Chords mu nyimbo ndi mitundu yawo

Mutu wa zofalitsa zamasiku ano ndi nyimbo zoimbira. Tikambirana za chord ndi mitundu yanji ya nyimbo zomwe zilipo.

Chord ndi consonance ya mamvekedwe angapo (kuchokera pa atatu kapena kuposerapo) omwe amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake patali, ndiko kuti, pakapita nthawi. Kodi consonance ndi chiyani? Consonance ndi mawu omwe amamveka pamodzi. Consonance yosavuta kwambiri ndi nthawi, mitundu yovuta ya consonances ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana.

Mawu akuti "consonance" angafanane ndi mawu oti "nyenyezi". M’magulu a nyenyezi, nyenyezi zingapo zili patali kwambiri. Ngati muwalumikiza, mutha kupeza zolemba za zilombo kapena ngwazi zanthano. Mofanana ndi nyimbo, kuphatikiza kwa mawu kumapereka ma consonances a nyimbo zina.

Kodi nyimbo zake ndi ziti?

Kuti mupeze chord, muyenera kuphatikiza mawu osachepera atatu kapena kuposerapo. Mtundu wa chord umadalira kuchuluka kwa mawu omwe amalumikizidwa palimodzi, komanso momwe amalumikizirana (panthawi ziti).

M'nyimbo zachikale, mawu omveka m'magulu atatu. Kayimbidwe komwe kamvekedwe katatu kakuikidwa mu magawo atatu, kumatchedwa triad. Ngati mungajambule katatu ndi zolemba, ndiye kuti chithunzithunzi cha chord ichi chidzafanana kwambiri ndi munthu wa chipale chofewa.

Ngati consonance ndi mawu anayi, olekanitsidwanso wina ndi mzake ndi lachitatu; ndiye zimakhalira chachisanu ndi chiwiri. Dzina lakuti “chord chachisanu ndi chiwiri” limatanthauza zimenezo Pakati pa phokoso lalikulu la chord, nthawi ya "septim" imapangidwa. Muzojambula, chojambula chachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi "chipale chofewa", osati kuchokera ku snowballs zitatu, koma kuchokera ku zinayi.

ngati mu chord pali mawu asanu olumikizidwa ndi magawo atatundiye imatchedwa osakhala ndi chord (malinga ndi nthawi ya "nona" pakati pa mfundo zake zazikulu). Chabwino, nyimbo za nyimbo zoterezi zidzatipatsa "chipale chofewa", chomwe, chikuwoneka, chadya kaloti zambiri, chifukwa chakula mpaka matalala asanu!

Triad, chord chachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi nonchord ndi mitundu yayikulu ya nyimbo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo. Komabe, mndandandawu ukhoza kupitilizidwa ndi mgwirizano wina, womwe umapangidwa molingana ndi mfundo yomweyi, koma umagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Izi zingaphatikizepo undecimacchord (maphokoso 6 mwa atatu), tertsdecimacchord (mawu 7 ndi atatu), quintdecimacchord (mawu 8 mwa atatu). Ndizodabwitsa kuti ngati mupanga choyimba chachitatu kapena nambala yachisanu kuchokera pacholemba "chita", ndiye kuti aphatikiza masitepe asanu ndi awiri onse a nyimbo (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si) .

Choncho, mitundu ikuluikulu ya nyimbo mu nyimbo ndi motere:

• A katatu - kamvekedwe ka mawu atatu okonzedwa mu magawo atatu amasonyezedwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa manambala 5 ndi 3 (53);
• Chigawo chachisanu ndi chiwiri - kumveka kwa mawu anayi mu magawo atatu, pakati pa kumveka koopsa kwachisanu ndi chiwiri, kumasonyezedwa ndi nambala 7;
• Nonaccord - kumveka kwa mawu asanu mu magawo atatu, pakati pa phokoso lachilendo la osa, kumasonyezedwa ndi nambala 9.

Zosankha zopanda tertz

Mu nyimbo zamakono, nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza nyimbo zomwe zimamveka osati mwa magawo atatu, koma nthawi zina - nthawi zambiri pachinayi kapena chachisanu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku kugwirizana kwa magawo awiri, chotchedwa kotala-chisanu ndi chiwiri chord chimapangidwa (zosonyezedwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa manambala 7 ndi 4) ndi chachisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa mawu owopsa.

