Christoph Willibald Gluck |

Christopher Willibald Gluck

KV Gluck ndi woimba wamkulu wa opera yemwe adachita theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX. kusintha kwa opera-seria ya ku Italy ndi tsoka lanyimbo la ku France. Sewero lalikulu la nthano, lomwe linali kudutsa m'mavuto aakulu, linapeza mu ntchito ya Gluck makhalidwe a tsoka lenileni la nyimbo, lodzazidwa ndi zilakolako zamphamvu, kukweza malingaliro abwino a kukhulupirika, ntchito, kukonzekera kudzipereka. Maonekedwe a opera woyamba reformist "Orpheus" anali patsogolo patali - kulimbana kuti akhale woimba, oyendayenda, odziwa Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zisudzo nthawi imeneyo. Gluck anakhala ndi moyo wodabwitsa, wodzipereka yekha ku zisudzo za nyimbo.

Gluck anabadwira m'banja la nkhalango. Bambo ankaona ntchito ya woimba ngati ntchito yosayenera ndipo mwa njira iliyonse kusokoneza zokonda zoimba za mwana wake wamkulu. Chifukwa chake, ali wachinyamata, Gluck amachoka kunyumba, akungoyendayenda, amalota kuti apeze maphunziro abwino (panthawiyi anali atamaliza maphunziro awo ku koleji ya AJesuit ku Kommotau). Mu 1731 Gluck analowa yunivesite ya Prague. Wophunzira wa Faculty of Philosophy adapereka nthawi yochuluka ku maphunziro a nyimbo - adaphunzira kuchokera kwa wolemba nyimbo wotchuka wa ku Czech Boguslav Chernogorsky, adayimba mu kwaya ya Tchalitchi cha St. Kuyendayenda m'madera ozungulira Prague (Gluk mofunitsitsa ankaimba violin makamaka cello wake wokondedwa m'magulu oyendayenda) adamuthandiza kuti adziwe bwino nyimbo zachi Czech.

Mu 1735, Gluck, yemwe anali kale katswiri woimba nyimbo, anapita ku Vienna ndipo analowa ntchito ya kwaya ya Count Lobkowitz. Posakhalitsa, katswiri wa zachifundo wa ku Italy A. Melzi anapatsa Gluck ntchito yoimba m’chipinda chopemphereramo ku Milan. Ku Italy, njira ya Gluck monga wolemba nyimbo wa opera ikuyamba; akudziwa bwino ntchito ya ambuye akuluakulu a ku Italy, akugwira ntchito motsogoleredwa ndi G. Sammartini. Gawo lokonzekera linapitilira kwa zaka pafupifupi 5; Sizinafike mu December 1741 pamene Gluck anayamba kuchita bwino sewero loyamba la opera la Artaxerxes (lomasulidwa P. Metastasio) ku Milan. Gluck amalandira malamulo ambiri kuchokera ku zisudzo za Venice, Turin, Milan, ndipo pasanathe zaka zinayi amalenga angapo opera seria ("Demetrius", "Poro", "Demofont", "Hypermnestra", ndi zina zotero), zomwe zinamubweretsera kutchuka ndi kutchuka. kuchokera kwa anthu otsogola komanso ovuta ku Italy.

Mu 1745 woimbayo adayendera London. Oratorios a GF Handel adamukhudza kwambiri. Luso lopambana, lochititsa chidwi, lodziwika bwino, lodziwika bwino, lodziwika bwino, lodziwika bwino kwambiri, linakhala kwa Gluck malo ofunikira kwambiri opangira. Kukhala ku England, komanso zisudzo ndi gulu la opera la ku Italy la abale a Mingotti m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya ku Europe (Dresden, Vienna, Prague, Copenhagen) kunapangitsa kuti woimbayo aziimba bwino, adathandizira kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kosangalatsa, komanso kudziwa zambiri. masukulu a opera bwino. Ulamuliro wa Gluck m’dziko lanyimbo unazindikiridwa ndi kupereka kwake Order ya papa ya Golden Spur. "Cavalier Glitch" - mutu uwu unaperekedwa kwa wolemba. (Tiyeni tikumbukire nkhani yachidule yodabwitsa ya TA Hoffmann "Cavalier Gluck".)

