta, tidzaganiza kuti izi ku, ngakhale kuti Agiriki akale sanatchule zimenezo) ndipo anayamba kupanga zolemba zina mwa kugawa kapena kuchulukitsa kutalika kwa chingwe ndi 3.

Poyamba analandira maphokoso awiri, kuti ku anali oyandikira kwambiri F и mchere (chithunzi 2). Salt imapezeka ngati kutalika kwa chingwe kumachepetsedwa ndi nthawi 3, ndi F - m'malo mwake, ngati chiwonjezeke ndi katatu.

Mndandanda wa π udzatanthauzabe kuti tikukamba za zolemba za Pythagorean system.

Ngati musuntha zolembazi ku octave yomweyi pomwe cholembacho chili ku, kenako mipata yapatsogolo pawo idzatchedwa nthawi yachinayi (do-fa) ndi yachisanu (do-sol). Izi ndi ziwiri zochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Panthawi ya kusintha kuchokera ku dongosolo la Pythagorean kupita ku chilengedwe, pamene pafupifupi nthawi zonse zasintha, kumanga kwachinayi ndi chachisanu sikunasinthe. Mapangidwe a tonality anapita ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwachindunji kwa zolemba izi, zinali pa iwo omwe akuluakulu ndi ocheperapo adamangidwa. Izi zinakhala zogwirizana kwambiri moti zinkalamulira nyimbo mpaka nthawi ya chikondi, ndipo ngakhale atapatsidwa ntchito yofunika kwambiri.

Koma timachoka ku dissonances. Kumanga sikunayime pa zolemba zitatu izi. Sruna anapitirizabe kugawidwa mu magawo 3 ndi duodecyma pambuyo duodecyma kulandira mawu atsopano ndi atsopano.

Chopinga choyamba chinabuka pa sitepe yachisanu, pamene ku (chidziwitso choyambirira) re, fa, sol, la cholemba chinawonjezeredwa E (chithunzi 3).

Pakati pa zolemba E и F nthawi inapangidwa yomwe inkawoneka yosagwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu a nthawiyo. Iyi inali mphindi yaing'ono.

Yang'ono yachiwiri mi-fa - harmonic

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Titakumana ndi nthawi imeneyi, tinaganiza zoti tiphatikizepo E dongosolo salinso ofunika, muyenera kusiya pa 5 zolemba. Chifukwa chake dongosolo loyamba lidakhala 5-noti, idatchedwa pentatonic. Nthawi zonse m'menemo ndi zogwirizana kwambiri. Mulingo wa pentatonic umapezekabe mu nyimbo zamtundu. Nthawi zina, ngati utoto wapadera, umapezekanso muzojambula.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anthu anazoloŵera kumveka kwa kamphindi kakang’ono ndipo anazindikira kuti ngati muigwiritsa ntchito moyenerera komanso momveka bwino, ndiye kuti mukhoza kukhala nayo. Ndipo chopinga chotsatira chinali sitepe nambala 7 (mkuyu 4).

Cholemba chatsopanocho chinakhala chosasunthika kotero kuti adaganiza kuti asachitchule dzina lake, koma adachitcha F chakuthwa (F #). Kuthwa kwenikweni ndikutanthauza nthawi yomwe idapangidwa pakati pa zolemba ziwirizi: F и F chakuthwa. Zikumveka motere:

The interval F ndi F-lakuthwa ndi harmonic

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Ngati sitipita "kupyola chakuthwa", ndiye kuti timapeza makina 7 - diatonic. Makina ambiri oimba amakono ndi amakono ndi masitepe 7, ndiko kuti, amalandira diatonic ya Pythagorean pankhaniyi.

Ngakhale kuti diatonicism inali yofunika kwambiri, Odysseus anapitirira. Atagonjetsa chopingacho ngati chakuthwa, adawona malo otseguka momwe mumatha kulembamo manotsi 12 mudongosolo. Koma 13 idapanga kusagwirizana koyipa - Pythagorean comm.