Kuchokera pamagulu awiri mwa magawo asanu, mutha kupeza ma quint-chords (zosonyezedwa ndi manambala 9 ndi 5), padzakhala kapitawo wosaphatikizika pakati pa mawu apansi ndi apamwamba.

Nyimbo zachikale za tertsovye zimamveka zofewa, zogwirizana. Zolemba za mawonekedwe osakhala a tertzian zimakhala ndi mawu opanda kanthu, koma zimakhala zokongola kwambiri. Ichi mwina ndichifukwa chake nyimbozi ndizoyenera pomwe kupanga zithunzi zanyimbo zachinsinsi zimafunikira.

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tiyimbe Kuyamba kwa "Sunken Cathedral" ndi wolemba nyimbo wa ku France Claude Debussy. Zopanda kanthu za magawo asanu ndi anayi apa zimathandizira kupanga chithunzi chakuyenda kwa madzi ndi mawonekedwe a tchalitchi chodziwika bwino chosawoneka masana, kukwera kuchokera pamadzi panyanja usiku wokha. Zoyimba zomwezo zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonetsa kulira kwa mabelu ndi kugunda kwapakati pausiku kwa koloko.

Chitsanzo china - Chidutswa cha piyano ndi woimba wina waku France Maurice Ravel "Gallows" kuchokera ku "Ghosts of the Night". Apa, ma quint-chords olemetsa ndi njira yoyenera kujambula chithunzi chachisoni.

Magulu kapena magulu awiri

Mpaka pano, tatchula ma consonances okha omwe ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - yachitatu, yachinayi ndi yachisanu. Koma ma consonances amathanso kupangidwa kuchokera ku intervals-dissonances, kuphatikizapo masekondi.

Zomwe zimatchedwa masango amapangidwa kuchokera pamasekondi. Nthawi zina amatchedwanso magulu achiwiri. (chithunzi chawo chojambula chimakumbukira kwambiri mulu wa zipatso zina - mwachitsanzo, phulusa lamapiri kapena mphesa).

Nthawi zambiri masango amawonetsedwa mu nyimbo osati ngati "zolemba zobalalika", koma ngati ma rectangles odzaza kapena opanda kanthu omwe ali pamtengo. Ayenera kumveka motere: zolemba zonse zimaseweredwa (makiyi a piyano oyera kapena akuda kutengera mtundu wa tsango, nthawi zina onse awiri) mkati mwa malire a rectangle iyi.

Chitsanzo cha masango oterowo chikuwoneka mu Chidutswa cha piyano "Chikondwerero" ndi wolemba waku Russia Leyla Ismagilova.

Magulu nthawi zambiri samagawidwa ngati nyimbo. Chifukwa chake ndi ichi. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mumtundu uliwonse, phokoso laumwini la zigawo zake liyenera kumveka bwino. Phokoso lirilonse loterolo likhoza kusiyanitsa ndi kumva pa mphindi iliyonse ya phokoso ndipo, mwachitsanzo, kuimba zotsalira zonse zomwe zimapanga phokoso, pamene sitidzasokonezedwa. M'magulu ndi osiyana, chifukwa mawu awo onse amalumikizana kukhala malo amodzi okongola, ndipo sizingatheke kuwamva aliyense payekhapayekha.

Mitundu yamitundu itatu, nyimbo zachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi ma nonchords

Classical chords ili ndi mitundu yambiri. Pali mitundu inayi yokha ya triads, chord chachisanu ndi chiwiri - 16, koma 7 okha ndi omwe adakhazikitsidwa, Pakhoza kukhala mitundu inanso yowonjezereka ya zosagwirizana (64), koma zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse zimatha kuwerengedwanso pa zala (4-5).

Tidzapereka nkhani zosiyana kuti tifufuze mwatsatanetsatane mitundu ya atatu ndi asanu ndi awiri m'tsogolomu, koma tsopano tingowafotokozera mwachidule.

Koma choyamba, muyenera kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yonse? Monga taonera kale, nthawi za nyimbo zimakhala ngati "zomangira" za nyimbo. Izi ndi mtundu wa njerwa, zomwe "zomangamanga" zimatengedwa.