Gawo latsopano la moyo ndi ntchito ya woimbayo limayamba ndi kusamukira ku Vienna (1752), kumene Gluck posakhalitsa anatenga udindo wa wochititsa ndi wopeka wa opera bwalo, ndipo mu 1774 adalandira mutu wa "wopeka weniweni wachifumu ndi wachifumu. .” Kupitiliza kupanga seria opera, Gluck adatembenukiranso kumitundu yatsopano. Nyimbo zoseketsa zachifalansa (Merlin's Island, The Imaginary Slave, The Corrected Drunkard, The Fooled Cady, ndi zina zotero), zolembedwa ku zolemba za olemba sewero otchuka a ku France A. Lesage, C. Favard ndi J. Seden, analemeretsa kalembedwe ka wolembayo ndi zatsopano. ma tonations, njira zophatikizira, zidayankha zosowa za omvera muukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri wademokalase. Ntchito ya Gluck mu mtundu wa ballet ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Pogwirizana ndi luso la Viennese choreographer G. Angiolini, ballet ya pantomime Don Giovanni inalengedwa. Zachilendo za seweroli - sewero lenileni la choreographic - limatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi momwe chiwembucho chimakhalira: osati mwamwambo wodabwitsa, wophiphiritsa, koma womvetsa chisoni kwambiri, wotsutsana kwambiri, womwe umakhudza mavuto osatha a moyo waumunthu. (Zolemba za ballet zidalembedwa kutengera sewero la JB Molière.)

Chochitika chofunika kwambiri pa kusinthika kwa kulenga kwa wolemba nyimbo ndi moyo wanyimbo wa Vienna chinali chiyambi cha opera yoyamba yokonzanso, Orpheus (1762). masewero okhwima komanso opambana akale. Kukongola kwa luso la Orpheus ndi mphamvu ya chikondi chake amatha kuthana ndi zopinga zonse - lingaliro lamuyaya ndi losangalatsa nthawi zonse liri pamtima pa opera, chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri za wolemba. M'malo a Orpheus, mu chitoliro chodziwika bwino chodziwika bwino, chomwe chimadziwikanso m'mitundu ingapo ya zida zotchedwa "Melody", mphatso yanyimbo yoyambirira ya wolembayo idawululidwa; ndi zochitika pazipata za Hade - duel yochititsa chidwi pakati pa Orpheus ndi Furies - wakhalabe chitsanzo chodabwitsa cha kumangidwa kwa mawonekedwe akuluakulu opangira opaleshoni, momwe mgwirizano weniweni wa chitukuko cha nyimbo ndi siteji wapindula.

