Alt |

Alto (German Alt, Italian alto, kuchokera ku Latin altus - high).

1) Liwu lachiwiri lalitali kwambiri mu nyimbo za magawo anayi. M'lingaliro limeneli, mawu akuti "A." yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka za zana la 15. M'mbuyomu, powonetsera mawu atatu, mawu omwe amamveka pamwamba, ndipo nthawi zina pansi pa tenor, ankatchedwa countertenor. Ndi kusintha kwa mawu a 4, adayamba kusiyanitsa pakati pa countertenor alto ndi countertenor bass, pambuyo pake amatchedwa alto ndi bass basi. Kumayambiriro kwa magawo anayi a cappella (chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15), gawo la viola linkachitidwa ndi amuna. Mu kwaya ya magawo atatu. zambiri komanso m'zaka zamtsogolo (zaka 16-17), gawo la alto nthawi zina linkaperekedwa kwa ochita masewera.

2) Gawo mu kwaya kapena wok. kuphatikiza, kochitidwa ndi ana otsika kapena mawu achikazi otsika (mezzo-soprano, contralto). Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 mu opera kwaya. zambiri ku Italy, ndipo kenako ku France (Grand Opera, Opera Lyric), gawo la akazi otsika. mawu amatchedwa mezzo-soprano, kapena soprano wapakati. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, maphwando mu homogeneous akazi. makwaya anayamba kutchula dzinali. mawu achikazi: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto. Mu wok.-symp. nyimbo (kupatulapo Berlioz's Requiem, Rossini's Stabat mater, etc.) komanso m'makwaya a cappella, dzina lakale, viola, lasungidwa.

3) M'mayiko ake. chinenero dzina contralto.

4) Mawu apansi a ana. Poyamba, mawu a anyamata omwe ankaimba gawo la A. mu kwaya ankatchedwa choncho, kenako - mawu aliwonse otsika a ana (anyamata ndi atsikana), osiyanasiyana - (g) a - es2 (e2).

5) Chida chowerama (viola ya ku Italy, French alto, German Bratsche) ya banja la violin, yomwe imakhala ndi malo apakati pakati pa violin ndi cello. Ndi kukula kwa angapo akuluakulu kuposa violin (utali wa thupi pafupifupi 410 mm; amisiri akale adapanga viola mpaka 460-470 mm kutalika; mu 19 B. ma violin ang'onoang'ono adafalikira - 380-390 mm kutalika; mosiyana ndi chidwi cha iwo olembedwa ndi G. Ritter ndipo pambuyo pake L. Tertis anapanga zitsanzo zazikulu, zosafikabe kukula kwa A. akale). Pangani A. gawo limodzi mwachisanu pansi pa violin (c, g, d1, a1); Gawo la A. limakhala ndi mikwingwirima ya alto ndi treble. Amakhulupirira kuti violin ndiye chida choyambirira kwambiri cha gulu la violin (chidawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16). Phokoso la A. limasiyana ndi liwu la violin pakuchulukira kwake, kamvekedwe ka contralto m'kaundula wapansi ndi mphuno "oboe" timbre kumtunda. Kuchita pa A. mofulumira luso. ndimezi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuposa pa violin. A. amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kam. instr. ensembles (nthawi zonse gawo la quartet ya uta), symphony. okhestra, nthawi zambiri ngati oimba payekha. chida. Conc. masewero a A. anayamba kuonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18. (conc. symphony ya violin ndi viola ndi orchestra ya WA Mozart, makonsati a J. Stamitz a abale K. ndi A. Stamitz, GF Telemann, JS Bach, JKF Bach, M Haydn, A. Rolls, kusiyana kwa violin ndi viola ndi IE Khandoshkin ndi ena). Sonata wa A. analemba MI Glinka. M'zaka za zana la 20 ma concerto ndi sonatas a A. adapangidwa ndi B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, W. Walton, S. Forsythe, A. Bax, A. Bliss, D. Milhaud, A. Honegger, BN Kryukov, BI Zeidman , RS Bunin ndi ena; pali conc. amasewera A. ndi mitundu ina. Osewera odziwika bwino: K. Uran (France), O. Nedbal (Czech Republic), P. Hindemith (Germany), L. Tertis (England), W. Primrose (USA), VR Bakaleinikov (Russia), VV Borisovsky (USSR) . Ena mwa ovina odziwika kwambiri nthawi zina ankakhala ngati violists - N. Paganini, kuchokera ku kadzidzi. oimba violin - DF Oistrakh.

6) Mitundu ya Alto ya ma orcs ena. zida zamphepo - flugelhorns (A., kapena altohorn) ndi saxhorns, clarinet (basset horn), oboe (alto oboe, kapena English horn), trombone (alto trombone).

7) Alto zosiyanasiyana domra.

Zothandizira: Struve BA, Njira yopangira ma violin ndi violin, M., 1959; Grinberg MM, mabuku a viola a ku Russia, M., 1967; Straeten E. van der, The viola, “The Strad”, XXIII, 1912; Clarke R., Mbiri ya viola mu Quartet kulemba, "ML", IV, 1923, No1; Altmann W., Borislowsky W., Literaturverzeichnis für Bratsche und Viola d'amore, Wolfenbüttel, 1937; Thors B. ndi Shore B., The viola, L., 1946; Zeyringer Fr., Literatur für Viola, Kassel, 1963, Ergänzungsband, 1965, Kassel, 1966.

IG Litsvenko, L. Ya. Raaben