Violin - chida choimbira

Violin ndi chida choimbira chopangidwa ndi zingwe zooneka ngati uta chomwe chili ndi zingwe zofanana m'mbali mwa thupi. Phokoso lotulutsa (mphamvu ndi timbre) poyimba chida chimakhudzidwa ndi: mawonekedwe a thupi la violin, zinthu zomwe chidacho chimapangidwira komanso ubwino ndi kapangidwe ka varnish yomwe chida choimbira chimayikidwa.

Mafomu a violin anali kukhazikitsidwa ndi zaka za zana la 16; opanga otchuka a violin, banja la Amati, ndi azaka za zana lino komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17. Italy inali yotchuka chifukwa chopanga violin. Violin wakhala chida cha solo kuyambira XVII

Design

Violin ili ndi mbali ziwiri zazikulu: thupi ndi khosi , zomwe zingwe zimatambasulidwa. Kukula kwa violin wathunthu ndi 60 cm, kulemera - 300-400 magalamu, ngakhale pali violin ang'onoang'ono.

chimango

Thupi la violin lili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira enieni. Mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe akale a mlanduwo, mawonekedwe a trapezoidal parallelogram ndi masamu abwino kwambiri okhala ndi nsonga zozungulira m'mbali, ndikupanga "chiuno". Kuzungulira kwazitsulo zakunja ndi mizere ya "chiuno" imatsimikizira chitonthozo cha Sewero, makamaka pa maudindo apamwamba. Ndege zapansi ndi zam'mwamba za thupi - ma decks - zimagwirizanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi matabwa - zipolopolo. Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a convex, omwe amapanga "zovala". Ma geometry a vaults, komanso makulidwe awo, kugawidwa kwake ku digiri imodzi kapena ina kumatsimikizira mphamvu ndi timbre ya phokoso. Wokondedwa amayikidwa mkati mwa bokosilo, lomwe limalumikizana ndi kugwedezeka kuchokera pamalopo - kudutsa pamwamba - mpaka pansi. Popanda izo, timbre ya violin imataya mphamvu ndi kudzaza.

Mphamvu ndi timbre za phokoso la violin zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira, ndipo, pang'onopang'ono, mapangidwe a varnish. Kuyesera kumadziwika ndi kuchotsa kwathunthu kwa mankhwala a varnish kuchokera ku violin ya Stradivarius, pambuyo pake phokoso lake silinasinthe. Lacquer imateteza violin kuti isasinthe mtundu wa nkhuni motengera chilengedwe ndipo imadetsa violin ndi mtundu wowonekera kuchokera ku golide wowala mpaka wofiira kapena bulauni.

Pansi pansi amapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa olimba a mapulo (mitengo ina yolimba), kapena kuchokera ku magawo awiri ofananira.

Pamwambamwamba amapangidwa kuchokera ku resonant spruce. Ili ndi mabowo awiri a resonator - effs (kuchokera ku dzina la zilembo zocheperako zachilatini F, zomwe zimawoneka ngati). Choyimilira chimakhala pakati pa sitima yapamwamba, yomwe zingwezo, zokhazikika pa chogwiritsira chingwe (pansi pa chala), zimapumula. Kasupe kamodzi amamangiriridwa ku bolodi lapamwamba pansi pa mwendo wa choyimilira pambali pa chingwe cha G - thabwa lamatabwa lokhala ndi nthawi yayitali, lomwe makamaka limatsimikizira kulimba kwa bolodi lapamwamba la mawu ndi zinthu zake zomveka.

Zigobowo gwirizanitsani masitepe apansi ndi apamwamba, kupanga mbali yaikulu ya thupi la violin. Kutalika kwawo kumatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa voliyumu ndi timbre, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kamvekedwe ka mawu: kukweza kwa zipolopolo, kumveka kosavuta komanso kofewa, kutsika, kuboola komanso kuwonekera kwa zolemba zapamwamba. Zipolopolozo zimapangidwa, monga masitepe, kuchokera ku mtengo wa mapulo.