Orpheus anatsatiridwa ndi 2 zina zowonetsera kusintha - Alcesta (1767) ndi Paris ndi Helena (1770) (onse mwaulere. Calcabidgi). M'mawu oyamba a "Alceste", olembedwa pamwambo woperekedwa kwa opera kwa Mtsogoleri wa Tuscany, Gluck adapanga mfundo zaluso zomwe zidatsogolera ntchito yake yonse yolenga. Osapeza chithandizo choyenera kuchokera kwa anthu a Viennese ndi Italy. Gluck amapita ku Paris. Zaka zomwe zakhala ku likulu la France (1773-79) ndi nthawi ya ntchito yopambana kwambiri ya wolemba. Gluck akulemba ndikukhazikitsa zisudzo zatsopano zosinthira ku Royal Academy of Music - Iphigenia ku Aulis (omasulidwa ndi L. du Roulle pambuyo pa tsoka la J. Racine, 1774), Armida (lomasulidwa ndi F. Kino potengera ndakatulo ya Jerusalem Liberated by T. . Tasso ", 1777), "Iphigenia ku Taurida" (libre. N. Gniyar ndi L. du Roulle zochokera sewero la G. de la Touche, 1779), "Echo ndi Narcissus" (libre. L. Chudi, 1779 ), reworks "Orpheus" ndi "Alceste", mogwirizana ndi miyambo ya French zisudzo. Zochita za Gluck zidalimbikitsa moyo wanyimbo wa Paris ndikuyambitsa zokambirana zakuthwa kwambiri. Kumbali ya wolembayo pali owunikira achifalansa, olemba mabuku (D. Diderot, J. Rousseau, J. d'Alembert, M. Grimm), omwe adalandira kubadwa kwa kalembedwe kokwezeka kwenikweni mu opera; otsutsa ake ndi otsatira a French lyric tsoka yakale ndi opera seria. Pofuna kugwedeza malo a Gluck, anaitanira ku Paris wolemba nyimbo wa ku Italy, N. Piccinni, yemwe anasangalala ndi kutchuka kwa Ulaya. Mkangano pakati pa othandizira a Gluck ndi Piccinni adalowa m'mbiri ya opera ya ku France yotchedwa "nkhondo za Glucks ndi Piccinnis". Olemba okha, omwe ankachitirana chisoni wina ndi mzake, adakhala kutali ndi "nkhondo zokongola" izi.

M'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake, atakhala ku Vienna, Gluck analota kupanga opera ya dziko la Germany pogwiritsa ntchito chiwembu cha "Nkhondo ya Hermann" ya F. Klopstock. Komabe, matenda aakulu ndi zaka zinalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomekoyi. Pamaliro a Glucks ku Vienna, ntchito yake yomaliza "De profundls" ("Ndikuyitana kuchokera kuphompho ...") kwaya ndi oimba nyimbo. Wophunzira wa Gluck A. Salieri adachita chofunikira ichi.

G. Berlioz, wosilira kwambiri ntchito yake, wotchedwa Gluck "Aeschylus of Music". Kalembedwe ka zowawa za nyimbo za Gluck - kukongola kwakukulu ndi kulemekezeka kwa zithunzi, kukoma kosawoneka bwino ndi mgwirizano wathunthu, kukumbukiridwa kwa nyimbo, kutengera kuyanjana kwa mitundu ya payekha ndi kwaya - kumabwereranso ku miyambo ya tsoka lakale. Analengedwa m’nthaŵi yachitukuko cha gulu lounikira madzulo a Chipulumutso cha ku France, iwo analabadira zosoŵa zanthaŵiyo muzojambula zazikulu za ngwazi. Chifukwa chake, Diderot adalemba posachedwa Gluck asanafike ku Paris kuti: "Awonekere katswiri yemwe angakhazikitse tsoka lenileni ... pa siteji ya nyimbo." Pokhala ndi cholinga chake "chochotsa mu opera zonse zoyipa zomwe zakhala zikutsutsidwa kwanthawi yayitali," Gluck adapanga sewero lomwe zigawo zonse za sewero zimakhala zothandiza ndipo zimachita zina. ntchito zofunika pagulu lonse. "... Ndinapewa kuwonetsa zovuta zambiri zomwe zingawononge kumveka bwino," akutero Alceste kudzipatulira, "ndipo sindinagwirizane ndi kupezeka kwa njira yatsopano ngati sinatsatire mwachibadwa kuchokera ku zochitikazo ndipo sizinagwirizane nazo. ndi kufotokoza.” Chifukwa chake, kwaya ndi ballet amakhala otenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo; mawu ofotokozera momveka bwino amaphatikizana ndi ma arias, omwe nyimbo yake ilibe kupitilira muyeso wa kalembedwe ka virtuoso; kugwedezeka kumayembekezera mawonekedwe amalingaliro azochitika zamtsogolo; manambala anyimbo athunthu amaphatikizidwa muzithunzi zazikulu, ndi zina zotero. Kusankhidwa molunjika ndi kusanjikiza kwa nyimbo ndi machitidwe ochititsa chidwi, kugonjera mosamalitsa maulalo onse a nyimbo zazikulu - izi ndi zomwe Gluck adazipeza, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito. dramaturgy ndi kukhazikitsa lingaliro latsopano, la symphonic. (The heyday of Gluck's operatic creativity falls pa nthawi ya chitukuko chozama kwambiri cha mitundu yayikulu ya cyclic - symphony, sonata, concept.) Wachikulire wa nthawi ya I. Haydn ndi WA ​​Mozart, ogwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wanyimbo ndi luso. mpweya wa Vienna. Gluck, ndipo ponena za malo osungiramo zinthu zaumunthu wake wolenga, komanso momwe amafufuza kafukufuku wake, akugwirizana ndi sukulu ya Viennese. Miyambo ya "tsoka lalikulu" la Gluck, mfundo zatsopano za sewero lake zidapangidwa muzojambula za opera zazaka za zana la XNUMX: muzolemba za L. Cherubini, L. Beethoven, G. Berlioz ndi R. Wagner; komanso munyimbo zaku Russia - M. Glinka, yemwe adayamikira kwambiri Gluck monga woyimba nyimbo za opera m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.

