Kusamvana |
Dissonance (French dissonance, kuchokera ku Latin dissono - I sound out of tune) - phokoso la ma toni omwe "osaphatikizana" ndi wina ndi mzake (sayenera kudziwika ndi dissonance ngati phokoso losavomerezeka, ndiko kuti, ndi cacophony). Lingaliro la "D". amagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi consonance. D. amaphatikizanso masekondi akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi magawo asanu ndi awiri, atatu, ndi kukulitsa kwina. ndi kuchepetsa mipata, komanso nyimbo zonse zomwe zimaphatikizapo chimodzi mwa izi. Chachinayi choyera - consonance yangwiro yosakhazikika - imatanthauzidwa ngati dissonance ngati phokoso lake lapansi likuyikidwa mu bass.
Kusiyana pakati pa consonance ndi D. kumaganiziridwa m'magawo anayi: masamu, thupi (acoustic), physiological, and musical-psychological. Kuchokera kumalingaliro a masamu D. ndi chiŵerengero chovuta kwambiri cha manambala (kugwedezeka, kutalika kwa zingwe zomveka) kusiyana ndi consonance. Mwachitsanzo, pa ma consonances onse, wachitatu wang'ono ali ndi chiŵerengero chovuta kwambiri cha manambala ogwedezeka (4: 5), koma iliyonse ya D. imakhala yovuta kwambiri (yachisanu ndi chiwiri yaying'ono ndi 6: 5 kapena 9:9, yaikulu. yachiwiri ndi 16:8 kapena 9:9, ndi zina zotero). Mwachidwi, dissonance imawonetsedwa pakuwonjezeka kwa nthawi zobwerezabwereza magulu a vibrations (mwachitsanzo, ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a 10: 3, kubwereza kumachitika pambuyo pa kugwedezeka kwa 2, ndi kachisanu ndi chiwiri - 2: 16 - pambuyo pa 9), komanso mu zovuta zamkati. maubale mkati mwa gulu. Kuchokera pamawonedwe awa, kusiyana pakati pa consonance ndi dissonance ndi kuchuluka kokha (komanso pakati pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana za dissonant), ndipo malire pakati pawo ndi ovomerezeka. Kuchokera ku nyimbo ya D. psychology poyerekeza ndi consonance - phokoso limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri, losasunthika, lofotokozera chikhumbo, kuyenda. Mu European modal system ya Middle Ages ndi Renaissance, makamaka mkati mwa funkts pambuyo pake. machitidwe akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono, makhalidwe. kusiyana pakati pa consonance ndi dynamism kufika pamlingo wotsutsa, kusiyanitsa, ndipo kumapanga chimodzi mwa maziko a muses. kuganiza. Chikhalidwe chapansi cha phokoso la D. mogwirizana ndi consonance chikufotokozedwa mu kusintha kwachilengedwe kwa D. (chisankho chake) mu consonance yofanana.
Muse. mchitidwe nthawi zonse anaganizira kusiyana katundu consonance ndi D. Mpaka 17 atumwi. D. idagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga lamulo, pansi pa chikhalidwe cha kugonjera kwathunthu ku consonance - kukonzekera kolondola ndi kusamvana (izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku polyphony yotchedwa "kulemba mwamphamvu" kwa zaka za 15th-16th). Mu zaka 17-19. lamulo linali chilolezo chokha D. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. ndipo makamaka m’zaka za zana la 20. D. imagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira paokha-popanda kukonzekera komanso popanda chilolezo ("mancipation" of D.). Kuletsa kwa octave kuwirikiza kawiri mu dodecaphony kumatha kumveka ngati kuletsa kuwirikiza kamvekedwe ka mawu a dissonant muzochitika za dissonance mosalekeza.