Ngodya m'mbali kutumikira kuika uta pamene akusewera. Uta utalozeredwa pa ngodya imodzi, phokoso limapangidwa pa chingwe chofanana. Ngati uta uli pakati pa ngodya ziwiri, phokoso limasewera pa zingwe ziwiri panthawi imodzi. Pali ochita masewera omwe amatha kutulutsa phokoso pazingwe zitatu nthawi imodzi, koma chifukwa cha izi muyenera kupatuka ku lamulo loyika uta pamakona ndikusintha kasinthidwe ka stand.ad

Wokondedwa  ndi chozungulira chozungulira chopangidwa ndi matabwa a spruce chomwe chimalumikiza ma boardboard ndi kutumiza zingwe kugwedezeka komanso kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kupita pansi. Malo ake abwino amapezeka moyesera, monga lamulo, mapeto a homie ali pansi pa mwendo wa maimidwe pambali pa chingwe cha E, kapena pambali pake. Dushka imakonzedwanso ndi mbuye wake, chifukwa kuyenda kwake pang'ono kumakhudza kwambiri phokoso la chidacho.

Khosi kapena zomangira , amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumangirira zingwe. Opangidwa kale kuchokera kumitengo yolimba ya ebony kapena mahogany (nthawi zambiri ebony kapena rosewood). Masiku ano nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mapulasitiki kapena ma alloys opepuka. Kumbali imodzi, khosi lili ndi chipika, kumbali inayo - mabowo anayi okhala ndi splines kuti agwirizane ndi zingwe. Mapeto a chingwe ndi batani (mi ndi la) amalowetsedwa mu dzenje lozungulira, pambuyo pake, pokoka chingwecho kukhosi, amakankhidwa muzitsulo. Zingwe za D ndi G nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pakhosi ndi chipika chodutsa pabowo. Pakadali pano, makina a lever-screw nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pamabowo a khosi, omwe amathandizira kwambiri kukonza. Makosi a aloyi opangidwa mokhazikika okhala ndi makina ophatikizika mwadongosolo.

Lupu zopangidwa ndi chingwe chokhuthala kapena waya wachitsulo. Mukasintha chingwe chokulirapo kuposa 2.2 mm m'mimba mwake ndi chopangira (2.2 mm m'mimba mwake), mphero iyenera kuyikidwapo ndipo dzenje lokhala ndi mainchesi 2.2 libowoledwenso, apo ayi kukakamiza kwa chingwe chopangirako kungawononge. matabwa apansi khosi.

A batani  ndi mutu wa msomali wamatabwa wolowetsedwa mu dzenje m'thupi, lomwe lili mbali ina ya khosi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga khosi. Mphepete imalowetsedwa mu dzenje la conical lolingana ndi kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake, kwathunthu ndi mwamphamvu, mwinamwake kusweka kwa mphete ndi chipolopolo n'kotheka. Katundu pa batani ndi wokwera kwambiri, pafupifupi 24 kg.

Sitimayo ndi chothandizira zingwe kuchokera m'mbali mwa thupi ndikutumiza kugwedezeka kuchokera kwa iwo kupita ku ma boardboard, molunjika mpaka pamwamba, mpaka pansi kudzera mwa wokondedwa. Choncho, kuyimirira kumakhudza timbre ya chida. Zatsimikiziridwa moyesera kuti ngakhale kusintha pang'ono kwa maimidwe kumabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pakusintha kwa chipangizocho chifukwa cha kusintha kwa sikelo ndi kusintha kwina kwa timbre - ikasinthidwa kupita ku fretboard - phokosolo silimveka, kuchokera pamenepo - chowala. Choyimiliracho chimakweza zingwe pamwamba pa bolodi loyimba pamwamba pamtunda wosiyanasiyana kuti athe kusewera pa aliyense wa iwo ndi uta, amawagawa patali kwambiri kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake pa arc ya utali wokulirapo kuposa mtedza, kotero kuti posewera. pa chingwe chimodzi, uta sunamamatira ku zoyandikana nazo.

muimba

Khosi la violin  ndi thabwa lalitali la matabwa olimba (wakuda kapena matabwa a rosewood), lopindika kuti posewera pa chingwe chimodzi, utawo usamamatire ku zingwe zoyandikana. Kumunsi kwa khosi kumamatira kukhosi, komwe kumapita kumutu, kopangidwa ndi bokosi la msomali ndi curl.ad

Mtedza  ndi mbale yabuluu yomwe ili pakati pa khosi ndi mutu, yokhala ndi mipata ya zingwezo. Mipata mu nati imagawaniza zingwezo motalikirana ndikupereka chilolezo pakati pa zingwe ndi khosi.

Khosi  ndi semicircular mwatsatanetsatane kuti woimba chimakwirira ndi dzanja lake pa Sewero, structural zimagwirizanitsa thupi la violin, khosi ndi mutu. Khosi ndi nati limamangiriridwa pakhosi kuchokera pamwamba.

