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German Stufe, Tonstufe, Klangstufe; English digiri; French digiri; italo. grado; digiri ina yaku Russia

Malo a kamvekedwe (phokoso) monga ulalo mu sikelo (gamma, ikukonzekera, mode, tonality), komanso kamvekedwe kake.

Lingaliro la "S". zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro la kukula ngati "makwerero" (Italian scala, German Leiter, Tonleiter), kayendetsedwe kamene kakuwoneka ngati sitepe, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kuchoka ku khalidwe lina (kuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi) kupita ku china ( mwachitsanzo, c – d, d – e, e – f). Kusintha kwa S. ndi chimodzi mwamawonetseredwe a kayendedwe, chitukuko, pogwiritsa ntchito phula. Ikani S. ya k.-l. dongosolo, limasonyeza dongosolo la kusintha kuchokera ku S. imodzi kupita ku ina; mu izi pali kufanana kwina pakati pa malingaliro a S. ndi ntchito ya tonal. Mu harmonic. tonality mogwirizana ndi kusiyana pakati pa DOS awiri. mitundu ya bungwe lokweza mawu - mutu umodzi. ndi polygon. - pansi pa mawu akuti "S." sizikutanthauza kokha phokoso lapadera la sikelo, komanso kumangidwa pa izo monga chachikulu. kamvekedwe ka mawu (amatero, mwachitsanzo, za mawu motsatizana: V - VI). Kutchula S. za izo ndi mitundu ina, G. Schenker kwa chikhalidwe. zolemba mu manambala achiroma anawonjezera Chiarabu:

S. chord chimakwirira angapo. S.-zomveka (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya V9 imaphatikizapo 5, 7, 2, 4, 6, ndi kusintha kuchokera ku "sitepe imodzi" kupita ku ina mkati mwa "chord access" sikukuwoneka ngati kusintha kwa ntchito yake yonse, chifukwa ndizofala ku "masitepe omveka" ake onse). Mu harmonic. tonality S. - malo apakati (micromode; mwachitsanzo, pa V C. 1 imakoka ku 7 mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu yokoka yaikulu), pansi pa wamkulu (S. monga sublad). Imodzi mwa njira zodziwika kwambiri zowonetsera chords imalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la "S.-chord", chomwe chimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano mumiyeso yamiyeso (zolemba zogwira ntchito, mosiyana ndi zolemba, zimatsimikizira tanthauzo la chord mu logic ya harmonic process). Mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya za m'ma 17 mpaka 19, kutengera 12-step acoustic. system, yolamulidwa ndi diatonic. pachimake (onani Diatonic), mitunduyi ndi yayikulu komanso yaying'ono, yomwe, komabe, idalola chromatism. "Masitepe omveka" a 12 omwe angatheke mkati mwa mitunduyi adagawidwa mogwira ntchito kukhala akuluakulu a 7 (mu C-dur amafanana ndi makiyi oyera a php.) kusintha kotero. chromaticity ndi chochitika chachiwiri kwa diatonic. maziko (F. Chopin, Etude a-moll op. 5 No 25), ndipo malinga ndi mfundo yaikulu ya dongosolo, frets ayenera kuonedwa ngati 11-sitepe. Mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 7 pamodzi ndi 20-sitepe, 7-sitepe imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwadongosolo (chromaticism yachilengedwe ndi mitundu yake ina, mwachitsanzo, mu A. Webern's Bagatelles, op. 12, piano trio ndi EV Denisov). Kuphatikiza pa masitepe 9 ndi 7, pali ena omwe ali ndi C. (mwachitsanzo, pentatonic) ndi yaikulu (microchromatic kuchokera ku 12, 24 C.; apa mndandanda wa masitepe 36 ukhoza kugwira ntchito. monga chachikulu).

Ndikofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa malingaliro: S. ndi tanthauzo lenileni la kamvekedwe (chord). Chifukwa chake, mu chromatic system C (dur) ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti ces-heses-as ndipo, kumbali ina, eis-fis-gis-ais, komabe, mamvekedwe enieniwa samatsogolera ku kuchulukirachulukira kwa "masitepe omveka" amitundu 12 ya chromatic. gamma.

Zothandizira: Avraamov A., Pa utatu wa digiri ya 2 yayikulu, "Music", 1915, No 205, 213; Glinsky M., Chromatic zizindikiro mu nyimbo zamtsogolo, "RMG", 1915, No 49; Gorkovenko A., Lingaliro la sitepe ndi vuto la dongosolo, "SM", 1969, No8; Albersheim G., Die Tonstufe, "Mf", 1963, Jahrg. 16, H. 2. Onaninso lit. ku Art. Harmony, Mode, Key, Sound system, Diatonic, Chromatic, Microchromatic, Pentatonic, Scale, Temperament.

Yu. N. Kholopov