Koma mumakumbukiranso kuti intervals komanso ambiri mitundu, iwo akhoza kukhala lonse kapena yopapatiza, komanso woyera, lalikulu, laling'ono, kuchepetsedwa, etc. Maonekedwe a imeneyi-njerwa zimadalira Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe mtengo. Ndipo kuchokera pazigawo ziti zomwe timamanga (ndipo mutha kupanga zomangira kuchokera pazigawo zomwezo komanso zosiyana), zimatengera mtundu wanji, pamapeto, tidzapeza.

kotero, triad ili ndi mitundu 4. Zitha kukhala zazikulu (kapena zazikulu), zazing'ono (kapena zazing'ono), zochepetsedwa kapena zowonjezera.

1. Utatu (waukulu) waukulu otchulidwa ndi chilembo chachikulu B ndi kuwonjezera manambala 5 ndi 3 (B53). Zili ndi gawo lalikulu ndi laling'ono lachitatu, motsatira ndondomeko iyi: choyamba, chachikulu chachitatu chili pansipa, ndipo chaching'ono chimamangidwa pamwamba pake.
2. Katatu kakang'ono (kang'ono). otchulidwa ndi chilembo chachikulu M ndi kuwonjezera manambala omwewo (M53). Katatu kakang'ono, m'malo mwake, kumayamba ndi gawo laling'ono lachitatu, pomwe lalikulu limawonjezeredwa pamwamba.
3. Augmented triad zopezedwa mwa kuphatikiza zigawo ziwiri zazikulu mwa zitatu, zofupikitsidwa monga – Uv.53.
4. Utatu wochepetsedwa imapangidwa polumikizana ndi magawo awiri ang'onoang'ono, dzina lake ndi Um.53.

Muchitsanzo chotsatirachi, mutha kuwona mitundu yonse yautatu yomwe yalembedwa kuchokera pa "mi" ndi "fa":

Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ikuluikulu ya nyimbo zisanu ndi ziwiri. (7 mwa 16). Mayina awo amapangidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri: choyamba ndi mtundu wachisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa phokoso lalikulu (likhoza kukhala lalikulu, laling'ono, lochepetsedwa kapena lowonjezereka); yachiwiri ndi mtundu wa triad, yomwe ili m'munsi mwa chord chachisanu ndi chiwiri (ndiko kuti, mtundu wa katatu, womwe umapangidwa kuchokera ku mawu atatu apansi).

Mwachitsanzo, dzina lakuti "chizindikiro chaching'ono chachisanu ndi chiwiri" chiyenera kumveka motere: choimba chachisanu ndi chiwirichi chimakhala ndi kachigawo kakang'ono kachisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa bass ndi phokoso lapamwamba, ndipo mkati mwake muli utatu waukulu.

Kotero, mitundu 7 ikuluikulu ya zisankho zachisanu ndi chiwiri zikhoza kukumbukiridwa mosavuta monga izi - zitatu za izo zidzakhala zazikulu, zitatu - zazing'ono, ndi chimodzi - zochepetsedwa:

1. Grand yaikulu yachisanu ndi chiwiri choyimba - chachikulu chachisanu ndi chiwiri + chachikulu katatu m'munsi (B.mazh.7);
2. Chachikulu chaching'ono chachisanu ndi chiwiri - chachikulu chachisanu ndi chiwiri m'mphepete + katatu kakang'ono pansi (B.min.7);
3. Grand augmented chachisanu ndi chiwiri chord - chachikulu chachisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa kumveka koopsa + kuwonjezereka kwa katatu kumapanga mawu atatu otsika kuchokera ku bass (B.uv.7);
4. Chigawo chaching'ono chachisanu ndi chiwiri - chaching'ono chachisanu ndi chiwiri m'mphepete + chachikulu katatu m'munsi (M.mazh.7);
5. Chigawo chaching'ono chaching'ono chachisanu ndi chiwiri - chaching'ono chaching'ono chachisanu ndi chiwiri chimapangidwa ndi kumveka koopsa + katatu kakang'ono kamene kamapezeka kuchokera kumagulu atatu apansi (M. min. 7);
6. Yang'ono idachepera yachisanu ndi chiwiri chord - kakang'ono kachisanu ndi chiwiri + katatu mkati kachepa (M.um.7);
7. Anachepetsa gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri - chachisanu ndi chiwiri pakati pa bass ndi phokoso lapamwamba limachepetsedwa + triad mkati imachepetsedwanso (Um.7).