Проблема Д. nthawi zonse yakhala imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri mu muses. chiphunzitso. Akatswiri a theorists oyambirira a Middle Ages adabwereka malingaliro akale okhudza D. (sanaphatikizepo masekondi ndi asanu ndi awiri okha, komanso magawo atatu ndi asanu ndi limodzi). Ngakhale Franco wa ku Cologne (zaka za zana la 13) adalowa m'gulu la D. zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zisanu ndi chimodzi (“D wopanda ungwiro.”). Mu nyimbo. nthanthi zakumapeto kwa Nyengo Zapakati (zaka 12-13) magawo atatu ndi achisanu ndi chimodzi anasiya kuonedwa ngati D. ndi перешли в разряд консонансов («несовершенных»). Mu chiphunzitso cha counterpoint "kulemba mwamphamvu" 15-16 zaka. D. imatengedwa ngati kusintha kuchokera ku consonance kupita ku ina, komanso, polygonal. ma consonances amatengedwa ngati kuphatikizika kwa nthawi zoyima (punctus contra punctum); quart pokhudzana ndi mawu apansi amaonedwa kuti ndi D. M'malo ovuta kwambiri a D. amatanthauzidwa ngati kutsekeredwa kokonzekera, pamapapu - monga kudutsa kapena wothandizira. phokoso (komanso cambiata). Kuyambira kumapeto kwa 16 in. chiphunzitsocho chimatsimikizira kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kwa D. mwapadera bwanji kufotokoza. amatanthawuza (osati njira zongokhalira mthunzi "kukoma" kwa consonance). AT. Galileya (“Il primo libro della prattica del contrapunto”, 1588-1591) amalola mawu oyamba osakonzekera a D. Mu nthawi ya chord-harmonics. kuganiza (zaka 17-19), lingaliro latsopano la D. Siyanitsani D. chordal (diatonic, non-diatonic) ndipo amachokera ku kuphatikiza kwa mawu osamveka ndi mawu omveka. Malinga ndi func. chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano (M. Gauptman, G. Helmholtz, X. Риман), Д. pali "kuphwanya kwa consonance" (Riemann). Kuphatikizika kwa mawu kulikonse kumaganiziridwa kuchokera ku chimodzi mwa "ma consonance" awiri achilengedwe - zazikulu kapena zazing'ono zofananira nazo; mu tonality - kuchokera pamalingaliro a zikhazikitso zitatu. atatu - T, D ndi S. Mwachitsanzo, chord d1-f1-a1-c2 mu C-dur imakhala ndi matani atatu a subdominant triad (f1-a1-c2) ndi kamvekedwe kamodzi kowonjezera d1. Всякий не входящий в состав данного осн. mawu atatu ndi D. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, mawu osamveka atha kupezekanso mu ma consonances acoustically ("maginary consonances" malinga ndi Riemann, mwachitsanzo: d1-f1-a1 mu C-dur). M'mawu aŵiri aliwonse, si nthawi yonse yomwe imakhala yosasunthika, koma kamvekedwe kokha kamene sikaphatikizidwa mu chimodzi mwa maziko. atatu (mwachitsanzo, pachisanu ndi chiwiri d1-c2 mu S C-dur dissonates d1, ndipo mu D - c2; wachisanu e1 - h1 adzakhala consonance yongopeka mu C-dur, popeza h1 kapena e1 adzakhala D. - mu T kapena D mu C-dur). Akatswiri ambiri a m’zaka za m’ma 20 anazindikira ufulu wonse wa D. B. L. Yavorsky adavomereza kukhalapo kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, D. как устоя лада (по Яворскому, обычай завершать произведение консонирующим созвучием — «схоластические оковы» музыки). A. Schoenberg anakana kusiyana kwabwino pakati pa D. ndi consonance ndipo adayitana D. consonances kutali; kuchokera apa adapeza kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zopanda tertzian ngati zodziyimira pawokha. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaulere D. mwina mu P. Hindemith, ngakhale amatchula zinthu zingapo; Kusiyana pakati pa consonance ndi D., malinga ndi Hindemith, ndikochulukiranso, ma consonances pang'onopang'ono amasanduka D. Zogwirizana D. ndi ma consonance, amaganiziridwanso kwambiri masiku ano. nyimbo, akatswiri oimba nyimbo aku Soviet B. AT. Asafiev, Yu.
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Yu. H. Kholopov