I. Okhalova

Mwana wa nkhalango yobadwa nawo, kuyambira ali wamng'ono amatsagana ndi abambo ake m'maulendo ake ambiri. Mu 1731 adalowa ku yunivesite ya Prague, komwe adaphunzira luso loimba komanso kuimba zida zosiyanasiyana. Pokhala muutumiki wa Prince Melzi, amakhala ku Milan, amaphunzira maphunziro a nyimbo kuchokera ku Sammartini ndikuyika masewera angapo. Mu 1745, ku London, anakumana ndi Handel ndi Arne ndipo anaimba nyimbo ya zisudzo. Pokhala mtsogoleri wa gulu la Italy Mingotti, amayendera Hamburg, Dresden ndi mizinda ina. Mu 1750 anakwatira Marianne Pergin, mwana wamkazi wa wolemera wa banki wa Viennese; mu 1754 anakhala bandmaster wa Vienna Court Opera ndipo anali mbali ya gulu la Count Durazzo, amene ankayang'anira zisudzo. Mu 1762, opera ya Gluck Orpheus ndi Eurydice idakonzedwa bwino kukhala libretto ndi Calzabidgi. Mu 1774, pambuyo pa zovuta zambiri zachuma, amatsatira Marie Antoinette (yemwe anali mphunzitsi wa nyimbo), yemwe anakhala mfumukazi ya ku France, ku Paris ndipo amapindula ndi anthu ngakhale kuti otsutsawo ankatsutsa. Komabe, atakhumudwa ndi kulephera kwa opera "Echo ndi Narcissus" (1779), akuchoka ku France ndikupita ku Vienna. Mu 1781, woimbayo anali wolumala ndipo anasiya ntchito zonse.

Dzina la Gluck limadziwika m'mbiri ya nyimbo ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kusintha kwa sewero la nyimbo za mtundu wa Italy, wokhawo wodziwika komanso wofala ku Ulaya m'nthawi yake. Samadziwika kuti ndi woimba wamkulu, koma koposa zonse mpulumutsi wamtundu wosokonekera m'zaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX ndi zokongoletsa zabwino za oimba komanso malamulo a ma libretto wamba, opangidwa ndi makina. Masiku ano, malo a Gluck sakuwonekanso kuti ndi apadera, chifukwa wolembayo sanali yekhayo amene adayambitsa kusinthako, kufunikira komwe kunamveka ndi olemba nyimbo za opera ndi omasulira, makamaka a ku Italy. Komanso, lingaliro la kuchepa kwa sewero lanyimbo silingagwire ntchito pachimake cha mtunduwo, koma kwa nyimbo zotsika komanso olemba talente yaying'ono (ndizovuta kuimba mlandu mbuye wotere monga Handel chifukwa cha kuchepa).