Bokosi la peg  ndi gawo la khosi momwe kagawo amapangidwa kutsogolo, awiri awiri a ikukonzekera zikhomo amalowetsedwa kumbali zonse ziwiri , mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zingwe zimapangidwira. Zikhozo ndi ndodo za conical. Ndodo imalowetsedwa mu dzenje la conical mu bokosi la msomali ndikusinthidwa - kulephera kutsatira chikhalidwe ichi kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake. Pakusinthasintha kolimba kapena kosalala, zikhomo zimapanikizidwa mkati kapena kutulutsidwa m'bokosi, motsatana, ndipo kuti azisinthasintha, azipaka phala (kapena choko ndi sopo). Zikhomo zisatulukire kwambiri m'bokosi la zikhomo. Zikhomo zokonzera nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi ebony ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi mai-a-ngale kapena zitsulo (siliva, golide).

Mpiringidzo wakhala akugwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro chamakampani - umboni wa kukoma ndi luso la mlengi. Poyambirira, kupiringa m'malo mwake kumafanana ndi phazi lachikazi mu nsapato, pakapita nthawi, kufanana kunakhala kochepa - kokha "chidendene" chimadziwika, "chala" chasintha mopitirira kudziwika. Amisiri ena anasintha chipilalacho ndi chosema, ngati vio, ndi mutu wa mkango wosemedwa, mwachitsanzo, monga Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632). Masters a m'zaka za zana la XIX, akutalikitsa fretboard ya violin akale, ankafuna kusunga mutu ndi kupindika ngati "kalata yobadwa" yamwayi.

Zingwe, kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa violin

Zingwezo zimayenda kuchokera pakhosi, kudutsa mlatho, pamwamba pa khosi, ndikudutsa mu mtedza kupita ku zikhomo, zomwe zimapangidwira pamutu. Kapangidwe ka Zingwe:

• 1 - Mi wa octave yachiwiri. Chingwecho ndi chofanana mu kapangidwe kake, sonorous brilliant timbre .
• Chachiwiri - La wa octave woyamba. Chingwe chokhala ndi pachimake ndi choluka, nthawi zina chimakhala chofanana ("Thomastik"), timbre yofewa ya matte.
• 3 - D wa octave woyamba. Chingwe chokhala ndi pachimake ndi choluka, kamvekedwe kofewa ka matte.
• Wachinayi - Salt wa octave yaing'ono. Chingwe chokhala ndi pachimake ndi choluka, cholimba komanso chokhuthala.

Kupanga violin

A chingwe chimapangidwa ndi foloko A yokonza or piyano . Zingwe zotsalazo zimasinthidwa ndi khutu mu magawo asanu: the Mi ndi Re zingwe ku La chingwe, ndi Sol chingwe ku Re chingwe .

Kupanga violin:

Mpiringidzo wakhala akugwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro chamakampani - umboni wa kukoma ndi luso la mlengi. Poyambirira, kupindika kunali ngati phazi lachikazi mu nsapato, m'kupita kwa nthawi, kufanana kunakhala kochepa.

Ena ambuye adasintha chipilalacho ndi chosema, ngati viola wokhala ndi mutu wa mkango, mwachitsanzo, monga Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632).

Zikhomo zokonzera or makina opangira ndi mbali za zida za violin, zomwe zimayikidwa kuti zigwire zingwe ndi kuyimba violin.

bolodi pansi - gawo lamatabwa lalitali, lomwe zingwe zimakanikizidwa posewera kuti zisinthe cholembacho.

Nati ndi tsatanetsatane wa zida za zingwe zomwe zimachepetsa phokoso la chingwe ndikukweza chingwe pamwamba pa fretboard mpaka kutalika kofunikira. Pofuna kuti zingwe zisasunthike, mtedzawu uli ndi ma grooves ofanana ndi makulidwe a zingwezo.

Chipolopolocho ndi mbali ya mbali ya thupi (yopindika kapena yophatikiza) ya nyimbo. zida.

Resonator F - mabowo mu mawonekedwe a chilembo cha Chilatini "f", chomwe chimakulitsa phokoso.

Mbiri ya violin

Otsogolera a violin anali Arabic rebab, Kazakh kobyz, Spanish fidel, British crotta, kuphatikizika kwake komwe kunapanga viola. Chifukwa chake dzina lachi Italiya la violin vayolini , komanso Chisilavo chida cha zingwe zinayi cha jig yachisanu (motero dzina lachijeremani la violin - violin ).