Pythagorean koma

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Mwina tinganene kuti koma anali Scylla ndi Charybdis adagulung'undisa mu umodzi. Sizinatenge zaka kapenanso zaka mazana ambiri kuti tigonjetse chopingachi. Patangotha ​​zaka masauzande angapo, m'zaka za zana la 12 AD, oimba adatembenukira ku ma microchromatic system, omwe ali ndi zolemba zopitilira XNUMX. Zoonadi, m’kupita kwa zaka mazana ameneŵa, kuyesayesa kwa munthu payekha kunapangidwa kuti awonjezere mawu ena owonjezera ku octave, koma zoyesayesa zimenezi zinali zamanyazi kotero kuti, mwatsoka, munthu sanganene za kuthandizira kwawo kwakukulu ku chikhalidwe cha nyimbo.

Kodi zoyesa zazaka za zana la XNUMX zitha kuonedwa ngati zapambana? Kodi ma microchromatic systems ayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyimbo? Tiyeni tibwererenso ku funso ili, koma izi zisanachitike tikambirana ma dissonances angapo, osachokera ku dongosolo la Pythagorean.

nkhandwe ndi mdierekezi

Pamene tidatchula nthawi zosagwirizana ndi dongosolo la Pythagorean, tinali ochenjera pang'ono. Ndiko kuti, panali sekondi yaing'ono ndi yakuthwa, koma kenako anamva mosiyana pang'ono.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyimbo zamakedzana zinali makamaka za nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Mwachidule, cholemba chimodzi chokha chinamveka panthawi imodzi, ndipo choyimirira - kuphatikiza kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mawu angapo - sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito konse. Chifukwa chake, okonda nyimbo zakale, monga lamulo, adamva mphindi yaying'ono komanso yakuthwa ngati izi:

Mifa yachiwiri yaying'ono - melodic

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Semitone F ndi F lakuthwa - melodic

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Koma ndi chitukuko cha ofukula, harmonic (oima) intervals, kuphatikizapo dissonant, anawomba mokwanira.

Yoyamba mndandandawu iyenera kutchedwa triton.

Izi ndi zomwe tritone imamveka

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Imatchedwa tritone, osati chifukwa ikuwoneka ngati amphibian, koma chifukwa ili ndi matani athunthu atatu kuchokera kuphokoso lakumunsi kupita kumtunda (ndiko kuti, ma semitone asanu ndi limodzi, makiyi asanu ndi limodzi a piyano). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti m'Chilatini amatchedwanso tritonus.

Nthawi imeneyi imatha kumangidwa mu dongosolo la Pythagorean komanso mwachilengedwe. Ndipo apa ndi apo zidzamveka zosamveka.

Kuti mumange mu dongosolo la Pythagorean, muyenera kugawa chingwecho mu magawo atatu kasanu ndi kamodzi, kenaka muwirikiza kawiri kutalika kwake nthawi 3. Zikuoneka kuti kutalika kwa chingwe kudzawonetsedwa ngati kachigawo 6/10. Mosafunikira kunena, ndi masitepe ambiri, palibe chifukwa cholankhula za consonance.

Pakusintha kwachilengedwe, zinthu zimakhala bwinoko pang'ono. Tritone yachilengedwe ingapezeke motere: kugawaniza kutalika kwa chingwe ndi 3 kawiri (ie, kugawanitsa ndi 9), kenaka kugawanitsa ndi 5 (kugawa kwathunthu ndi magawo 45), ndiyeno kuwirikiza kawiri ka 5. Zotsatira zake, kutalika kwa chingwecho kudzakhala 32/45, komwe, ngakhale kuli kosavuta, sikulonjeza consonance.

Malinga ndi mphekesera za m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, nthaŵi imeneyi inkatchedwa “mdyerekezi mu nyimbo.”

Koma consonance ina idakhala yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa nyimbo - nkhandwe yachisanu.

Wolf Quint

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Kodi nthawi imeneyi imachokera kuti? N’chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira?