Chitsanzo cha nyimbo chikuwonetsa mitundu yomwe yalembedwa ya nyimbo zachisanu ndi chiwiri, zomangidwa kuchokera ku mawu akuti "re" ndi "mchere":

Ponena za osakhala nyimbo, ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kusiyanitsa, makamaka ndi ayi. Monga lamulo, zosagwirizana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ndi cholembera chaching'ono kapena chachikulu. M'kati mwa osakhala chord, ndithudi, pamafunika kutha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mtundu wachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi mtundu wa katatu.

pakati wamba nonchords muphatikizepo izi (zisanu zonse):

• Grand nonchord wamkulu - ndi nona wamkulu, wamkulu wachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi triad yaikulu (B.mazh.9);
• Chachikulu chaching'ono nonchord - ndi nona wamkulu, wamkulu wachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi katatu kakang'ono (B.min.9);
• Chowonjezera chachikulu cha nonchord - ndi wamkulu wopanda, wamkulu wachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi utatu wowonjezereka (B.uv.9);
• Kachilombo kakang'ono kakang'ono - ndi yaying'ono yopanda, yaying'ono yachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi triad yayikulu (M.mazh.9);
• Kachilombo kakang'ono ka nonchord - ndi nona yaying'ono, yachisanu ndi chiwiri yaying'ono ndi katatu kakang'ono (M. min. 9).

Muchitsanzo chotsatira chanyimbo, mawu osayimba awa amapangidwa kuchokera ku mawu akuti "chita" ndi "re":

Kutembenuka - njira yopezera nyimbo zatsopano

Kuchokera kumagulu akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo, ndiko kuti, malinga ndi gulu lathu - kuchokera ku triads, chords chachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi ma nonchords - mukhoza kupeza nyimbo zina mwa kutembenuza. Talankhula kale za kutembenuka kwa nthawi, pamene, chifukwa cha kukonzanso mawu awo, nthawi zatsopano zimapezedwa. Mfundo yomweyi imagwiranso ntchito pa nyimbo. Chord inversions zimachitika, makamaka, posuntha phokoso lapansi (bass) ndi octave pamwamba.

kotero, katatu akhoza kusinthidwa kawiri, pochita apilo, tidzalandira ma consonances atsopano - sextant ndi quartz sextant. Zolemba zachisanu ndi chimodzi zimasonyezedwa ndi nambala 6, nyimbo za kotala-sext - ndi nambala ziwiri (6 ndi 4).

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge katatu kuchokera pamawu oti "d-fa-la" ndikupanga kusintha kwake. Timasamutsa phokoso la "re" pamwamba pa octave ndikupeza consonance "fa-la-re" - ichi ndi chotsatira chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha triad iyi. Kenako, tiyeni tsopano tisunthire mawu akuti "fa" mmwamba, tipeze "la-re-fa" - quadrant-sextakcord ya triad. Ngati tisuntha mawu akuti "la" pamwamba pa octave, ndiye kuti tidzabwereranso ku zomwe tasiya - ku triad yoyambirira "d-fa-la". Chifukwa chake, tili otsimikiza kuti triad ili ndi matembenuzidwe awiri okha.

Nyimbo zachisanu ndi chiwiri zili ndi zokopa zitatu - quintsextachord, chord chachitatu ndi chord chachiwiri, mfundo ya kukhazikitsa kwawo ndi yofanana. Kufotokozera nyimbo zachisanu ndi chimodzi, kuphatikiza kwa manambala 6 ndi 5 kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, pagawo lachitatu - 4 ndi 3, nyimbo zachiwiri zimawonetsedwa ndi nambala 2.

Mwachitsanzo, kupatsidwa nyimbo yachisanu ndi chiwiri "do-mi-sol-si". Tiyeni tichite zosinthika zake zonse ndikupeza izi: quintsextakkord "mi-sol-si-do", kotala lachitatu chord "sol-si-do-mi", chord chachiwiri "si-do-mi-sol".

Kusinthika kwa ma triad ndi nyimbo zachisanu ndi chiwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu nyimbo. Koma ma inversions a non-chords kapena chords, momwe muli mawu ochulukirapo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri (pafupifupi), kotero sitingawaganizire pano, ngakhale kuti sizovuta kuwapeza ndikuwapatsa dzina (onse. molingana ndi mfundo yomweyi yosinthira bass).

Ziwiri za chord - kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Chord chilichonse chingaganizidwe m'njira ziwiri. Choyamba, mutha kuyipanga kuchokera pamawu ndikuyilingalira mwadongosolo, ndiye kuti, molingana ndi kapangidwe kake. Mfundo yokhazikika iyi ikuwonetsedwa bwino mu dzina lapadera la chord - triad yayikulu, chachikulu chaching'ono chachisanu ndi chiwiri, choyambira chaching'ono chachinayi, ndi zina zambiri.