Kulimbana pakati pa olemekezeka viola ndi violin wowerengeka, yomwe inatenga zaka mazana angapo, inatha mu chigonjetso chakumapeto. Monga chida chodziwika bwino, violin idafalikira makamaka ku Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Istria ndi Dalmatia. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 19, zafala kwambiri pakati pa anthu a mtundu wa Chitata ^[3] . Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 20, izo zapezeka mu moyo nyimbo Bashkirs ^[4] .

Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 16 , kumpoto kwa Italy kunayambika kamangidwe kamakono ka violin . Ufulu woganiziridwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa violin ya "aristocratic" ya mtundu wamakono akutsutsidwa ndi Gasparo da Salo (d. 1609) wochokera mumzinda wa Bresci ndi Andrea Amati. ^[mkati] (d. 1577) - woyambitsa sukulu ya Cremonese ^[5] . Ma violin a Cremonese Amati, osungidwa kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe awo abwino komanso zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Lombardy inali yotchuka chifukwa chopanga violin m'zaka za zana la 18; Ma violin opangidwa ndi Stradivari ndi Guarneri ndi amtengo wapatali kwambiri. ^[6]Violin amapangidwa ndi opanga violin.

"Banja" la chiyambi cha violin yamakono.

Violin wakhala chida choimbira payekha kuyambira zaka za zana la 17. Ntchito zoyamba za violin zimaganiziridwa kuti: "Romanesca pa violino solo e basso" ndi Biagio Marini (1620) ndi "Capriccio stravagante" ndi Carlo Farina wa m'nthawi yake. Arcangelo Corelli amaonedwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa kujambula kwa violin; ndiye tsatirani Torelli ndi Tartini, komanso Locatelli (wophunzira wa Corelli yemwe adapanga njira ya bravura ya kusewera kwa violin), wophunzira wake Magdalena Laura Sirmen (Lombardini), Nicola Matthijs, yemwe adalenga sukulu ya violin ku Great Britain, Giovanni Antonio Piani.

Chalk ndi zina

Amayimba violin ndi uta, womwe umakhazikika pa ndodo yamatabwa, yodutsa mbali imodzi kupita kumutu, kumbali inayo chipikacho chimamangiriridwa. Tsitsi la ponytail limakokedwa pakati pa mutu ndi chipika. Tsitsi limakhala ndi mamba a keratin, pakati pawo, pamene akusisita, rosin imayikidwa (impregnated), imalola tsitsi kumamatira ku chingwe ndi kutulutsa mawu.

Palinso zina, zosafunikira, zowonjezera:

• Chinrest idapangidwa kuti ikhale yosavuta kukanikiza violin ndi chibwano. Malo otsatizana, apakati ndi apakatikati amasankhidwa kuchokera ku zokonda za woyimba ergonomic.
• Mlathowu wapangidwa kuti ukhale wosavuta kuyikira violin pa collarbone. Woyikidwa pamwamba pa denga. Ndi mbale, yowongoka kapena yopindika, yolimba kapena yokutidwa ndi zinthu zofewa, matabwa, zitsulo kapena pulasitiki, zomangira mbali zonse ziwiri.
• Zida zonyamulira zimafunikira kuti zisinthe kugwedezeka kwa violin kukhala zamagetsi (zojambula, kukulitsa kapena kutembenuza liwu la violin pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera). Ngati phokoso la violin limapangidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yamagetsi ya zinthu za thupi lake, violin ndi phokoso, ngati phokoso limapangidwa ndi zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, ndi violin yamagetsi, ngati phokoso limapangidwa ndi zigawo zonse ziwiri. mu digiri yofananira, violin imayikidwa ngati semi-acoustic.
• Chosalankhula ndi “chisa” chaching'ono chamatabwa kapena cha rabara chokhala ndi mano awiri kapena atatu okhala ndi kagawo kotalika. Imayikidwa pamwamba pa choyimilira ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwake, kotero kuti phokoso limakhala losamveka, "socky". Nthawi zambiri osalankhula amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo za orchestra komanso pamodzi.
• "Jammer" - mphira wolemera kapena zitsulo zosayankhula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba homuweki, komanso makalasi m'malo omwe samalekerera phokoso. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito jammer, chidacho chimasiya kulira ndipo chimatulutsa mamvekedwe osavuta kusiyanitsa, okwanira kuzindikira ndi kuwongolera kwa woimbayo.
• Woperekera mawonekedwe  - chipangizo chachitsulo chokhala ndi wononga choyikidwa mu dzenje la khosi, ndi lever yokhala ndi mbedza yomwe imagwira ntchito yomanga chingwe, yomwe ili mbali inayo. Makinawa amalola kuwongolera bwino, komwe kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri pazingwe zachitsulo zokhala ndi chitsulo chochepa. Pa kukula kulikonse kwa violin, kukula kwake kwa makina kumapangidwira, palinso chilengedwe chonse. Nthawi zambiri amabwera mukuda, golide, faifi tambala kapena chrome, kapena kuphatikiza komaliza. Mitundu imapezeka makamaka pazingwe zam'matumbo, pa chingwe cha E. Chidacho sichingakhale ndi makina konse: pamenepa, zingwe zimalowetsedwa m'mabowo a khosi. Kuyika makina osati pa zingwe zonse ndizotheka. Kawirikawiri mu nkhani iyi, makina amaikidwa pa chingwe choyamba.
• Chowonjezera china cha violin ndi mlandu kapena thunthu la zovala momwe chida, uta ndi zina zowonjezera zimasungidwa ndikunyamulidwa.