Tiyerekeze kuti timalemba mawu mwachilengedwe kuchokera pa noti ku. Ili ndi cholemba ре zimakhala ngati tigawa rune mu magawo 3 kawiri (timatenga masitepe awiri a duodecimal kutsogolo). Ndemanga A kupanga mosiyana pang'ono: kuti tipeze, tifunika kuonjezera chingwe katatu (kubwerera kumbuyo kwa duodecims), ndiyeno gawani chingwecho kutalika kwa magawo 3 (ndiko kuti, kutenga chachitatu chachilengedwe, chomwe sichinangochitika." kukhalapo mu dongosolo la Pythagorean). Chotsatira chake, pakati pa kutalika kwa zingwe za zolemba ре и A sitipeza chiŵerengero chophweka cha 2/3 (chachisanu choyera), koma chiŵerengero cha 40/27 (mmbulu wachisanu). Monga tikuonera mu ubale, consonance iyi singakhale consonant.

Bwanji osalembapo kanthu A, chomwe chingakhale gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a ре? Chowonadi ndi chakuti ndiye tidzakhala ndi zolemba ziwiri A - "quint from re" ndi "natural". Koma ndi "quint" A adzakhala ndi mavuto ofanana ndi ре - adzafunika wachisanu, ndipo tidzakhala kale zolemba ziwiri E.

Ndipo njirayi ndi yosaletseka. M'malo mwa mutu umodzi wa hydra, awiri amawonekera. Pothetsa vuto limodzi, timapanga latsopano.

Njira yothetsera vuto la nkhandwe pachisanu ndi chimodzi idakhala yopambana. Adapanga dongosolo laukali, pomwe "chachisanu" A ndipo "zachirengedwe" adasinthidwa ndi cholemba chimodzi - kupsya mtima A, yomwe idapereka kadulidwe kakang'ono ka nyimbo ndi zolemba zina zonse, koma kuyimba kwake sikunawonekere, komanso kosawoneka bwino monga momwe zilili mugulu lachisanu.

Kotero nkhandwe yachisanu, ngati nkhandwe ya m'nyanja yodziwa zambiri, inatsogolera sitima yapamadzi kupita ku magombe osayembekezereka kwambiri - dongosolo laukali lofanana.

Mbiri Yachidule ya Kusamvana

Kodi mbiri yachidule ya kusagwirizana ikutiphunzitsa chiyani? Kodi ndi chokumana nacho chotani chomwe chingatengedwe paulendo wazaka mazana angapo?

• Choyamba, monga momwe zinakhalira, ma dissonances m'mbiri ya nyimbo adagwira ntchito mofanana ndi ma consonances. Ngakhale kuti sankakonda ndi kumenyana nawo, ndi iwo omwe nthawi zambiri ankapereka chilimbikitso kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zoimbira nyimbo, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti apeze zinthu zosayembekezereka.
• Kachiwiri, njira yosangalatsa ingapezeke. Ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo, anthu amaphunzira kumva consonance m'njira zovuta kwambiri kuphatikiza mawu.

Ndi anthu owerengeka tsopano omwe angaganizire kamphindi kakang'ono ngati kagawo kakang'ono kotereku, makamaka pamakonzedwe anyimbo. Koma zaka zikwi ziwiri ndi theka zapitazo zinali choncho. Ndipo triton adalowa muzoimbaimba, ntchito zambiri zoimba, ngakhale mu nyimbo zotchuka, zimamangidwa ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwakukulu kwa tritone.

Mwachitsanzo, nyimboyo imayamba ndi ma tritones Jimi Hendrix Purple Haze:

Pang'onopang'ono, ma dissonances ochulukirapo amalowa m'gulu la "osati ma dissonances" kapena "pafupifupi consonances". Sikuti kumva kwathu kwasokonekera, ndipo sitimva kuti kulira kwa kagawo kakang'ono kotereku ndi koopsa kapena konyansa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti luso lathu lanyimbo likukulirakulira, ndipo titha kuzindikira kale zomangira zovuta zamitundu yambiri ngati zachilendo, zodabwitsa komanso zosangalatsa mwanjira yawoyawo.

Pali oimba omwe nkhandwe yachisanu kapena comma zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi sizidzawoneka zowopsya, zidzawachitira ngati zinthu zovuta zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito popanga nyimbo zofanana ndi zoyambirira.

Wolemba - Roman Oleinikov Zojambula zomvera - Ivan Soshinsky