Ngakhale zivute zitani, mothandizidwa ndi Calzabigi ndi mamembala ena a gulu la Count Giacomo Durazzo, manejala wa zisudzo zachifumu ku Vienna, Gluck adayambitsa zatsopano zingapo, zomwe mosakayikira zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zotulukapo zazikulu pamasewera oimba. . Calcabidgi anakumbukira kuti: “Zinali zosatheka kwa a Gluck, amene ankalankhula chinenero chathu [chomwe ndi Chitaliyana], kunena ndakatulo. Ndinamuwerengera Orpheus ndipo kangapo ndinabwereza zidutswa zambiri, ndikugogomezera mithunzi ya kubwereza, kuyimitsa, kuchepetsa, kufulumira, kumveka tsopano kolemera, tsopano kosalala, zomwe ndinkafuna kuti azigwiritsa ntchito polemba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndinamupempha kuti achotse fioritas, cadenzas, ritornellos, ndi zonse zankhanza ndi zopambanitsa zomwe zidalowa mu nyimbo zathu.

Motsimikiza komanso amphamvu mwachilengedwe, Gluck adakhazikitsa pulogalamu yomwe idakonzedwa ndipo, kudalira libretto ya Calzabidgi, adalengeza m'mawu oyamba a Alceste, woperekedwa kwa Grand Duke wa Tuscany Pietro Leopoldo, Mfumu yamtsogolo Leopold II.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za manifesto iyi ndi izi: kupeŵa mawu owonjezera, oseketsa ndi otopetsa, kupanga nyimbo kukhala ndakatulo, kupititsa patsogolo tanthauzo lachiwonetsero, chomwe chiyenera kudziwitsa omvera zomwe zili mu opera, kuchepetsa kusiyana pakati pa kubwerezabwereza. ndi aria kuti "musasokoneze ndi kuchepetsa zochitikazo."

Kumveka bwino ndi kuphweka kuyenera kukhala cholinga cha woimba ndi ndakatulo, ayenera kusankha "chinenero chamtima, zilakolako zamphamvu, zochitika zosangalatsa" kusiyana ndi makhalidwe ozizira. Zopereka izi tsopano zikuwoneka kwa ife mopepuka, zosasinthika m'bwalo loimba nyimbo kuchokera ku Monteverdi kupita ku Puccini, koma sizinali choncho mu nthawi ya Gluck, omwe anthu a m'nthawi yake "ngakhale kupatuka kwakung'ono kuchokera ku zovomerezeka kunkawoneka ngati kwachilendo kwambiri" (m'mawu a Massimo Mila).

Chotsatira chake, chofunika kwambiri pakusinthako chinali kupambana kwakukulu ndi nyimbo za Gluck, yemwe anawonekera mu ukulu wake wonse. Zomwe zapindulazi zikuphatikizapo: kulowa mu malingaliro a anthu otchulidwa, ukulu wakale, makamaka masamba oimba, kuzama kwa malingaliro omwe amasiyanitsa ma arias otchuka. Atapatukana ndi Calzabidgi, amene, mwa zina, sanayanjane ndi khoti, Gluck anapeza chichirikizo ku Paris kwa zaka zambiri kuchokera kwa a French librettists. Apa, ngakhale kusagwirizana koopsa ndi zisudzo zapanyumba zoyengedwa koma mosapeŵeka (osachepera pamalingaliro akusintha), wopeka adakhalabe woyenera kutsatira mfundo zake, makamaka mu sewero la Iphigenia ku Aulis ndi Iphigenia ku Tauris.

G. Marchesi (yomasuliridwa ndi E. Greceanii)

glitch. Melody (Sergei Rachmaninov)