Njira yosewera violin

Zingwezo zimapanikizidwa ndi zala zinayi za dzanja lamanzere kupita ku fretboard (chala chachikulu sichikuphatikizidwa). Zingwe zimatsogozedwa ndi uta m'dzanja lamanja la wosewera mpira.

Kukanikiza chala pa fretboard kumafupikitsa chingwe, motero kumakweza kukwera kwa chingwe. Zingwe zomwe sizinapanikizidwe ndi chala zimatchedwa zingwe zotseguka ndipo zimadziwika ndi ziro.

Violin gawo linalembedwa mu treble clef.

Mtundu wa violin amachokera ku mchere wa octave yaing'ono mpaka octave yachinayi. Kumveka kwapamwamba kumakhala kovuta.

Kuchokera pakukanikizira kwa chingwe m'malo ena, kuphatikiza amapezedwa . Phokoso lina la violin limadutsa mulingo wa violin womwe uli pamwambapa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zala za dzanja lamanzere kumatchedwa zozizwitsa . Chala chamlozera cha dzanja chimatchedwa choyamba, chapakati ndi chachiwiri, chala chachitatu ndi chachinayi. Udindo ndi chala cha zala zinayi zoyandikana zotalikirana kamvekedwe ka mawu kapena semitone. Chingwe chilichonse chikhoza kukhala ndi malo asanu ndi awiri kapena kuposerapo. Malo apamwamba, ndizovuta kwambiri. Pachingwe chilichonse, kupatula magawo asanu, amangofika pagawo lachisanu kuphatikiza; koma pa chingwe chachisanu kapena choyamba, ndipo nthawi zina pa chachiwiri, malo apamwamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito - kuchokera pachisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri.

Njira zopangira masamba ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chikhalidwe, mphamvu, kamvekedwe ka mawu, komanso pa mawu.

Pa violin, mutha kutenga notsi ziwiri nthawi imodzi pazingwe zoyandikana ( zingwe ziwiri ), muzochitika zapadera - zitatu (kuthamanga kwamphamvu kumafunika), osati nthawi imodzi, koma mofulumira kwambiri - katatu ( zingwe zitatu ) ndi anayi. Kuphatikizana kotereku, makamaka ma harmonic, ndikosavuta kuchita ndi zingwe zopanda kanthu komanso zovuta kwambiri popanda iwo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito paokha.

Oimba wamba kwambiri tremolo Njira ndiyo kusinthasintha mofulumira kwa mawu awiri kapena kubwerezabwereza kwa phokoso lomwelo, kumapanga zotsatira za kunjenjemera, kunjenjemera, kugwedezeka.

The luso la col legno, kutanthauza kumenya chingwe ndi tsinde la uta, kumayambitsa kugogoda, phokoso lakupha, lomwe limagwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi olemba nyimbo za symphonic.

Kuwonjezera pa kusewera ndi uta, amagwiritsa ntchito kukhudza zingwe ndi chala chimodzi cha dzanja lamanja - pizzicato (pizicato).

Kuti achepetse kapena kusokoneza phokoso, amagwiritsa ntchito osalankhula - chitsulo, mphira, mphira, fupa kapena mbale yamatabwa yokhala ndi zotsalira m'munsi mwa zingwe, zomwe zimamangiriridwa pamwamba pa choyimira kapena chodzaza.

Violin ndiyosavuta kuyimba m'makiyi omwe amalola kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zopanda kanthu kwambiri. Ndime zosavuta kwambiri ndizo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mamba kapena zigawo zawo, komanso arpeggios a makiyi achilengedwe.