Mwa dzina, timamvetsetsa momwe tingapangire izi kapena chord kuchokera pamawu operekedwa ndi zomwe zidzakhale "zamkati" za nyimboyi. Ndipo, dziwani, palibe chomwe chimatilepheretsa kupanga nyimbo iliyonse pamawu aliwonse.

Kachiwiri, ma chords amatha kuganiziridwa pamasitepe akuluakulu kapena ang'onoang'ono. Pankhaniyi, mapangidwe a chords amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mtundu wa mode, zizindikiro za makiyi.

Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mumayendedwe akuluakulu (mukhale C wamkulu), maulendo atatu akuluakulu amapezeka pamasitepe atatu - yoyamba, yachinayi ndi yachisanu. Pamasitepe otsalawo, ndizotheka kupanga titatu tating'ono kapena tochepa.

Momwemonso, mumng'ono (mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge C zazing'ono) - ma triad ang'onoang'ono adzakhalanso pa masitepe oyamba, achinayi ndi achisanu, pazotsalazo zitha kukhala zazikulu kapena zochepera.

Mfundo yakuti mitundu ina yokha ya zolembera ingapezeke pa madigiri akuluakulu kapena ang'onoang'ono, ndipo osati (popanda zoletsa) ndi gawo loyamba la "moyo" wa zolembera ponena za nkhawa.

Chinthu china ndi chakuti ma chords amakhala ndi ntchito (ndiko kuti, gawo linalake, tanthawuzo) ndi dzina lina lowonjezera. Zonse zimatengera momwe chombacho chimapangidwira. Mwachitsanzo, ma triad ndi nyimbo zachisanu ndi chiwiri zomangidwa pa sitepe yoyamba zidzatchedwa triads kapena XNUMX chords cha sitepe yoyamba kapena tonic triads (tonic chords seventh), monga zidzayimira "tonic forces", ndiko kuti, iwo amatanthauza choyamba. sitepe.

Zigawo zitatu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zomangidwa pa sitepe yachisanu, yomwe imatchedwa dominant, idzatchedwa dominant (dominant triad, dominant XNUMX chord). Pa sitepe yachinayi, ma triad ang'onoang'ono ndi nyimbo zisanu ndi ziwiri zimamangidwa.

Katundu wachiwiriyu wa ma chords, ndiko kuti, luso lochita ntchito zina, angayerekezedwe ndi gawo la wosewera mu timu yamasewera, mwachitsanzo, mu timu ya mpira. Othamanga onse mu timuyi ndi osewera mpira, koma ena ndi agolidi, ena ndi oteteza kapena osewera pakati, ndipo ena ndi owukira, ndipo aliyense amachita yekha ntchito yake, momveka bwino.

Ntchito zamachord siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi mayina amitundu. Mwachitsanzo, choimba chachikulu chachisanu ndi chiwiri chogwirizana m’kapangidwe kake kamakhala kachigawo kakang’ono kachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndipo kachigawo kakang’ono kachisanu ndi chiwiri kachigawo kakang’ono ka chisanu ndi chiwiri. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti chord chaching'ono chilichonse chachisanu ndi chiwiri chingafanane ndi choimba chachikulu chachisanu ndi chiwiri. Ndipo izi sizikutanthauzanso kuti chojambula china mwadongosolo sichingathe kukhala choyimira chachisanu ndi chiwiri - mwachitsanzo, kakang'ono kakang'ono kapena kakuwonjezeka.

Chifukwa chake, m'nkhani yamasiku ano, tawonanso mitundu yayikulu yamakonsoni ovuta anyimbo - zoyimba ndi masango, zomwe zidakhudzanso nkhani zamagulu awo (zojambula zokhala ndi ma terts ndi mawonekedwe osakhala a terts), adafotokoza zosinthika ndikuzindikira mbali ziwiri zazikulu za nyimboyo. - zomanga ndi ntchito. M’makope otsatirawa tipitirizabe kuphunzira ma chords, tione bwinobwino mitundu ya ma triad ndi XNUMX chord, komanso mawonetseredwe awo ofunikira kwambiri mogwirizana. Dzimvetserani!

Imani nyimbo! Pa limba - Denis Matsuev.

Jean Sibelius - Etude mu A yaying'ono Op. 76 ayi. 2.