Ndizovuta kukhala woyimba violini muuchikulire (koma nkotheka!), Popeza kukhudzika kwa chala ndi kukumbukira minofu ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa oimba awa. Kutengeka kwa zala za munthu wamkulu kumakhala kocheperako kuposa kwa wachinyamata, ndipo kukumbukira kwa minofu kumatenga nthawi yayitali. Ndi bwino kuphunzira kuimba violin kuyambira ali ndi zaka zisanu, zisanu ndi chimodzi, zisanu ndi ziwiri, mwina kuyambira ali wamng'ono kwambiri.

10 Oimba violin otchuka

• Arcangelo Corelli
• Antonio Vivaldi
• Giuseppe Tartini
• Jean-Marie Leclerc
• Giovanni Batista Viotti
• Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin
• Niccolo Paganini
• Ludwig Spohr
• Charles-Auguste Bériot
• Henri Vietain

Kujambula ndi machitidwe

kalembedwe

Mbali ya violin yalembedwa mu treble clef. Mtundu wa violin wokhazikika umachokera ku mchere wa octave yaing'ono mpaka octave yachinayi. Phokoso lapamwamba ndilovuta kuchita ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga lamulo, m'mabuku a solo virtuoso, koma osati m'magulu oimba.

Dzanja malo

Zingwezo zimapanikizidwa ndi zala zinayi za dzanja lamanzere kupita ku fretboard (chala chachikulu sichikuphatikizidwa). Zingwe zimatsogozedwa ndi uta m'dzanja lamanja la wosewera mpira.

Mwa kukanikiza ndi chala, kutalika kwa dera la oscillating la chingwe kumachepa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwafupipafupi, ndiko kuti, phokoso lapamwamba limapezeka. Zingwe zomwe sizinapanikizidwe ndi chala zimatchedwa lotseguka zingwe ndipo amasonyezedwa ndi ziro posonyeza chala.

Kuchokera kukhudza chingwe ndi pafupifupi popanda kukakamiza pa mfundo za magawano angapo, ma harmonics amapezeka. Ma harmonics ambiri ali kutali kwambiri ndi mtundu wamba wa violin pamawu ake.

Kukonzekera kwa zala za dzanja lamanzere pa fretboard kumatchedwa zozizwitsa . Chala chamlozera cha dzanja chimatchedwa choyamba, chapakati ndi chachiwiri, chala chachitatu ndi chachinayi. Udindo ndi chala cha zala zinayi zoyandikana zotalikirana kamvekedwe ka mawu kapena semitone. Chingwe chilichonse chikhoza kukhala ndi malo asanu ndi awiri kapena kuposerapo. Malo apamwamba, m'pamenenso kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kusewera mwaukhondo momwemo. Pa chingwe chilichonse, kupatula chachisanu (chingwe choyamba), amangofika pagawo lachisanu kuphatikiza; koma pa chingwe choyamba, ndipo nthawi zina pa chachiwiri, amagwiritsa ntchito malo apamwamba - mpaka khumi ndi awiri.

Pali njira zitatu zogwirira uta ^[7] :

• Njira yakale ("Chijeremani") , momwe chala cholozera chimakhudza ndodo ya uta ndi pamwamba pake, pafupifupi motsutsana ndi khola pakati pa msomali phalanx ndi pakati; zala zotsekedwa mwamphamvu; chala chachikulu moyang'ana pakati; tsitsi la utawo liri lalitali.
• Njira yatsopano ("Franco-Belgium") , momwe chala cholozera chimakhudza ndodo pamakona ndi mapeto a phalanx yake yapakati; pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa cholozera ndi zala zapakati; chala chachikulu chili moyang'anizana ndi chapakati; tsitsi la uta wolimba mwamphamvu; kupendekera kwa ndodo.
• Njira yatsopano kwambiri ("Russian") , momwe chala cholozera chimakhudza ndodo kuchokera kumbali ndi khola pakati pa phalanx ndi metacarpal; kuphimba kwambiri ndodo ndi pakati pa msomali phalanx ndi kupanga ngodya pachimake ndi izo, izo zimawoneka kutsogolera khalidwe la uta; pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa cholozera ndi zala zapakati; chala chachikulu moyang'ana pakati; tsitsi lopindika momasuka; malo owongoka (osapendekeka) a ndodo. Njira iyi yogwirizira uta ndiyo yoyenera kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zomveka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

Kugwira uta kumakhudza kwambiri khalidwe, mphamvu, timbre ya phokoso, komanso kawirikawiri pa mawu. Pa violin, mutha kutenga notsi ziwiri nthawi imodzi pazingwe zoyandikana ( zolemba ziwiri ), muzochitika zapadera - zitatu (kuthamanga kwamphamvu kumafunika), osati nthawi imodzi, koma mofulumira kwambiri - katatu ( zolemba zitatu ) ndi anayi. Kuphatikiza kotereku, makamaka ma harmonic, ndikosavuta kuchita pazingwe zotseguka, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito paokha.

Dzanja lakumanzere

• "Zingwe zotsegula" - zala zakumanzere sizimangirira zingwe, ndiye kuti, violin imatulutsa manotsi anayi olekanitsidwa ndi magawo asanu: g, d ¹ , ndi ¹ , e ² (mchere wa octave yaing'ono, re, la wa octave yoyamba, mi wa octave yachiwiri).
• Malo oyamba - zala zakumanzere, kupatula chala chachikulu, zimatha kulumikiza chingwecho m'malo anayi, olekanitsidwa ndi chingwe chotseguka ndi kamvekedwe ka diatonic. Pamodzi ndi zingwe zotseguka, zimapanga phokoso la matani 20 kuchokera pa noti Sol ya octave yaing'ono mpaka C ya octave yachiwiri.

Malo oyambirira

Chala chachikulu chimalunjika kwa wosewera mpira, kupanga "shelufu" yomwe khosi la violin ligona - limagwira ntchito yothandizira. Zala zina za dzanja lamanzere zili pamwamba, kukanikiza zingwe popanda kugwira khosi. Dzanja lamanzere lili ndi magawo asanu ndi awiri "oyambira", omwe atengera izi:

• Zala zili pamalo ofanana ndi makiyi oyera a piyano;
• Zala sizikuyenda pakhosi;
• Mtunda pakati pa zala zoyandikana pa chingwe chomwecho ndi kamvekedwe kapena semitone;
• Mtunda pakati pa chala chachinayi pa chingwe chachikulu ndi chala choyamba (ogwira ntchito kwambiri) pa chingwe chaching'ono ndi toni imodzi.

Makamaka, malo oyamba akuwoneka motere:

Malangizo Oyambira:

• Détaché - cholemba chilichonse chikuseweredwa ndi kayendetsedwe kosiyana kwa uta, posintha njira yake;
• Martelé - sitiroko yochitidwa ndi kukankhira kwa uta, momwe kutalika kwa phokoso palokha kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa nthawi yowonongeka kwa sonority;
• Staccato pansi ndi mmwamba ndi uta - kuyenda kwa uta ndikuyimitsa;
• Staccato volant ndi mtundu wa staccato. Posewera, uta ukudumpha, kuswa zingwe;
• Spiccato - sitiroko yogwedezeka komanso yowonjezereka, staccato yolemera ndi kusuntha kwa mapewa;
• Sautillé - kukhudza kobwerezabwereza, kopepuka komanso kufulumizitsa ndi Spiccato;
• Ricochet-saltato - kupwetekedwa kochitidwa ndi kugunda tsitsi la uta wokwezeka pa chingwe, monga lamulo, kumachitidwa ndi gulu lopitirira;
• Tremolo - kubwereza kofulumira kwa phokoso limodzi kapena kusinthasintha kwachangu kwa mawu awiri omwe sali oyandikana, ma consonances awiri ( intervals , chords ), phokoso limodzi ndi consonance.
• Legato - machitidwe ogwirizana a phokoso, momwe mumasinthasintha mosavuta kuchokera ku phokoso lina kupita ku lina, palibe kupuma pakati pa phokoso.
• Col legno - kumenya chingwe ndi tsinde la uta. Zimayambitsa kugunda, phokoso lakufa, lomwe limagwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino kwambiri ndi olemba nyimbo za symphonic.

Kuwonjezera pa kusewera ndi uta, amagwiritsa ntchito kukhudza zingwe ndi chala chimodzi cha dzanja lamanja ( pizzicato ). Palinso pizzicato ndi dzanja lamanzere, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mabuku aumwini.

Palinso njira yapadera yodzipatula yowonjezereka kuchokera ku mapangidwe a timbre ya chingwe chomveka - harmonica. Ma harmonics achilengedwe amachitidwa ndi kukhudza chingwe pazigawo zingapo za kutalika kwake - ndi 2 (kutsika kwa chingwe kumakwera ndi octave), ndi 3, ndi 4 (ma octave awiri), ndi zina zotero. momwemonso, gawani chomwe chapanikizidwa m'munsimu ndi chala choyamba monga mwachizolowezi chingwe. Malingana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chala cha 1 ndi chachinayi cha dzanja lamanzere, flageolets ikhoza kukhala yachinayi, yachisanu.

kusiyana

Violin imagawidwa m'magulu akale ndi owerengeka (malingana ndi anthu ndi miyambo yawo ndi nyimbo ndi zomwe amakonda). Ma violin akale ndi owerengeka amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake ndipo si zida zoimbira zachilendo. Kusiyana pakati pa violin yachikale ndi vayolini yamtundu mwina kumangogwiritsidwa ntchito (zamaphunziro ndi miyambo) komanso zomwe amakonda komanso miyambo yawo.

Ntchito za violin ngati chida chokhachokha m'magulu oimba

Nthawi ya Baroque ndi nthawi ya mbandakucha wa violin ngati chida chaukadaulo. Chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwa phokoso la mawu a munthu komanso kutulutsa mphamvu yamphamvu yamaganizo kwa omvera, violin inakhala chida chotsogolera. Phokoso la violin lidayikidwa pamwamba kuposa zida zina, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale chida choyenera kwambiri choyimbira nyimbo. Poyimba violin, woimba wa virtuoso amatha kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso zovuta ( ndime ).

Ziwombankhanga zimapanganso mbali yofunika kwambiri ya oimba, momwe oimba amagawidwa m'magulu awiri, omwe amatchedwa vayolini yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Nthawi zambiri, nyimbo zoimbidwa zimaperekedwa ku violin yoyamba, pomwe gulu lachiwiri limagwira ntchito limodzi kapena kutsanzira.

Nthawi zina nyimboyi imaperekedwa osati kwa gulu lonse la violin, koma kwa solo. Kenako woyimba zenera woyamba, woperekeza, akuimba nyimboyo. Nthawi zambiri, izi ndizofunikira kuti nyimboyi ikhale ndi mtundu wapadera, wosakhwima komanso wosalimba. Violin ya solo nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chithunzi chanyimbo.

Chingwe cha quartet mu mawonekedwe ake oyambirira chimakhala ndi violin awiri (oimba omwe akusewera mbali yoyamba ndi yachiwiri ya violin), viola ndi cello. Monga gulu la oimba, nthawi zambiri vayolin yoyamba imagwira ntchito yotsogolera, koma kawirikawiri, chida chilichonse chikhoza kukhala ndi mphindi imodzi.

Kusewera violin ndi imodzi mwazosankhidwa zazikulu mu pulogalamu ya mpikisano ya achinyamata a Delphic Plays of Russia.

magwero

• Violin // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus ndi Efron : m'mabuku 86 (mavoliyumu 82 ndi 4 owonjezera). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• K. Nyama, The Kusewera kwa Violin (vol. 1)  - Nyimbo, M., 1964.
• K. Thupi, Art of Violin Playing (vol. 2)  - Classics-XXI, M., 2007.
• L. Auer, Kusewera Violin Pamene Ndikuphunzitsa (1920); mu Russian pa. - Sukulu Yanga Yosewerera Violin , L., 1933;
• V. Mazel, Woyimba violini ndi manja ake (kumanja)  - Wolemba nyimbo, St. Petersburg, 2006.
• V. Mazel, Woyimba violini ndi manja ake (kumanzere)  - Wolemba nyimbo, St. Petersburg, 2008.
• A. Tsitsikyan "Armenian bow art", Yerevan, 2004.
• Bani AA Nyimbo zoimbira zaku Russia zachikhalidwe cha anthu . Moscow, 1997.

Mafunso okhudza Violin

Kodi violin imakhudza bwanji thupi la munthu?

Violin imapatsa munthu malingaliro amphamvu ndi kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro, kumawonjezera luso la kuzindikira kulenga, ndikukulitsa chidziwitso. Izi si zachinsinsi, mfundo iyi ikufotokozedwa mwasayansi.

N'chifukwa chiyani kuli kovuta kuimba violin?

Violin ilibe zowawa, monga zida zina za zingwe, kotero kudzidalira koteroko kumatha. Dzanja lamanzere lidzayenera kugwira ntchito, kudalira woimba yekha. Violin salola kufulumira, choncho, isanayambe ntchito yoyamba ya nyimbo, nthawi yambiri imatha.

Kodi violin amawononga ndalama zingati?

Mitengo imasiyana kuchokera ku 70 USD mpaka 15000 USD. Kodi violin kwa oyamba kumene amawononga ndalama zingati kuti musawononge makutu anu ndi kuphunzira nthawi zonse? Choyamba, ganizirani bajeti yanu. Ngati mungakwanitse kugula chida pamtengo wa 500$.